Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-dzt6s Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-26T00:42:02.416Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Older male carers and the positive aspects of care

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  03 November 2008

OSCAR RIBEIRO*
Affiliation:
Unidade de Investigação e Formação de Adultos e Idosos, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Portugal.
CONSTANÇA PAÚL
Affiliation:
Unidade de Investigação e Formação de Adultos e Idosos, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Portugal.
*
Address for correspondence: Oscar Ribeiro, UNIFAI, Department of Behavioural Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Lg. Prof.Abel Salazar, 2, 4099-003Porto, Portugal. E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract

Older men are becoming more visible in care-giving research but there are still few studies that focus expressly on the extent to which care-giving has made positive contributions to their life and has been rewarding. Drawing on data from in-depth personal interviews, this Portuguese study analyses the positive statements in the personal descriptions of the care-giving experience of 53 elderly men who were caring for chronically-ill wives. It also explores the differences between the positive references made by the men who were caring for a wife who had dementia and those made by men whose wives had physical impairments. Using open coding and content analysis, positive aspects were identified in 32 of the 53 care-giving situations. The most prevalent themes were ‘satisfaction’ and ‘perceived social honour’. The findings show that positive returns from the caring experience and role were strongly associated with previous good marital relationships and the husband's good self-rated health, and manifested in both specific coping strategies and global and situational meaning-making processes. The study demonstrates that much more can be learnt about the positive dimensions of care in older men's lives, and that such understanding can inform and strengthen formal and therapeutic support.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2008

