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A Classical Indian Philosophical Perspective on Ageing and the Meaning of Life

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  14 November 2008

Chakravarthi Ram-Prasad
Chakravarthi Ram-Prasad
Affiliation:
Department of Philosophy, National University of Singapore, 10 Kent Ridge Crescent, Singapore0511.
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Abstract

Indian thought conceives of life in four normative stages: of student, householder, forest-dweller and renouncer. A metaphysical theory related to the conception of life-stages is that of the ends or purposes of life: appropriate conduct, material well-being, physical satisfaction and liberation. The theory of the ends of life is reconstructed here in the light of contemporary philosophical discussions about the meaning of life. The first three ends are part of a world-oriented attitude; the last end, of world-transcending contemplation. Among age-neutral and age-specific ways of relating life stages and life ends, that of taking old age as the time for the renunciatory stage is important and is examined in the context of the two main theories of meaning: world-oriented and world-transcending. Old age is secondary to earlier stages in a world-oriented theory, more significant in the world-transcendent one. However, both theories, seen independently, are paradoxical. In a synthesis, the world-transcendence of renunciation in old age is paramount in Indian thought, but worldly action is significant because renunciation depends on the richness of the life renounced. This reconstruction of an ancient ideal is offered as a philosophical paradigm for transculturally relevant attitudes to life in old age.

Keywords

Old ageageingIndianlife-stagesmeaning of lifephilosophy
Type
Research Article
Information
Ageing & Society , Volume 15 , Issue 1 , March 1995 , pp. 1 - 36
Copyright
Copyright Cambridge University Press 1995

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