Published online by Cambridge University Press: 14 November 2008
One of the principal motives behind pension reform in Britain in the post-war era has been to reduce dependence on means-tested assistance. Alternating attempts have been made to attain this objective through State and occupational collectivism but with only partial success. The present Government has shifted the emphasis away from collective provision towards individual saving promoted in the form of portable pensions. However, recent research has underlined the importance of structural determinants of dependency on means-tested assistance in retirement and of other factors over which individuals have little if any control. In the light of these findings questions are raised about the potential effectiveness of portable and occupational pensions as mechanisms for reducing future dependency on means-tested supplementation.
1 Jackson, W.Dependence and Population Ageing, Paper presented to the IRISS Conference, University of York, 9 November, 1988.Google Scholar
2 Lawson, R. ‘Poverty, social security and the elderly’, in Walker, R.Lawson, R. and Townsend, P. (eds), Responses to Poverty, Heinemann, London, 1984, pp. 238–248.Google Scholar
3 Walker, R. ‘Resources, welfare expenditure and poverty in European countries’, in Walker, R.Lawson, R. and Townsend, P. (eds), Responses to Poverty, Heinemann, London, 1984, pp. 28–78.Google Scholar
4 Victor, C. R.Old Age in Modern Society, Croom Helm, London, 1987.Google Scholar
5 Cmnd 9519, Reform of Social Security. Background Papers, HMSO, London, 1985.Google Scholar
6 Cmnd 6404, Social Insurance and Allied Services (The Beveridge Report), HMSO, London, 1942.Google Scholar
7 Shragge, E.Pensions Policy in Britain, Routledge and Kegan Paul, London, 1984.Google Scholar
8 Walker, A. ‘Pensions and the production of poverty in old age’, in Phillipson, C. and Walker, A. (eds), Ageing and Social Policy, Gower, Aldershot, 1986, pp. 184–216.Google Scholar
9 Cmnd 933, Report of the Committee on the Economic and Financial Problems of the Provision for Old Age (Phillips Report), HMSO, London, 1954.Google Scholar
10 Lynes, T.Pension Rights and Wrongs, Fabian Society, London, 1983, Tract, 348.Google Scholar
11 Deacon, A. and Bradshaw, J.Reserved for the Poor, Basil Blackwell and Martin Robertson, Oxford, 1983.Google Scholar
12 Cmnd 9691, Reform of Social Security: Programme for Action, HMSO, London, 1985.Google Scholar
13 Cmnd 9517, Reform of Social Security, HMSO, London, 1985.Google Scholar
14 Cmnd 9691, 1985, op. cit.
15 Cmnd, 9517, 1985, op. cit.
16 Cmnd 6404, Beveridge Report, 1942, op. cit.
17 Deacon, & Bradshaw, , 1983, op. cit.Google Scholar
18 Hannah, L.Inventing Retirement: The Development of Occupational Pensions in Britain, Cambridge University Press, 1986.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
19 Dawson, A. and Evans, G. ‘Pensioners' incomes and expenditure 1970–85’, Employment Gazette, 05 1987, pp. 243–52.Google Scholar
20 Titmuss, R.Essays on the Welfare State, George Allen and Unwin, London, 1983.Google Scholar
21 Walker, R. and Hutton, S. ‘The costs of ageing and retirement’, in Walker, R. and Parker, G. (eds), Money Matters, Sage, LondonCrossRefGoogle Scholar
22 Walker, R., 1986, op cit.Google Scholar
23 Deacon, and Bradshaw, , 1983, op. cit.Google Scholar
24 The Labour Party. National Superannuation: Labour Party for Security in Old Age, Labour Party, London, 1957.Google Scholar
25 Atkinson, A.Poverty in Britain and the Reform of Social Security, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1969.Google Scholar
25a Cmnd 5713, Better Pensions: Fully Protected Against Inflation, HMSO, London, 1974.Google Scholar
26 Dawson, and Evans, , 1987, op. cit.Google Scholar
27 Wood, D.Supplementary Pensioners, SCPR, London, 1987.Google Scholar
28 Craig, P.Costs and Benefits: A Review of Recent Research on Take Up of Means Tested Benefits, Paper presented at an internal DSS seminar, 23 08 1988.Google Scholar
29 Kerr, S.Making Ends Meet, Bedford Square Press, London, 1983.Google Scholar
30 Davies, C. and Ritchie, J.Tipping the Balance. A Study of Non-take-up in an Inner City Area, HMSO, London, 1988.Google Scholar
31 Walker, R. and Hutton, , 1988, op. cit.Google Scholar
32 O'Higgins, M., Bradshaw, J. and Walker, R. ‘Income distribution over the life cycle’, in Walker, R. and Parker, G. (eds), Money Matters, Sage, London, 1988, pp. 227–254.Google Scholar
33 Walker, A., 1986, op. cit.Google Scholar
34 Walker, A. ‘The poor relation: poverty among old women’, in Glendinning, C. and Millar, J. (eds), Women and Poverty in Britain, Wheatsheaf, Brighton, 1987, pp. 173–198.Google Scholar
35 Victor, , 1987, op. cit.Google Scholar
36 Groves, D. ‘Occupation pension provision and women's poverty in old age’, in Glendinning, C. and Millar, J. (eds), Women and Poverty in Britain, Wheatsheaf, Brighton, 1987, pp. 199–217.Google Scholar
37 Dawson, and Evans, , 1987, op. cit.Google Scholar
38 Wood, , 1987, op. cit.Google Scholar
39 Huby, M., Lawton, D. and Walker, R.Avoiding Financial Dependency in Old Age, Social Policy Research Unit, York, Working Paper 416, 1988.Google Scholar
40 Walker, R. and Hutton, S., 1988, op. cit.Google Scholar
41 Walker, A.The social creation of poverty and dependency in old age, Journal of Social Policy, 9, 1 (1980), 49–76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
42 Walker, A., 1986, op. cit.Google Scholar
43 Groves, , 1987, op. cit.Google Scholar
44 Walker, A., 1987, op. cit.Google Scholar
45 DHSS, Inequalities in Health (The Black Report), DHSS, London, 1980.Google Scholar
46 Townsend, P., Phillimore, P. and Beattie, A.Health and Deprivation, Croom Helm, London, 1988.Google Scholar
47 DHSS Households below Average Income: A Statistical Analysis 1981–1985, HMSO, London, 1988.Google Scholar
48 Bradshaw, J. and Huby, M.Trends in Dependence on Supplementary Benefits, Paper given to the IFS conference on the Economics of Social Security, London, 15 04 1988.Google Scholar
49 Walker, R. and Hutton, , 1988, op. cit.Google Scholar
50 Huby, Lawton and Walker, , 1988, op. cit.Google Scholar
51 Gollier, J.The Financing of Old-Age Pensions, Paper given to the CRESGE/EEC European Seminar, Tilgues, 12–14 10 1988.Google Scholar
52 Lawson, , 1984, op. cit.Google Scholar
53 Walker, R., Hardman, G. and Hutton, S.The occupational pension trap, Journal of Social Policy, 18 (1989).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
54 Walker, R. ‘The financial resources of the elderly or paying your own way in old age’, in Baldwin, S., Parker, G. and Walker, R. (eds), Social Security and Community Care, Gower, Aldershot, 1988, pp. 45–73.Google Scholar