Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-8ctnn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-23T19:42:20.507Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

‘I just felt as though I had to drop something’: the implications of care for female working elder carers’ working lives

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  27 November 2017

VIV BURR*
Affiliation:
School of Human and Health Science, University of Huddersfield, UK.
HELEN COLLEY
Affiliation:
School of Human and Health Science, University of Huddersfield, UK.
*
Address for correspondence: Viv Burr, School of Human and Health Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, UK E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract

This paper explores the challenges that female elder carers in the United Kingdom face in combining paid work with elder care, and the implications of this care for their current and future working lives. In-depth interviews with 11 working women from a large organisation were conducted, and five of the women were re-interviewed after a period of one year to examine any changes in their situation. The interviews revealed the precarious nature of their daily schedules, which required constant effort to maintain, the intrusion of elder care into their working lives, and the impact it had upon their career development and future aspirations. The findings provide insight into the reasons why carers, especially women, are more likely to reduce their working hours, do not take advantage of training opportunities and retire early. The findings are discussed in relation to the expectation of an extended working age and gender equality.

Type
Article
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2017 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Age UK 2017. Briefing: Health and Care of Older People in England 2017. Available online at http://www.ageuk.org.uk/Documents/ENGB/Forprofessionals/Research/The_Health_and_Care_of_Older_People_in_England_2016.pdf?dtrk=true [Accessed 15 June 2017].Google Scholar
Bambra, C. 2007. Defamilisation and welfare state regimes: a cluster analysis. International Journal of Social Welfare, 16, 4, 326–38.Google Scholar
Bansal, P. and Corley, K. 2011. The coming of age for qualitative research: embracing the diversity of qualitative methods. Academy of Management Journal, 54, 2, 233–7.Google Scholar
Bernard, M. and Phillips, J. E. 2007. Working carers of older adults: what helps and what hinders in juggling work and care? Community, Work and Family, 10, 2, 139–60.Google Scholar
Bianchi, S. M., Milkie, M. A., Sayer, L. C. and Robinson, J. P. 2000. Is anyone doing the housework? Trends in the gender division of household labor. Social Forces, 79, 1, 191228.Google Scholar
Bittman, M., Hill, T. and Thomson, C. 2007. The impact of caring on informal carers’ employment, income and earnings: a longitudinal approach. Australian Journal of Social Issues, 42, 2, 255–72.Google Scholar
Bookman, A. and Kimbrel, D. 2011. Families and elder care in the twenty-first century. Future Child, 21, 2, 117–40.Google Scholar
Braun, V. and Clarke, V. 2006. Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3, 2, 77101.Google Scholar
Braun, V. and Clarke, V. 2016. (Mis)conceptualising themes, thematic analysis, and other problems with Fugard and Potts’ (2015) sample-size tool for thematic analysis. International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 19, 6, 739–43.Google Scholar
Carers UK 2014. Facts About Carers. Policy briefing, May. Available online at http://www.carersassociation.info/facts-about-carers-2014.pdf [Accessed 15 June 2017].Google Scholar
Carmichael, F., Charles, S. and Hulme, C. 2010. Who will care? Employment participation and willingness to supply informal care. Journal of Health Economics, 29, 1, 182–90.Google Scholar
Centre for Policy on Ageing 2014. Changing Family Structures and Their Impact on the Care of Older People. Available online at http://www.ageuk.org.uk/Documents/EN-GB/For-professionals/Research/CPA-Changing_family_structures.pdf?dtrk=true [Accessed 15 June 2017].Google Scholar
Colombo, F., Llena-Nozal, A., Mercier, J. and Tjadens, F. 2011. Help Wanted? Providing and Paying for Long-term Care. OECD Health Policy Studies, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Paris.Google Scholar
