Published online by Cambridge University Press: 14 November 2008
Analysis of the kin support networks of rural elderly, resident in Staffordshire and Hampshire, indicated that the most important factor affecting both the patterns and relationships of the kin network is the residential mobility of the nuclear family and its members. The study revealed the importance of recognising three broad groupings of elderly: the indigenous aged, who typically possess an extended local kin network; the retired inmigrants who had relocated their households to be near kin; and the retired inmigrants without nearby kin. When these groupings are introduced the importance of the dichotomy between local/non-local kin and between former kin-separation/non-kin-separation becomes apparent. These dichotomies hold important implications for the family relationships of the rural elderly, for their use of the kin network and of the formal support system, and for their interaction with the wider community.
1 Parsons, T.The kinship system of the contemporary United States. American Anthropologist, 45 (1943), 22–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
2 Parsons, T.The Social System. Macmillan, New York, 1951.Google Scholar
3 Lee, G.Kinship in the seventies: a decade review of research and theory. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 42, 4 (1980), 923–934.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
4 Shanas, E. and Streib, G. (eds.). Social Structure and the Family: Generational Relations. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1965.Google Scholar
5 Bengtson, V. and Cutler, N. ‘Generations and inter-generational relations: perspectives on age groups and social change’, in Binstock, R. and Shanas, E. (eds.), Handbook of Aging and the Social Sciences. Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., New York, 1976, pp. 130–159.Google Scholar
6 Ciuča, A. ‘The elderly and the family’, in Dooghe, G, and Heiander, J. (eds.), Family Life in Old Age. Martinus Nijhoff, London, 1979, pp. 49–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
7 Morris, J. and Sherwood, S.Informal support resources for vulnerable elderly person: can they be counted on, why do they work? International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 18 (1984), 81–98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
8 Wenger, C.The Supportive Network:. Coping with Old Age. George Allen and Unwin, London, 1984.Google Scholar
9 Cantor, M. H.Neighbours and friends: an overlooked resource in the informal support system. Research on Aging, 1 (1979), 434–463.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
10 Cantor, M. H. ‘The informal support system: its relevance in the lives of the elderly’, in Borgatta, E, and McCluskey, N. (eds.), Ageing and Society. Sage, London, 1980, pp. 131–144.Google Scholar
11 Kerckhoff, A. ‘Family patterns and morale in retirement’, in Simpson, I. and McKinney, J. (eds.), Social Aspects of Ageing. Duke University Press, Durham, N.C., 1966.Google Scholar
12 Kerckhoff, A. ‘Nuclear and extended family relationships: normative and be havioural analysis’ in Shanas, E. and Streib, G. (eds.), Social Structure and the Family: Generational Relations. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1965, pp. 93–112.Google Scholar
13 Hagestad, G. ‘Continuity and connectedness’, in Bengtson, V. and Robertson, J. (eds.), Grandparenthood: Research and Policy Perspectives. Sage, New York, 1985.Google Scholar
14 Bultena, G. ‘Rural-urban differences in the familial interaction of the aged’. Rural Sociology, 34 (1969), 5–15.Google Scholar
15 Youmans, E. Aging patterns in a rural and an urban area of Kentucky. Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin, No. 681, University of Kentucky (1963).Google Scholar
16 Lee, G. and Cassidy, M. ‘Family and kin relations of the rural elderly’, in Coward, R. and Lee, G. (eds.), The Elderly in Rural Society. Springer Publishing Co., New York, 1985, pp. 151–169.Google Scholar
17 Hunt, A.The Elderly at Home. London, OPCS, HMSO, 1978.Google Scholar
18 Abrams, M.Beyond Three-score and Ten: A First Report on a Survey of the Elderly. Age Concern, Mitcham, Surrey, 1978.Google Scholar
19 Abrams, M.Beyond Three-score and Ten: A Second Report on a Survey of the Elderly. Age Concern, Mitcham, Surrey, 1980.Google Scholar
20 Warnes, A., Howes, D. and Took, L.Residential locations and inter-generational visiting in retirement. Quarterly Journal of Social Affairs, 1, 3 (1985), 231–247.Google Scholar
21 Warnes, A., Howes, D. and Took, L. ‘Intimacy at a distance under the microscope’, in Butler, A. (ed.), Ageing: Recent Advances and Creative Responses. Croom Helm, London, 1985.Google Scholar
22 Shanas, E.Family-kin networks and aging in cross-cultural perspective. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 35 (08, 1973), 505–511.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
23 Townsend, P.The Family Life of Old People. Routledge and Kegan Paul, London, 1957.Google Scholar
