Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-l7hp2 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-22T17:15:30.098Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Good job, good pension? The influence of the workplace on saving for retirement

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 June 2018

Lynne Robertson-Rose*
Affiliation:
Department of Social Policy, School of Social and Political Science, University of Edinburgh, UK
*
*Corresponding author. Email: [email protected]

Abstract

Most private-sector employees in the United Kingdom (UK) are automatically enrolled into individualised defined contribution (DC) pension accounts. In a DC environment, income adequacy in retirement is highly dependent on the decisions that individuals make earlier in their lives. The ease with which they move into employment, and the pension support that they then receive from their employer, can be critical in determining outcomes. This paper discusses how employees respond to workplace pension schemes and the circumstances under which they assess the suitability of their contributions. The findings are based on an embedded case study comprising qualitative interviews with 25 employees of a large UK utility company. Participants were selected on the basis of socio-economic similarity. The research concluded that fixed-term employment negatively impacted on saving for retirement, both with respect to scheme membership and to the level of saving. Furthermore, it was found that the employment context had an influence upon retirement savings behaviour. The proactive approach of the employer in providing retirement benefits, and the trust that employees had in their employer, positively influenced membership and contribution levels. In addition to employer endorsement effects, both the encouragement of older work colleagues and workplace norms had a role to play in influencing how successfully individuals prepared for retirement.