Commission on Residential Care 2014. A Vision for Care Fit for the Twenty-first Century. Demos. Available at https://www.demos.co.uk/files/Demos_CORC_report.pdf?1409673172 [Accessed 15 June 2017].Google Scholar
Crossroads 1993. Looking Forward to Looking After: A New Report from Crossroads on People in the Workplace. Crossroads, London.Google Scholar
Dentinger, E. and Clarkberg, M. 2002. Informal caregiving and retirement timing among men and women: gender and caregiving relationships in late midlife. Journal of Family Issues, 23, 7, 857–79.Google Scholar
Elhd, A. C. and Carlsson, E. 2011. Seeking a balance between employment and the care of an ageing parent. Scandinavian Journal of Caring Studies, 25, 2, 285–93.Google Scholar
Evandrou, M. 1995. Employment and care, paid and unpaid work: the socio-economic position of informal carers in Britain. In Phillips, J. (ed.), Working Carers. Avebury, Aldershot, UK, 2041.Google Scholar
Fine, M. D. 2012. Employment and informal care: sustaining paid work and caregiving in community and home-based care. Ageing International, 37, 1, 5768.Google Scholar
Glendinning, C. 1990. Dependency and interdependency: the incomes of informal carers and the impact of social security. Journal of Social Policy, 19, 4, 469–97.Google Scholar
Greenhaus, J. H. and Beutell, N. J. 1985. Sources of conflict between work and family roles. Academy of Management Review, 10, 1, 7688.Google Scholar
Grzywacz, J. G. and Marks, N. F. 2000. Family, work, work–family spillover, and problem drinking during midlife. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 62, 2, 336–48.Google Scholar
HM Government Task Group 2013. Supporting Working Carers: The Benefits to Families, Business and the Economy. Department of Health. Available online at https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/supporting-working-carers-the-benefits-to-families-business-and-the-economy [Accessed 12 December 2016].Google Scholar
Hoobler, J. M., Wayne, S. J. and Lemmon, G. 2009. Bosses’ perceptions of family–work conflict and women's promotability: glass ceiling effects. The Academy of Management Journal, 52, 5, 939–57.Google Scholar
Huffman, A., Culbertson, S. S., Henning, J. B. and Goh, A. 2013. Work–family conflict across the lifespan. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 28, 7/8, 761–80.Google Scholar
Ireson, R., Sethi, B. and Williams, A. 2016. Availability of caregiver friendly workplace policies (CFWPs): an international scoping review. Health and Social Care in the Community. Published online 12th April 2016, doi:10.1111/hsc.12347.Google Scholar
Jönsson, I., Daune-Richard, A., Odena, S. and Ring, M. 2011. The implementation of elder-care in France and Sweden: a macro and micro perspective. Ageing & Society, 31, 4, 625–44.Google Scholar
Kagan, C., Lewis, S. and Heaton, P. 1998. Caring to Work: Accounts of Working Parents of Disabled Children. Family Policy Studies Centre in association with the Joseph Rowntree Foundation, London.Google Scholar
Kan, M. Y., Sullivan, O. and Gershuny, J. 2011. Gender convergence in domestic work: discerning the effects of interactional and institutional barriers from large-scale data. Sociology, 45, 2, 234–51.Google Scholar
Katz, R., Lowenstein, A., Prilutzky, D. and Halperin, D. 2011. Employers’ knowledge and attitudes regarding organizational policy toward workers caring for aging family members. Journal of Aging & Social Policy, 23, 2, 159–81.Google Scholar
King, D. and Pickard, L. 2013. When is a carer's employment at risk? Longitudinal analysis of unpaid care and employment in midlife in England. Health and Social Care in the Community, 21, 3, 303–14.Google Scholar
King, N. and Brookes, J. 2017. Template Analysis for Business and Management Students. Sage, London.Google Scholar
King, N. and Horrocks, C. 2010. Interviews in Qualitative Research. Sage, London.Google Scholar
Leinonen, A. 2011. Masters of their own time? Working carers’ visions of retirement. European Journal of Ageing, 8, 4, 243–53.Google Scholar
Lilly, M. B., Laporte, A. and Coyte, P. C. 2007. Labor market work and home care's unpaid caregivers: a systematic review of labor force participation rates, predictors of labor market withdrawal, and hours of work. Milbank Quarterly, 85, 4, 641–90.Google Scholar