24 Wilkening, E., Guerrero, S. and Ginsberg, S.Distance and intergenerational ties of farm families. Sociological Quarterly, 13 (summer, 1972), 383–396.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
25 Clark, W. and Gordon, M.Distance, closeness and frequency of kin contact in urban Ireland. Journal of Comparative Family Studies, 10 (summer, 1979), 271–275.Google Scholar
26 Hendrix, L.Kinship, social networks and integration among Ozark residents and out-migrants. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 38 (02, 1976), 97–104.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
27 Hendrix, L.Kinship, social class and migration. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 41 (05, 1979), 399–407.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
28 Wenger, C.Ageing in rural communities: family contacts and community integration. Ageing and Society, 2 (1982), 211–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
29 Cloke, P.An index of rurality for England and Wales. Regional Studies, 11 (1977), 31–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
30 Donnelly, P. and Harper, S.British rural settlements in the hinterland of conurbations: a classification. Geografiska Annaler series B, 69, 1 (forthcoming, 1987).Google Scholar
31 Harper, S.The rural-urban interface of England: a framework for analysis. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 12 3, (forthcoming, 1987).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
32 Shanas, E., Townsend, P., Wedderburn, O., Friis, H., Milhøj, P., and Sten-houwer, J.Old People in Three Industrial Societies. Routledge and Kegan Paul, London, 1968.Google Scholar
33 It should be noted that this study was dealing with two areas which, while at tractive to retirees (Hampshire County Council, Mid-Hampshire Structure Plan: Approved Written Statement, 1980; Staffordshire County Council, Staffordshire Structure Plan: Approved Written Statement, 1978), are not purely ‘retirement zones’ and thus might be biased towards other factors such as kin proximity. Yet Karn34 in her study of seaside retirement resorts also found that kin figured highly in the process of deciding which location to retire to.
34 Karn, V.Retiring to the Seaside. Routledge and Kegan Paul, London, 1977.Google Scholar
35 Bird, H.Residential mobility and preference patterns in the public sector of the housing market. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, n.s., 1 (1975), 20–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
36 Gray, F.Selection and allocation in council housing. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, n.s., 1 (1975), 34–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
37 Law, C. and Warnes, A. ‘The destination decision in retirement migration’, in Warnes, A. (ed.), Geographical Perspectives on the Elderly. Wiley, Chichester, 1982, pp. 53–82.Google Scholar
38 Morgan, B.Why families move: a re-examination. Professional Geographer, 25 (1973), 124–129.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
39 Murphy, P.Migration and the elderly: a review. Town Planning Review, 50 (1979), 84–93.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
40 Rossi, P.Why families move. Sage, London, 1980.Google Scholar
41 Wiseman, R. and Roseman, C.A typology of elderly migration based on the decision making process. Economic Geography, 55 (1978), 334–337.Google Scholar
42 Warnes, A.‘Migration after retirement’. University of London, King's College, Department of Geography. Occasional Paper No. 12, 1981.Google Scholar
43 Lewis, G. and Maund, D.The urbanisation of the countryside: a framework for analysis. Geografiska Annaler, 58 (1976), 17–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
44 Lee, G.Kinship and social support of the elderly: the case of the United States. Ageing and Society, 5 (1985), 19–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
45 Lee, G. and Ihinger-Tallman, M.Sibling interaction and morale: the effects of family relationships on older people. Research on Aging, 2.3 (1980), 367–391.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
46 Moon, M.The role of the family in the economic well-being of the elderly. The Gerontologist, 23 (1983), 45–50.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
47 Shanas, E.Family Relationships of Older People. Health Information Foundation, Chicago, Ill., 1961.Google Scholar
48 Conner, K., Powers, E. and Bullena, G.Social interaction and life satisfaction: an empirical assessment of late life patterns. Journal of Gerontology, 34 (1979), 116–121.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
49 Allan, G.A Sociology of Friendship and Kinship. George Allen and Unwin, 1979.Google Scholar
50 Roberts, K. and Pearson Scott, J.Friendship patterns among older women. International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 19:1 (1984), 1–10.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
51 Blau, Z.Structural constraints on friendship in old age. American Sociological Review, 26 (1961), 424–439.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
52 Herbert, D.The residential mobility process: some empirical observations. Area 5 (1973), 44–48.Google Scholar