Type
Article
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2018 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Bailey, J, Nofsinger, J and O'Neill, M (2004) 401(K) retirement plan contribution decision factors: the role of social norms. Journal of Business and Management 9, 327344.Google Scholar
Banks, J, Emmerson, C, Oldfield, Z and Tetlow, G (2005) Prepared for Retirement? The Adequacy and Distribution of Retirement Resources in England. Institute for Fiscal Studies. Available online at https://www.ifs.org.uk/publications/3443 (Accessed 2 March 2018).Google Scholar
Beshears, J, Choi, JJ, Laibson, D and Madrian, BC (2007) The impact of employer matching on savings plan participation under automatic enrolment. In Wise, DA (ed.), Research Findings in the Economics of Aging. Cambridge, Massachusetts: National Bureau of Economic Research, pp. 311327. Available online at http://www.nber.org/chapters/c8208 (Accessed 2 March 2018).Google Scholar
Beshears, J, Choi, JJ, Laibson, D and Madrian, BC (2009) The importance of default options for retirement saving outcomes: evidence from the United States. In Brown, JR, Liebman, JB and Wise, DA (eds), Social Security Policy in a Changing Environment. Cambridge, Massachusetts: National Bureau of Economic Research, pp. 167195. Available online at http://www.nber.org/chapters/c4539 (Accessed 2 March 2018).Google Scholar
Beshears, J, Choi, JJ, Laibson, D and Madrian, BC (2010) The Limitations of Defaults. NBER Retirement Research Center Paper NB 10-02, Cambridge, Massachusetts: National Bureau of Economic Research. Available online at http://www.nber.org/aging/rrc/papers/orrc10-02 (Accessed 2 March 2018).Google Scholar
Bikhchandani, S, Hirshleifer, D and Welch, I (1992) A theory of fads, fashion, custom, and cultural change as informational cascades. Journal of Political Economy 100, 9921026.Google Scholar
Bourne, T, Shaw, A and Butt, S (2010) Individuals’ Attitudes and Likely Reactions to the Workplace Pension Reforms. London: Department for Work and Pensions. Available online at https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/individuals-attitudes-and-likely-reactions-to-the-workplace-pension-reforms-2009-rr669 (Accessed 2 March 2018).Google Scholar
Cialdini, R (2008) Influence: Science and Practice. Fifth edition, Harlow, UK: Pearson Education.Google Scholar
Clark, GL and Strauss, K (2008) Individual pension-related risk propensities: the effects of socio-demographic characteristics and a spousal pension entitlement on risk attitudes. Ageing & Society 28, 847874.Google Scholar
Clark, R, Lusardi, A and Mitchell, OS (2016) Employee financial literacy and retirement plan behaviour: a case study. Economic Inquiry 55, 248259.Google Scholar
Clery, E, Humphrey, A and Bourne, T (2010) Attitudes to Pensions: The 2009 Survey. London: Department for Work and Pensions.Google Scholar
Dencker, JC, Joshi, A and Martocchio, JJ (2007) Employee benefits as context for intergenerational conflict. Human Resource Management Review 17, 208220.Google Scholar
Department for Work and Pensions (DWP) (2013) Framework for the Analysis of Future Pension Incomes. London: Department for Work and Pensions. Available online at https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/framework-for-the-analysis-of-future-pension-incomes (Accessed 2 March 2018).Google Scholar
Department for Work and Pensions (DWP) (2014) Automatic Enrolment: Experiences of Workers Who Have Opted Out – A Qualitative Research Study. London: Department for Work and Pensions. Available online at https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/automatic-enrolment-experiences-of-workers-who-have-opted-out-a-qualitative-research-study (Accessed 2 March 2018).Google Scholar
Dewilde, C (2012) Life course determinants and incomes in retirement: Belgium and the United Kingdom compared. Ageing & Society 32, 587615.Google Scholar
Duflo, E and Saez, E (2002) Participation and investment decisions in a retirement plan: the influence of colleagues’ choices. Journal of Public Economics 85, 121148.Google Scholar
Duflo, E and Saez, E (2003) The role of information and social interactions in retirement plan decisions: evidence from a randomized experiment. Quarterly Journal of Economics 118, 815842.Google Scholar
Everett, JAC, Caviola, L, Kahane, G, Savulescu, J and Faber, NS (2015) Doing good by doing nothing? The role of social norms in explaining default effects in altruistic contexts. European Journal of Social Psychology 45, 230241.Google Scholar
Foster, L (2012) Using a political economy and life course approach to understand gendered pension provision in the UK. Sociology Compass 6, 883896.Google Scholar
Foster, L (2017) Young people and attitudes towards pension planning. Social Policy & Society 16, 6580.Google Scholar
Fudge, J and Strauss, K (eds) (2013) Temporary Work, Agencies, and Unfree Labour: Insecurity in the New World of Work. Oxford: Routledge.Google Scholar
Furlong, A, Cartmel, F and Biggart, A (2006) Choice biographies & transitional linearity: re-conceptualising modern youth transitions. Revista Papers de Sociologia 79, 225239.Google Scholar
Ginn, J and MacIntyre, K (2013) UK pension reforms: is gender still an issue? Social Policy & Society 12, 91103.Google Scholar
Gough, O (2004) Why do employees, particularly women, reject occupational pension schemes? Employee Relations 26, 480494.Google Scholar
Gough, O and Niza, C (2011) Retirement saving choices: review of the literature and policy implications. Population Ageing 4, 97117.Google Scholar
Hibbert, A, Lawrence, ER and Prakash, AJ (2013) Does knowledge of finance mitigate the gender difference in financial risk-aversion? Global Finance Journal 24, 140152.Google Scholar