Masuy, A. J. 2009. Effect of caring for an older person on women's lifetime participation in work. Ageing & Society, 29, 5, 745–63.Google Scholar
Mayrhofer, W., Meyer, M., Schiffinger, M. and Schmidt, A. 2008. The influence of family responsibilities, career fields and gender on career success. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 23, 2, 292323.Google Scholar
Morgan, D. L. 1997. Focus Groups as Qualitative Research. Second edition, Sage, London.Google Scholar
Mortimer, J. and Green, M. 2015. Briefing: The Health and Care of Older People in England 2015. Age UK. Available online at http://www.cpa.org.uk/cpa/docs/AgeUK-Briefing-TheHealthandCareofOlderPeopleinEngland-2015.pdf [Accessed 26 June 2017].Google Scholar
Mulholland, H. 2017. The government must unlock the money. Because the care crisis is now. The Guardian, 7 February. Available online at https://www.theguardian.com/society/2017/feb/07/social-care-crisis-funding-mental-health-barbara-keeley [Accessed 15 June 2017].Google Scholar
Narknisorn, B. and Kusakabe, K. 2013. Issues challenging future Thai elder care by women and family. International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, 33, 1, 2132.Google Scholar
Nikandrou, I., Panayotopoulou, L. and Apospori, E. 2008. The impact of individual and organizational characteristics on work–family conflict and career outcomes. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 23, 5, 576–98.Google Scholar
Phillips, J. 2000. Working carers: caring workers. In Bernard, M., Phillips, J., Machin, L. and Harding Davies, V. (eds), Women Ageing: Changing Identities, Challenging Myths. Routledge, London, 4057.Google Scholar
Phillips, J., Bernard, M. and Chittenden, M. 2002. Juggling Work and Care: The Experiences of Working Carers of Older Adults. Policy Press, Bristol, UK.Google Scholar
Pickard, L. 2012. Substitution between formal and informal care: a ‘natural experiment’ in social policy in Britain between 1985 and 2000. Ageing & Society, 32, 7, 1147–75.Google Scholar
Rafnsdottir, G. L. and Heijstra, T. M. 2013. Balancing work–family life in academia: the power of time. Gender, Work and Organisation, 20, 3, 283–96.Google Scholar
Ramcharan, P. and Whittel, B. 2003. Carers and employment. In Stalker, K. (ed.), Reconceptualising Work with ‘Carers’: New Directions for Policy and Practice. Jessica Kingsley Publishers, London, 137–59.Google Scholar
Ramesh, S., Ireson, R. and Williams, A. 2017. International synthesis and case study examination of promising caregiver-friendly workplaces. Social Science & Medicine, 177, 1, 5260.Google Scholar
Raymo, J. M. and Sweeney, M. M. 2006. Work–family conflict and retirement preferences. Journals of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 61B, S161–9.Google Scholar
Seddon, D. 1999. Negotiating caregiving and employment. In Cox, S. and Keady, J. (eds), Younger People with Dementia: Practice and Development. Jessica Kingsley Publishers, London, 173–95.Google Scholar
Social Issues Research Centre 2011. The Changing Face of Motherhood. Available online at http://www.sirc.org/publik/CFOM.pdf [Accessed 12 December 2016].Google Scholar
Trukeschitz, B., Schneider, U., Mühlmann, R. and Ponocny, I. 2013. Informal eldercare and work-related strain. Journals of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 68B, 2, 257–67.Google Scholar
Yeandle, S. and Cass, B. 2014. Working carers of older people: steps toward securing adequate support in Australia and England? In Kroger, T. and Yeandle, S. (eds), Combining Paid Work and Family Care: Policies and Experiences in International Perspective. Policy Press, Bristol, UK, 7188.Google Scholar
Zhan, H. J. 2002. Chinese caregiving burden and the future burden of elder care in life-course perspective. The International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 54, 4, 267–90.Google Scholar
Zhan, H. J. and Montgomery, R. J. V. 2003. Gender and elder care in China: the influence of filial piety and structural constraints. Gender and Society, 17, 2, 209–29.Google Scholar
Zuba, M. and Schneider, U. 2013. What helps working informal caregivers? The role of workplace characteristics in balancing work and adult-care responsibilities. Journal of Family and Economic Issues, 34, 4, 460–9.Google Scholar