Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-fbnjt Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-05T12:36:35.834Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Stepping into my shoes: generativity as a mediator of the relationship between business owners' age and family succession

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  03 June 2011

HANNES ZACHER*
Affiliation:
School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
ANTJE SCHMITT
Affiliation:
Department of Business Psychology, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany.
MICHAEL M. GIELNIK
Affiliation:
National University of Singapore Business School, Department of Management & Organisation, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
*
Address for correspondence: Hannes Zacher, School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia. E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract

The authors investigated generativity – the concern in establishing and guiding the next generation – as a mediator of the relationship between family business owners' age and succession in family businesses. Data came from 155 family business owners in Germany from different industries between the ages of 26 and 83 years. Results showed that age was positively related to generativity, and that generativity, in turn, positively influenced an objective measure of family succession. Generativity fully mediated the positive relationship between age and family succession. The findings suggest that generativity is an important psycho-social construct for understanding ageing, careers and succession in family business settings.

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2011

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Ackerman, S., Zuroff, D. C. and Moskowitz, D. S. 2000. Generativity in midlife and young adults: links to agency, communion, and subjective well-being. International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 50, 1, 1741.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ambrose, D. M. 1983. Transfer of the family-owned business. Journal of Small Business Management, 21, 4956.Google Scholar
Astrachan, J. H., Allen, I. E. and Spinelli, S. 2002. Mass Mutual/Raymond Institute American Family Business Survey. Mass Mutual Financial Group, Springfield, Massachusetts.Google Scholar
Austrian Institute for SME Research 2008. Overview of Family Business Relevant Issues: Final Report. Austrian Institute for SME Research, Vienna. Available online at http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/policies/sme/files/craft/family_business/doc/familybusiness_study_en.pdf.Google Scholar
Baron, R. A. 2004. The cognitive perspective: a valuable tool for answering entrepreneurship's basic ‘why’ questions. Journal of Business Venturing, 19, 221–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baron, R. A. and Tang, J. T. 2011. The role of entrepreneurs in firm-level innovation: joint effects of positive affect, creativity, and environmental dynamism. Journal of Business Venturing, 26, 1, 4960.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baron, R. M. and Kenny, D. A. 1986. The moderator–mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 1173–82.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baruch, Y. 1999. Response rate in academic studies: a comparative analysis. Human Relations, 52, 421–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Becker, T. E. 2005. Potential problems in the statistical control of variables in organizational research: a qualitative analysis with recommendations. Organizational Research Methods, 8, 274–89.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Birren, J. 1999. Theories of aging: a personal perspective. In Bengtson, V. L. and Schaie, K. W. (eds), Handbook of Theories of Aging. Springer, New York.Google Scholar
Cabrera-Suárez, K., De Saa-Pérez, P. and García-Almeida, D. 2001. The succession process from a resource- and knowledge-based view of the family firm. Family Business Review, 14, 1, 3746.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cadieux, L., Lorrain, J. and Hugron, P. 2002. Succession in women owned family businesses: a case study. Family Business Review, 15, 1, 1730.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carstensen, L. L. 1995. Evidence for a life-span theory of socioemotional selectivity. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 4, 151–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carstensen, L. L., Isaacowitz, D. M. and Charles, S. T. 1999. Taking time seriously: a theory of socioemotional selectivity. American Psychologist, 54, 3, 165–81.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chua, J. H., Chrisman, J. J. and Sharma, P. 1999. Defining the family business by behavior. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 23, 4, 1939.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clark, M. and Arnold, J. 2008. The nature, prevalence and correlates of generativity among men in middle career. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 73, 473–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cleveland, J. N., Shore, L. M. and Murphy, K. R. 1997. Person- and context-oriented perceptual age measures: additional evidence of distinctiveness and usefulness. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 18, 239–51.3.0.CO;2-A>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cohen, J. E. 2003. Human population: the next half century. Science, 302, 1172–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Covin, T. J. 1994. Perceptions of family-owned firms: the impact of gender and education level. Journal of Small Business Management, 32, 3, 2939.Google Scholar
