Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-gbm5v Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-26T01:16:34.910Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

The Kinship Network of the Rural Aged: A Comparison of the Indigenous Elderly and the Retired Inmigrant

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  14 November 2008

Sarah Harper
Affiliation:
Department of Geography, St David's University College, University of Wales,Lampeter, Dyfed SA48 7ED

Abstract

Analysis of the kin support networks of rural elderly, resident in Staffordshire and Hampshire, indicated that the most important factor affecting both the patterns and relationships of the kin network is the residential mobility of the nuclear family and its members. The study revealed the importance of recognising three broad groupings of elderly: the indigenous aged, who typically possess an extended local kin network; the retired inmigrants who had relocated their households to be near kin; and the retired inmigrants without nearby kin. When these groupings are introduced the importance of the dichotomy between local/non-local kin and between former kin-separation/non-kin-separation becomes apparent. These dichotomies hold important implications for the family relationships of the rural elderly, for their use of the kin network and of the formal support system, and for their interaction with the wider community.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1987

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

NOTES

1 Parsons, T.The kinship system of the contemporary United States. American Anthropologist, 45 (1943), 2238.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

2 Parsons, T.The Social System. Macmillan, New York, 1951.Google Scholar

3 Lee, G.Kinship in the seventies: a decade review of research and theory. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 42, 4 (1980), 923934.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

4 Shanas, E. and Streib, G. (eds.). Social Structure and the Family: Generational Relations. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1965.Google Scholar

5 Bengtson, V. and Cutler, N. ‘Generations and inter-generational relations: perspectives on age groups and social change’, in Binstock, R. and Shanas, E. (eds.), Handbook of Aging and the Social Sciences. Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., New York, 1976, pp. 130159.Google Scholar

6 Ciuča, A. ‘The elderly and the family’, in Dooghe, G, and Heiander, J. (eds.), Family Life in Old Age. Martinus Nijhoff, London, 1979, pp. 4953.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

7 Morris, J. and Sherwood, S.Informal support resources for vulnerable elderly person: can they be counted on, why do they work? International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 18 (1984), 8198.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

8 Wenger, C.The Supportive Network:. Coping with Old Age. George Allen and Unwin, London, 1984.Google Scholar

9 Cantor, M. H.Neighbours and friends: an overlooked resource in the informal support system. Research on Aging, 1 (1979), 434463.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

10 Cantor, M. H. ‘The informal support system: its relevance in the lives of the elderly’, in Borgatta, E, and McCluskey, N. (eds.), Ageing and Society. Sage, London, 1980, pp. 131144.Google Scholar

11 Kerckhoff, A. ‘Family patterns and morale in retirement’, in Simpson, I. and McKinney, J. (eds.), Social Aspects of Ageing. Duke University Press, Durham, N.C., 1966.Google Scholar

12 Kerckhoff, A. ‘Nuclear and extended family relationships: normative and be havioural analysis’ in Shanas, E. and Streib, G. (eds.), Social Structure and the Family: Generational Relations. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1965, pp. 93112.Google Scholar

13 Hagestad, G. ‘Continuity and connectedness’, in Bengtson, V. and Robertson, J. (eds.), Grandparenthood: Research and Policy Perspectives. Sage, New York, 1985.Google Scholar

14 Bultena, G.Rural-urban differences in the familial interaction of the aged’. Rural Sociology, 34 (1969), 515.Google Scholar

15 Youmans, E. Aging patterns in a rural and an urban area of Kentucky. Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin, No. 681, University of Kentucky (1963).Google Scholar

16 Lee, G. and Cassidy, M. ‘Family and kin relations of the rural elderly’, in Coward, R. and Lee, G. (eds.), The Elderly in Rural Society. Springer Publishing Co., New York, 1985, pp. 151169.Google Scholar

17 Hunt, A.The Elderly at Home. London, OPCS, HMSO, 1978.Google Scholar

18 Abrams, M.Beyond Three-score and Ten: A First Report on a Survey of the Elderly. Age Concern, Mitcham, Surrey, 1978.Google Scholar

19 Abrams, M.Beyond Three-score and Ten: A Second Report on a Survey of the Elderly. Age Concern, Mitcham, Surrey, 1980.Google Scholar

20 Warnes, A., Howes, D. and Took, L.Residential locations and inter-generational visiting in retirement. Quarterly Journal of Social Affairs, 1, 3 (1985), 231247.Google Scholar

21 Warnes, A., Howes, D. and Took, L. ‘Intimacy at a distance under the microscope’, in Butler, A. (ed.), Ageing: Recent Advances and Creative Responses. Croom Helm, London, 1985.Google Scholar

