Article contents
An Overview of Research using the Time-budget Methodology to study Age-related Behaviour*
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 14 November 2008
Abstract
This article reviews the growing usage of time-budget methodology, until recently seldom applied to older people. Initial studies have demonstrated that it can be employed both for the young-old and the old-old. Wider utilisation seems to have been impeded by difficulty in operationalising the definitions of such key concepts as ‘time’ and ‘leisure’, ‘discretionary’ and ‘obligatory’ activities. Advances in modern computer technology have facilitated the handling of masses of data of the kind produced by studies such as the 12-nation project led by Szalai (N = 30,000). A recent study of four Philadelphia subgroups by Lawton and Moss (N = 535) was successful in introducing a qualitative dimension of ‘liking’, which opens the door to utilising this approach for arriving at more sophisticated measures of psychological wellbeing.
- Type
- Research Article
- Information
- Copyright
- Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1984
References
NOTES
1 Szalai, A. (ed.), The Use of Time. Mouton and Co., The Hague, 1972.Google Scholar See also chapters by Scheuch and Stone on methodology.
Szalai, A. The situation of women in the light of contemporary time-budget research. Paper presented at the World Conference of the International Women's Year, Mexico City. United Nations, New York, 1975.Google Scholar
Szalai, A. and Andrews, F. M. (eds.), The Quality of Life: Comparative Studies. Sage, Beverly Hills and London, 1980.Google Scholar
2 Converse, P. E. Time-Budgets. In International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences. Macmillan Co. and Free Press, XVI 1968, 42–47.Google Scholar
3 Moss, M. S. and Lawton, M. P.Time budgets of older people: a window on four life styles. Journal of Gerontology, 17, 1 1982, 115–123.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
4 Beyer, G. S. and Woods, M. E.Living and Activity Patterns of the Aged. Cornell University, Center for Housing and Environmental Studies, Ithaca, New York, 1963.Google Scholar
5 Carp, F. M.Effects of the living environment on activity and the use of time. International Journal of Aging and Human Development 9, 1978–1979, 75–91.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
6 Chapin, F. S.Human Activity Patterns in the City. John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1974.Google Scholar
7 Jasper, T., Convent, D., Robinson, and Stafford, , Time Use in Economic and Social Accounts. Survey Research Center, Ann Arbor, 1977.Google Scholar
8 Altergott, K. Role Relationships Across the Life Span - A Secondary Analysis of a National Study: Variety in Daily Life - A Time Budget Study. Doctoral dissertation, University of Minneapolis, 1980.Google Scholar
9 Gordon, C., Gaitz, C. M. and Scott, J. Leisure and lives: personal expressivity across the life span. Chapter 3 in Binstock, R. H. and Shanas, E. (eds.), Handbook of Aging and the Social Sciences. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1976, 310–342.Google Scholar
10 Pfeiffer, E. and Davis, G. C.The use of leisure time in middle life. The Gerontologist (Autumn 1971), part 1, 187–195.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
11 Maas, H. S. and Kuypers, J. A.From Thirty to Seventy: A Forty-year Longitudinal Study of Adult Life Styles and Personality. Jossey Bass, San Francisco, 1975.Google Scholar
12 Kleemeier, R. W. (ed.), Aging and Leisure. Oxford University Press, New York, 1961.Google Scholar
13 Harris, L. and associates. The Myth and Reality of Aging in America. National Council on the Aging, Washinton, D.C., 1974Google Scholar; (same authors), Aging in the eighties: America in Transition. NCOA, Washington, D.C., 1981.
14 Mark, Abrams. Beyond Three-score and Ten: A second report on a survey of the elderly. Age Concern, London, 1980.Google Scholar
15 Time Budget Survey. Central Bureau of Statistics of Norway, Oslo, 1975 and 1983.
16 Lingsom, S.Pilot Study on Time Spent in Non-Market Care, Working Paper, Central Bureau of Statistics of Norway, Oslo, 1978.Google Scholar
17 Nissel, M. and Bonnerjea, L.Family Care of the Handicapped Elderly: Who Pays? Report 602, Policy Studies Institute, London, 1982.Google Scholar
18 Szinovacz, M.The Situation of Women in Austria: Economic and Family Issues.Google Scholar Results of the micro-census investigation of the Austrian Central Statistical Office on the situation of women in Austria, September 1977. Austrian Federal Ministry of Social Affairs, Vienna, 1979.
19 How Do People Spend Their Time, Surveys - Periodic Reports. NHR Public Opinion Research Institute, Tokyo.
20 Havighurst, R. et al. Adjustment to Retirement: A Cross-national Study. Van Gorcum, 1969.Google Scholar
21 Sorokin, P. A.Social and Cultural Dynamics. Peter Owen, London, 1957.Google Scholar
22 Kelly, J. R. Leisure in later life: roles and identities. In Osgood, N. J. (ed.), Life after Work. New York, Praeger, 1982.Google Scholar
23 Roadburg, A.Perceptions of work and leisure among the elderly. The Gerontologist, 21, 2 1981, 142–148.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
24 Sorokin, P. A. and Berger, C. Q.Time-budgets of Human behavior. Harvard Sociological Studies, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, 1939.Google Scholar
25 Little, V. C.Open Care for the Aging: Comparative International Approaches. Springer, New York, 1982.Google Scholar
26 Michelson, W.Child Care Under Restraint. Report on the first stage of the project, University of Toronto, 1980.Google Scholar
27 Robinson, J. P.How Americans Use Time. Praeger, New York, 1976.Google Scholar
28 Townsend, Peter. The Family Life of Old People: An Inquiry in East London. Free Press, Glencoe, Illinois, 1957.Google Scholar
29 Foote, N. N. and Meyersohn, R. Allocations of time among family activities. Paper presented at the Fourth World Congress of Sociology, Stresa.Google Scholar See also Foote, in Kleemeier, R. W. (ed.), Aging and Leisure. Oxford University Press, New York, 1961.Google Scholar
30 Stone, P. J. ‘The Analysis of Time Budgets.’ In Szalai, A. (ed.), The Use of Time. Mouton, The Hague, 1972.Google Scholar
31 Bater, J. H.The Soviet City: Ideal and Reality. Sage, Beverly Hills, 1980.Google Scholar
32 Szalai, A. (ed.), 1972, op. cit.Google Scholar
33 Hendricks, J. and Hendricks, C. D. Time worlds. In Gubrium, J. F. (ed.), Time, Roles and Self in Old Age. Human Sciences Press, New York, 1976.Google Scholar
34 Harvey, A. (ed.), Cross-National Time Budget Analysis: A Workbook. Dalhousie University, Nova Scotia, 1978.Google Scholar
35 United Nations Statistical Commission. Progress Report on the Development of Statistics of Time Use. Report of the Secretary-General. United Nations Doc. E/CN.3/519, New York, April 1978.
36 Ansello, E. Time-use, values, and rural-urban differences. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Gerontological Society of America, Toronto, 11 1981. Introduction to Time and Rural Aging (in press).Google Scholar
37 Lawton, M. P. Environment and other determinants of wellbeing in older people. Kleemeier Lecture, presented at the Annual Meeting of the Gerontological Society, Boston 20 11 1982.Google Scholar
- 11
- Cited by