Curran, J. and Blackburn, R. A. 2001. Older people and the enterprise society: age and self-employment propensities. Work, Employment and Society, 15, 4, 889902.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davis, J. A. and Tagiuri, R. 1989. The influence of life stage on father–son work relationships in family companies. Family Business Review, 2, 4774.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davis, P. and Harveston, P. D. 1998. The influence of family on the family business succession: a multi-generational perspective. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 22, 3, 3153.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
de Bruin, A. and Firkin, P. 2003. Elder entrepreneurship. In de Bruin, A. and Dupuis, A. (eds), Entrepreneurship: New Perspectives in a Global Age. Ashgate, Aldershot, UK, 185205.Google Scholar
Erikson, E. H. 1950. Childhood and Society. W. W. Norton, New York.Google Scholar
Erikson, E. H. 1963. Childhood and Society. Second edition, W. W. Norton, New York.Google Scholar
Gelfand, M. J., Bhawuk, D. P. S., Nishi, L. H. and Bechtold, D. J. 2004. Individualism and collectivism. In House, R. J., Hanges, P. J., Javidan, M., Dorfman, P. W. and Gupta, V. (eds), Culture, Leadership, and Organizations: The GLOBE Study of 62 Societies. Sage, Thousand Oaks, California, 437512.Google Scholar
Gersick, K., Davis, J., Hampton, M. and Lansberg, I. 1997. Generation to Generation: Life Cycles of the Family Business. Harvard Business School Press, Boston.Google Scholar
Gielnik, M. M., Zacher, H. and Frese, M. Focus on opportunities as a mediator between business owners’ age and venture growth. Journal of Business Venturing, in press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2010.05.002Google Scholar
Grant, A. M. and Wade-Benzoni, K. 2009. The hot and cool of death awareness at work: mortality cues, aging, and self-protective and prosocial motivations. Academy of Management Review, 34, 4, 600–22.Google Scholar
Hambrick, D. C. and Mason, P. A. 1984. Upper echelons: the organization as a reflection of its top managers. Academy of Management Review, 9, 193206.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Handler, W. C. 1989. Methodological issues and considerations in studying family businesses. Family Business Review, 2, 3, 257–76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Handler, W. C. 1994. Succession in family businesses: a review of the research. Family Business Review, 7, 2, 133–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harveston, P. D., Davis, P. S. and Lynden, J. A. 1997. Succession planning in family business: the impact of owner gender. Family Business Review, 10, 4, 373–96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haunschild, L., Wallau, F., Hauser, H.-E. and Wolter, H.-J. 2007. Die volkswirtschaftliche Bedeutung der Familienunternehmen: Gutachten im Auftrag der Stiftung Familienunternehmen [The Economic Importance of Family Businesses: Report Commissioned by the Family Business Foundation]. Institut für Mittelstandsforschung, Bonn. Available online at http://www.ifm-bonn.org/assets/documents/IfM-Materialien-172.pdf.Google Scholar
Heck, R. K. Z. and Trent, E. S. 1999. The prevalence of family business from a household sample. Family Business Review, 12, 3, 209–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hisrich, R., Langan-Fox, J. and Grant, S. 2007. Entrepreneurship research and practice: a call to action for psychology. American Psychologist, 62, 6, 575–89.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hmieleski, K. M. and Baron, R. A. 2009. Entrepreneurs’ optimism and new venture performance: a social cognitive perspective. Academy of Management Journal, 52, 3, 473–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hmieleski, K. M. and Ensley, M. D. 2007. A contextual examination of new venture performance: entrepreneur leadership behavior, top management team heterogeneity, and environmental dynamism. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 28, 7, 865–89.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hofstede, G. 2001. Culture's Consequences: Comparing Values, Behaviors, Institutions, and Organizations Across Nations. Sage, Thousand Oaks, California.Google Scholar
Ibrahim, A. B., Soufani, K. and Lam, J. 2001. A study of succession in a family firm. Family Business Review, 14, 3, 245–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Institut für Mittelstandsforschung 2008. Overview of Family Business Relevant Issues: Country Fiche Germany. Institut für Mittelstandsforschung, Bonn. Available online at http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/policies/sme/files/craft/family_business/doc/familybusines_country_fiche_germany_en.pdf.Google Scholar
Kanfer, R. and Ackerman, P. L. 2004. Aging, adult development, and work motivation. Academy of Management Review, 29, 3, 440–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kean, R. C., Van Zandt, S. and Maupin, W. 1993. Successful ageing: the older entrepreneur. Journal of Women and Ageing, 5, 1, 2542.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Keh, H. T., Nguyen, T. T. M. and Ng, H. P. 2007. The effects of entrepreneurial orientation and marketing information on the performance of SMEs. Journal of Business Venturing, 22, 4, 592611.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kertesz, R. and Atalaya, C. I. 1999. Family businesses in Argentina: current issues. Community, Work and Family, 2, 1, 93103.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kets de Vries, M. F. 1993. The dynamics of family controlled firms: the good and bad news. Organizational Dynamics, 21, 5971.