22 Shanas, E.Family-kin networks and aging in cross-cultural perspective. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 35 (08, 1973), 505511.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

23 Townsend, P.The Family Life of Old People. Routledge and Kegan Paul, London, 1957.Google Scholar

24 Wilkening, E., Guerrero, S. and Ginsberg, S.Distance and intergenerational ties of farm families. Sociological Quarterly, 13 (summer, 1972), 383396.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

25 Clark, W. and Gordon, M.Distance, closeness and frequency of kin contact in urban Ireland. Journal of Comparative Family Studies, 10 (summer, 1979), 271275.Google Scholar

26 Hendrix, L.Kinship, social networks and integration among Ozark residents and out-migrants. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 38 (02, 1976), 97104.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

27 Hendrix, L.Kinship, social class and migration. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 41 (05, 1979), 399407.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

28 Wenger, C.Ageing in rural communities: family contacts and community integration. Ageing and Society, 2 (1982), 211–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

29 Cloke, P.An index of rurality for England and Wales. Regional Studies, 11 (1977), 3146.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

30 Donnelly, P. and Harper, S.British rural settlements in the hinterland of conurbations: a classification. Geografiska Annaler series B, 69, 1 (forthcoming, 1987).Google Scholar

31 Harper, S.The rural-urban interface of England: a framework for analysis. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 12 3, (forthcoming, 1987).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

32 Shanas, E., Townsend, P., Wedderburn, O., Friis, H., Milhøj, P., and Sten-houwer, J.Old People in Three Industrial Societies. Routledge and Kegan Paul, London, 1968.Google Scholar

33 It should be noted that this study was dealing with two areas which, while at tractive to retirees (Hampshire County Council, Mid-Hampshire Structure Plan: Approved Written Statement, 1980; Staffordshire County Council, Staffordshire Structure Plan: Approved Written Statement, 1978), are not purely ‘retirement zones’ and thus might be biased towards other factors such as kin proximity. Yet Karn34 in her study of seaside retirement resorts also found that kin figured highly in the process of deciding which location to retire to.

34 Karn, V.Retiring to the Seaside. Routledge and Kegan Paul, London, 1977.Google Scholar

35 Bird, H.Residential mobility and preference patterns in the public sector of the housing market. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, n.s., 1 (1975), 2033.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

36 Gray, F.Selection and allocation in council housing. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, n.s., 1 (1975), 3446.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

37 Law, C. and Warnes, A. ‘The destination decision in retirement migration’, in Warnes, A. (ed.), Geographical Perspectives on the Elderly. Wiley, Chichester, 1982, pp. 5382.Google Scholar

38 Morgan, B.Why families move: a re-examination. Professional Geographer, 25 (1973), 124129.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

39 Murphy, P.Migration and the elderly: a review. Town Planning Review, 50 (1979), 8493.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

40 Rossi, P.Why families move. Sage, London, 1980.Google Scholar

41 Wiseman, R. and Roseman, C.A typology of elderly migration based on the decision making process. Economic Geography, 55 (1978), 334337.Google Scholar

42 Warnes, A.‘Migration after retirement’. University of London, King's College, Department of Geography. Occasional Paper No. 12, 1981.Google Scholar

43 Lewis, G. and Maund, D.The urbanisation of the countryside: a framework for analysis. Geografiska Annaler, 58 (1976), 1727.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

44 Lee, G.Kinship and social support of the elderly: the case of the United States. Ageing and Society, 5 (1985), 1938.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

45 Lee, G. and Ihinger-Tallman, M.Sibling interaction and morale: the effects of family relationships on older people. Research on Aging, 2.3 (1980), 367391.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

46 Moon, M.The role of the family in the economic well-being of the elderly. The Gerontologist, 23 (1983), 4550.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

47 Shanas, E.Family Relationships of Older People. Health Information Foundation, Chicago, Ill., 1961.Google Scholar

48 Conner, K., Powers, E. and Bullena, G.Social interaction and life satisfaction: an empirical assessment of late life patterns. Journal of Gerontology, 34 (1979), 116121.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

49 Allan, G.A Sociology of Friendship and Kinship. George Allen and Unwin, 1979.Google Scholar

50 Roberts, K. and Pearson Scott, J.Friendship patterns among older women. International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 19:1 (1984), 110.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

51 Blau, Z.Structural constraints on friendship in old age. American Sociological Review, 26 (1961), 424439.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

52 Herbert, D.The residential mobility process: some empirical observations. Area 5 (1973), 4448.Google Scholar