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Applegate, J. S. 1997. Theorizing older men. In Kosberg, J. I. and Kaye, L. W. (eds) Elderly Men: Special Problems and Professional Challenges. Springer Publishing Company, New York, 115.Google Scholar
Archer, C. W. and MacLean, M. J. 1993. Husbands and sons as caregivers of chronically ill elderly women. Journal of Gerontological Social Work, 21, 1, 523.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bover, A. B. 2004. Cuidadores informales de salud del ámbito domiciliario: percepciones y estrategias de cuidado ligadas al género y a la generación [Informal Carers in Domiciliary Settings: Perceptions and Strategies Associated with Gender and Generation]. Doctoral thesis, Universitat de les Illes Balears (Spain). Available through Tesis doctorales en red [Collected Doctoral Theses] online at http://www.tdx.cesca.es/TDX-0204105-093133/ [Accessed 4th March 2005].Google Scholar
Calasanti, T. 2003. Masculinities and care work in old age. In Arber, S., Davidson, K. and Ginn, J. (eds) Gender and Ageing: Changing Roles and Relationships. Open University Press, Buckingham, 1530.Google Scholar
Calasanti, T. and Bowen, M. E. 2006. Spousal caregiving and crossing gender boundaries: maintaining gendered identities. Journal of Aging Studies 20, 3, 253–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carpenter, E. H. and Miller, B. H. 2002. Psychosocial challenges and rewards experienced by caregiving men: a review of the literature and an empirical case example. In Kramer, B. J. and Thompson, E. H. (eds) Men as Caregivers: Theory, Research, and Service Implications. Springer Publishing Company, New York, 99126.Google Scholar
Cohen, C. A., Colantonio, A. and Vernich, L. 2002. Positive aspects of caregiving: rounding out the caregiver experience. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 17, 2, 184–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Connell, R. W. 1995. Masculinities. Polity, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Davidson, K., Arber, S. and Ginn, J. 2000. Gendered meanings of care work within late life marital relationships. Canadian Journal of Aging, 19, 4, 536–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Farran, C. J. 1997. Theorethical perspectives concerning positive aspects of caring for elderly persons with dementia: stress/adaptation and existentialism. The Gerontologist, 37, 2, 250–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Farran, C. J., Keane-Hagerty, E., Salloway, S., Kupferer, S. and Wilken, C. S. 1991. Finding meaning: an alternative paradigm for Alzheimer's disease family caregivers. The Gerontologist, 31, 4, 483–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fisher, M. 1994. Man-made care: community care and older male carers. British Journal of Social Work, 24, 6, 659–80.Google Scholar
Fisher, M. 1997. Older male carers and community care. In Bornat, J., Johnson, J., Pereira, C., Pilgrim, D. and Williams, F. (eds) Community Care: A Reader. Second edition, Open University Press, London, 134–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Folkman, S. and Moskowitz, J. T. 2000. Positive affect and the other side of coping. American Psychologist, 55, 6, 647–54.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Harris, P. B. 1998. Listening to caregiving sons: misunderstood realities. The Gerontologist, 38, 3, 342–52.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Harris, P. B. and Bichler, J. 1997. Men Giving Care: Reflections of Husbands and Sons. Garland, New York.Google Scholar
Harris, P. B. and Long, S. O. 1999. Husbands and sons in the United States and Japan: cultural expectations and caregiving experiences. Journal of Aging Studies, 13, 3, 241–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hunt, C. K. 2003. Concepts in caregiving research. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 35, 1, 2732.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kaye, L. W. and Applegate, J. S. 1990. Men as Caregivers to the Elderly: Understanding and Aiding Unrecognized Family Support. Lexington, Lanham, Maryland.Google Scholar
Kirsi, T., Hervonen, A. and Jylhä, M. 2004. Always one step behind: husband's narratives about taking care of their demented wives. Health: Interdisciplinary Journal for the Social Study of Health, Illness and Medicine, 8, 2, 159–81.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kramer, B. 1997 a. Gain in the care-giving experience. Where are we? What next? The Gerontologist, 37, 2, 218–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kramer, B. 1997 b. Differential predictors of strain and gain among husbands caring for wives with dementia. The Gerontologist, 37, 2, 239–49.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kramer, B. 2000. Husbands caring for wives with dementia: a longitudinal study of continuity and change. Health and Social Work, 25, 2, 97107.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Leuschner, A. 2005. Os auxílios disponíveis: os serviços de saúde mental [Available help: mental health services]. In Castro-Caldas, A. and Mendonça, A. (eds) A Doença de Alzheimer e Outras Demências em Portugal [Alzheimers's Disease and Other Dementias in Portugal]. Lidel, Lisbon, 161–72.Google Scholar
Lewis, R. D. H. 1998. The impact of the marital relationship on the experience of caring for an elderly spouse with dementia. Ageing & Society, 16, 2, 209–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
López, J., López-Arrieta, J. and Crespo, M. 2005. Factors associated with positive impact of caring for elderly and dependent relatives. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 41, 1, 8194.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McGarry, J. and Arthur, A. 2001. Informal care in late life: a qualitative study of the experiences of older carers. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 33, 2, 182–90.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Milne, A. and Hatzidimitriadou, E. 2003. ‘Isn't he wonderful?’ Exploring the contribution and conceptualization of elder husbands as carers. Ageing International, 28, 4, 389407.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Motenko, A. K. 1988. Respite care and pride in caregiving: the experience of six older men in caring for their disabled wives. In Reinharz, S. and Rowles, G. D. (eds), Qualitative Gerontology. Springer Publishing Company, New York, 104–27.Google Scholar
Nolan, M., Grant, G. and Keady, J. 1996. Understanding Family Care: A Multidimensional Model for Caring and Coping. Open University Press, Buckingham.Google Scholar
Noonan, A. E., Tennstedt, S. L. and Rebelsky, F. G. 1996. Making the best of it: themes of meaning among informal care-givers to the elderly. Journal of Aging Studies, 10, 4, 313–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Paúl, C. and Martín, I. 2003. Caregiver burden assessment. In Fernández-Ballesteros, R. (ed.) Encyclopedia of Psychological Assessment. Sage, London, 161–4.Google Scholar
Ribeiro, O. and Paúl, C. 2005. Older men as primary caregivers: the challenges of dementia in marriage. In Abstracts of the 21st International Conference of Alzheimer's Disease International (edited by Alzheimer's Disease International), Istanbul, Turkey, September 28–October 1.Google Scholar
Ribeiro, O. and Paúl, C. 2006. Demência de Alzheimer e cônjuges cuidadores: homens em perspectiva [Alzheimer's disease and spouse carers: men in perspective]. Psychologica, 42, 7187.Google Scholar
Ritchie, J. and Lewis, J. 2003. Qualitative Research Practice: A Guide for Social Science Students and Researchers. Sage, London.Google Scholar
Rose, H. and Bruce, H. 1995. Mutual care but differential esteem: caring between older couples. In Arber, S. and Ginn, J. (eds) Connecting Gender and Ageing: A Sociological Approach. Open University Press, Buckingham, 114–28.Google Scholar
Russell, R. 2001. In sickness and in health: a qualitative study of elderly men who care for wives with dementia. Journal of Aging Studies, 15, 4, 351–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Strauss, A. L. and Corbin, J. 1990. Basics of Qualitative Research: Grounded Theory Procedures and Techniques. Sage, , California.Google Scholar
Schwarzer, R. and Knoll, N. 2003. Positive coping: mastering demands and searching meaning. In Lopez, S. J. and Snyder, C. R. (eds) Handbook of Positive Psychological Assessment. American Psychological Association, Washington DC, 393409.Google Scholar
Settlage, C. F., Curtis, J., Lozoff, M., Lozoff, M., Silberschatz, G. and Simburg, E. J. 1988. Conceptualizing adult development. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, 36, 2, 347–69.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thompson, E. H. 2002. What's unique about men's caregiving? In Kramer, B. J. and Thompson, E. H. (eds) Men as Caregivers: Theory, Research, and Service Implications. Springer Publishing Company, New York, 2047.Google Scholar