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Keyes, C. L. M. and Ryff, C. D. 1998. Generativity in adult lives: social structural contours and quality of life consequences. In McAdams, D. P. and de St. Aubin, E. (eds), Generativity and Adult Development: How and Why We Care for the Next Generation. American Psychological Association, Washington DC, 227–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Klein, S. B. 2000. Family businesses in Germany: significance and structure. Family Business Review, 13, 157–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Klein, S. B., Astrachan, J. H. and Smyrnios, K. X. 2005. The F-PEC scale of family influence: construction, validation, and further implication for theory. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 29, 3, 321–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kooij, D., De Lange, A. H., Jansen, P. G. W. and Dikkers, J. S. E. 2007. Older workers’ motivation to continue to work: five meanings of age. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 23, 4, 364–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kotre, J. 1999. Make It Count: How to Generate a Legacy that Gives Meaning to Your Life. Free Press, New York.Google Scholar
Lang, F. R. and Carstensen, L. L. 2002. Time counts: future time perspective, goals, and social relationships. Psychology and Aging, 17, 1, 125–39.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lansberg, I. 1991. The succession conspiracy. In Aronoff, C. and Ward, J. (eds), Family Business Sourcebook. Omnigraphics, Detroit, Michigan, 98119.Google Scholar
Lee, J. 2006. Family firm performance: further evidence. Family Business Review, 19, 2, 103–14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lévesque, M. and Minniti, M. 2006. The effect of aging on entrepreneurial behavior. Journal of Business Venturing, 21, 177–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MacKinnon, D. P., Fairchild, A. J. and Fritz, M. S. 2007. Mediation analysis. Annual Review of Psychology, 58, 593614.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Marshall, J. P., Sorensen, R., Brigham, K., Wieling, E., Reifman, A. and Wampler, R. S. 2006. The paradox for the family firm CEO: owner age relationship to succession-related processes and plans. Journal of Business Venturing, 21, 348–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McAdams, D. P. and de St. Aubin, E. 1992. A theory of generativity and its assessment through self-report, behavioral acts, and narrative themes in autobiography. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 62, 6, 1003–15.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McAdams, D. P. and de St. Aubin, E. 1998. Generativity and Adult Development: How and Why We Care for the Next Generation. American Psychological Association, Washington DC.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McAdams, D. P., de St. Aubin, E. and Logan, R. L. 1993. Generativity among young, midlife, and older adults. Psychology and Aging, 8, 221–30.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mead, D. C. and Liedholm, C. 1998. The dynamics of micro and small enterprises in developing countries. World Development, 26, 1, 6174.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miller, D. and Le Breton-Miller, I. 2006. Family governance and firm performance: agency, stewardship, and capabilities. Family Business Review, 21, 7387.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miller, D., Steier, L. and Le Breton-Miller, I. 2003. Lost in time: intergenerational succession, change and failure in family business. Journal of Business Venturing, 18, 4, 513–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mor-Barak, M. E. 1995. The meaning of work for older adults seeking employment: the generativity factor. International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 41, 4, 325–44.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Neubauer, F. and Lank, A. 1998. The Family Business: Its Governance for Sustainability. Macmillan, London.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Neugarten, B. L., Moore, J. W. and Lowe, J. C. 1965. Age norms, age constraints, and adult socialization. American Sociological Review, 70, 710–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Newman, D. A. 2009. Missing data techniques and low response rates: the role of systematic nonresponse parameters. In Lance, C. E. and Vandenberg, R. J. (eds), Statistical and Methodological Myths and Urban Legends: Doctrine, Verity and Fable in the Organizational and Social Sciences. Routledge, New York, 736.Google Scholar
Ng, T. W. H. and Feldman, D. C. 2010. The relationship of age with job attitudes: a meta-analysis. Personnel Psychology, 63, 3, 677718.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Obschonka, M., Silbereisen, R. K. and Schmitt-Rodermund, E. 2010. Entrepreneurial intention as developmental outcome. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 77, 1, 6372.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ozgen, E. and Baron, R. A. 2007. Social sources of information in opportunity recognition: effects of mentors, industry networks, and professional forums. Journal of Business Venturing, 22, 2, 174–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Preacher, K. J. and Hayes, A. F. 2008. Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects on multiple mediator models. Behavioral Research Methods, 40, 879–91.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rauch, A. and Frese, M. 2007. Let's put the person back into entrepreneurship research: a meta-analysis on the relationship between business owners’ personality traits, business creation, and success. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 16, 4, 353–85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reynolds, P. D., Bosma, N., Autio, E., Hunt, S., De Bono, N., Servais, I., Lopez-Garcia, P., Chin, N. 2005. Global Entrepreneurship Monitor: data collection design and implementation 1998–2003. Small Business Economics, 24, 3, 205–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reynolds, P. D., Miller, B. and Maki, W. R. 1995. Explaining regional variation in business births and deaths – U.S. 1976–88. Small Business Economics, 7, 5, 389407.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rogoff, E. G. 2007. Opportunities for entrepreneurship in later life. Generations, 31, 1, 90–5.Google Scholar