Huberman, G, Iyengar, SS and Jiang, W (2007) Defined contribution pension plans: determinants of participation and contributions rates. Journal of Financial Services Research 31, 132.Google Scholar
Kaiser, T and Menkhoff, L (2016) Does financial education impact financial behaviour and if so, when? DIW Discussion Paper 1562, Berlin: German Institute for Economic Research.Google Scholar
Lusardi, A, Michaud, PC and Mitchell, OS (2011) Optimal financial literacy and saving for retirement. Rand Working Paper 905. Available online at https://ssrn.com/abstract=1978960 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1978960 (Accessed 2 March 2018).Google Scholar
Madrian, B and Shea, D (2001) The power of suggestion: inertia in 401(k) participation and savings behavior. Quarterly Journal of Economics 116, 11491187.Google Scholar
McKenzie, C, Liersch, M and Finkelstein, S (2006) Recommendations implicit in policy defaults. Psychological Science 17, 414420.Google Scholar
Meyer, T and Bridgen, P (2008) Class, gender and chance: the social division of welfare and occupational pensions in the United Kingdom. Ageing & Society 28, 353381.Google Scholar
Office for National Statistics (ONS) (2013) Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings: 2013 Provisional Results. London: ONS. Available online at http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20160105210016/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/ashe/annual-survey-of-hours-and-earnings/2013-provisional-results/stb-ashe-statistical-bulletin-2013.html (Accessed 2 March 2018).Google Scholar
Office for National Statistics Statistics (ONS) (2017) Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings Pension Tables, UK: 2016 Provisional and 2015 Revised Results. London: ONS. Available online at https://www.ons.gov.uk/releases/annualsurveyofhoursandearningspensiontables2016provisionaland2015revisedresults (Accessed 2 March 2018).Google Scholar
O'Rand, AM (1996) The precious and the precocious: understanding cumulative disadvantage and cumulative advantage over the life course. The Gerontologist 36, 230238.Google Scholar
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) (2013) OECD/International Network of Financial Education Toolkit to Measure Financial Literacy and Inclusion: Guidance, Core Questionnaire and Supplementary Questions. Paris: OECD. Available online at https://www.oecd.org/daf/fin/financial-education/TrustFund2013_OECD_INFE_toolkit_to_measure_fin_lit_and_fin_incl.pdf (Accessed 2 March 2018).Google Scholar
Pensions Commission (2006) A New Pension Settlement for the Twenty-first Century. The Second Report of the Pensions Commission. London: Stationary Office Books.Google Scholar
Pensions Policy Institute (2015) The Pensions Primer: A Guide to the UK Pensions System. London: Pensions Policy Institute. Available online at http://www.pensionspolicyinstitute.org.uk/pension-facts/pensions-primer-a-guide-to-the-uk-pensions-system (Accessed 2 March 2018).Google Scholar
Pensions Policy Institute (2016) How Do Female Lifecourses Affect Income in Retirement? Briefing Note 84, London: Pensions Policy Institute. Available online at http://www.pensionspolicyinstitute.org.uk/briefing-notes/briefing-note-84---how-do-female-lifecourses-affect-retirement (Accessed 2 March 2018).Google Scholar
Pensions Regulator (2017) Automatic Enrolment: Commentary and Analysis: April 2016–March 2017. Available online at http://www.thepensionsregulator.gov.uk/docs/automatic-enrolment-commentary-analysis-2017.pdf (Accessed 2 March 2018).Google Scholar
Price, D (2007) Closing the gender gap in retirement income. What difference will recent UK pension reforms make? Journal of Social Policy 36, 561583.Google Scholar
Robertson-Rose, L (2016) Behavioural responses to automatic enrolment in workplace pension schemes. PhD thesis, Edinburgh, UK: University of Edinburgh.Google Scholar
Schoorman, FD, Mayer, RC and Davis, JH (2007) An integrative model of organizational trust: past, present, and future. Academy of Management Review 32, 344354.Google Scholar
Searle, RH and Dietz, G (2012) Trust and HRM: current insights and future directions. Human Resource Management Journal 22, 333342.Google Scholar
Sefton, T, Evandrou, M and Falkingham, J (2011) Family ties: women's work and family histories and their association with incomes in later life in the UK. Journal of Social Policy 40, 4169.Google Scholar
Smith, S (2006) Persistency of pension contributions in the UK: evidence from the British Household Panel Survey. Journal of Pension Economics and Finance 5, 257274.Google Scholar
Strauss, K (2008) Re-engaging with rationality in economic geography: behavioural approaches and the importance of context in decision-making. Journal of Economic Geography 8, 137156.Google Scholar
Sunstein, CR (2017) Nudges that fail. Behavioural Public Policy 1, 425.Google Scholar
Thaler, RH and Sunstein, CR (2008) Nudge: Improving Decisions About Health, Wealth and Happiness. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Westerman, JW and Sundali, J (2005) The transformation of employee pensions in the United States: through the looking glass of organizational behavior. Journal of Organizational Behavior 26, 99103.Google Scholar
Vickerstaff, S, Macvarnish, J, Taylor-Gooby, P, Loretto, W and Harrison, T (2012) Trust and Confidence in Pensions: A Literature Review. London: Department for Work and Pensions.Google Scholar
Viebrock, E and Clasen, J (2009) Flexicurity and welfare reform. Socio-Economic Review 7, 305331.Google Scholar
Webb, R, Watson, D, Ring, P and Bryce, C (2014) Pension confusion, uncertainty and trust in Scotland: an empirical analysis. Journal of Social Policy 43, 595613.Google Scholar
Xenitidou, M and Edmonds, B (2014) The conundrum of social norms. In Xenitidou, M and Edmonds, B (eds), The Complexity of Social Norms. New York: Springer, pp. 18.Google Scholar