Rossi, A. S. 2001. Caring and Doing for Others: Social Responsibility in the Domains of Family, Work, and Community. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.Google Scholar
Roth, P. L., Switzer, F. S. and Switzer, D. M. 1999. Missing data in multiple item scales: a Monte Carlo analysis of missing data techniques. Organizational Research Methods, 2, 211–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scanlan, T. J. 1980. Toward an occupational classification for self-employed men: an investigation of entrepreneurship from the perspective of Holland's Theory of Career Development. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 16, 2, 163–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schafer, J. and Graham, J. 2002. Missing data: our view of the state of the art. Psychological Methods, 7, 2, 147–77.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Scherer, R. F., Adams, J. S., Carley, S. S. and Wiebe, F. A. 1980. Role model performance effects on development of entrepreneurial career preference. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 13, 3, 5371.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schmitt-Rodermund, E. 2004. Pathways to successful entrepreneurship: parenting, personality, early entrepreneurial competence, and interests. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 65, 3, 498518.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shanker, M. C. and Astrachan, J. H. 1996. Myths and realities: family businesses’ contribution to the US economy – a framework for assessing family business statistics. Family Business Review, 9, 107–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sharma, P. 2004. An overview of the field of family business studies: current status and directions for the future. Family Business Review, 17, 1, 136.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sharma, P. and Irving, P. G. 2005. Four bases of family business successor commitment: antecedents and consequences. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 29, 1, 1333.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sharma, P., Chrisman, J. J., Pablo, A. L. and Chua, J. H. 2001. Determinants of initial satisfaction with the succession process in family firms: A conceptual model. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 25, 3, 1736.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sharma, P., Chrisman, J. J. and Chua, J. H. 2003. Succession planning as planned behavior: some empirical results. Family Business Review, 16, 1, 115.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sheldon, K. M. and Kasser, T. 2001. Getting older, getting better? Personal strivings and psychological maturity across the life span. Developmental Psychology, 37, 4, 491501.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shrestha, L. B. 2000. Population aging in developing countries. Health Affairs, 19, 3, 204–12.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shrout, P. E. and Bolger, N. 2002. Mediation in experimental and nonexperimental studies: new procedures and recommendations. Psychological Methods, 7, 422–45.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Smola, K. W. and Sutton, C. D. 2002. Generational differences: revisiting generational work values for the new millennium. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 23, 363–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Steier, L. 2001. Next-generation entrepreneurs and succession: an exploratory study of modes and means of managing social capital. Family Business Review, 14, 3, 259–76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stewart, A. J. and Vandewater, E. A. 1998. The course of generativity. In McAdams, D. P. and de St. Aubin, E. (eds), Generativity and Adult Development: How and Why We Care for the Next Generation. American Psychological Association, Washington DC, 75100.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Van Der Velde, M. E. G., Feij, J. A. and Van Emmerik, H. 1998. Change in work values and norms among Dutch young adults: aging or societal trends? International Journal of Behavioral Development, 22, 5576.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
White, R. E., Thornhill, S. and Hampson, E. 2007. A biosocial model of entrepreneurship: the combined effects of nurture and nature. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 28, 4, 451–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zacher, H. and Frese, M. 2009. Remaining time and opportunities at work: relationships between age, work characteristics, and occupational future time perspective. Psychology and Aging, 24, 2, 487–93.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zacher, H., Rosing, K., Henning, T. and Frese, M. 2011. Establishing the next generation at work: leader generativity as a moderator of the relationships between leader age, leader-member exchange, and leadership success. Psychology and Aging, 26, 1, 241–52.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zahra, S. A., Hayton, J. C. and Salvato, C. 2004. Entrepreneurship in family vs. non-family firms: a resource-based analysis of the effect of organizational culture. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 28, 4, 363–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhao, H. and Seibert, S. E. 2006. The big five personality dimensions and entrepreneurial status: a meta-analytical review. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91, 2, 259–71.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed