Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-gvvz8 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-23T10:30:07.154Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

‘Just another day’: the lived experience of being a hundred years old for ten New Zealanders

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  19 February 2019

Ashwina Ratan
Affiliation:
Older Persons and Rehabilitation Services, Hutt Valley District Health Board, Lower Hutt, New Zealand
Kay de Vries*
Affiliation:
Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, De Montfort University, Leicester, UK
*
*Corresponding author. Email: [email protected]

Abstract

The aim of this study was to gain an understanding of the experiences of extended longevity as perceived by centenarians. Centenarians (people over 100 years of age) are the fastest growing group of the ageing population in developed countries. Ten centenarians aged between 100 and 106 years, living in the Lower North Island of New Zealand, participated in the study. The biographical narrative interpretive method of inquiry guided data collection through face-to-face interviews, and thematic analysis was subsequently undertaken. Four themes were identified: (a) ‘becoming a centenarian: ‘Just another day’; (b) ‘growing up in a privileged environment’ that revealed four sub-themes: ‘having freedom and choice’, ‘being loved and nurtured’, ‘living healthy lifestyles’ and having ‘good education prospects’; (c) ‘unique opportunities in adult life’; and (d) ‘positive ageing and celebration of longevity’. The centenarians spoke nonchalantly about their experience of turning 100 and positive personalities were prominent features of the participants, who all expressed a sense of acceptance and satisfaction with life and contentment with living in the present, a feature throughout their lives that was ongoing and at an intergenerational level. This study has provided further insights into the existing literature on longevity and through the narratives of the centenarians has demonstrated the value of Erikson's psycho-social stages of development and Tornstam's theory of gerotranscendence when considering positive ageing.

Type
Article
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2019

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Archer, S, Brathwaite, F and Fraser, H (2005) Centenarians in Barbados: the importance of religiosity in adaptation and coping and life satisfaction in the case of extreme longevity. Journal of Religion, Spirituality & Aging 18, 319.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Braun, V and Clarke, V (2006) Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology 3, 77101.Google Scholar
Chamberlayne, P, Bornat, J and Wengraf, T (2000) Introduction: the biographical turn. In Chamberlayne, P, Bornat, J and Wengraf, T (eds), The Turn to Biographical Methods in Social Science: Comparative Issues and Examples. London: Routledge, pp. 130.Google Scholar
Christensen, K, Doblhammer, G, Rau, R and Vaupel, JW (2009) Ageing populations: the challenges ahead. Lancet 374, 11961208.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Corbally, M and O'Neill, CS (2014) An introduction to the biographical narrative interpretive method. Nurse Researcher 21, 3439.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Crosnoe, R and Elder, GH (2002) Successful adaptation in the later years: a life course approach to aging. Social Psychology Quarterly 65, 309328.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Darviri, C, Demakos, P, Tigani, X, Charizani, F, Tsiou, C, Tsagkari, C, Chliaoutakis, J and Monos, D (2009) Psychosocial dimensions of exceptional longevity: a qualitative exploration of centenarians’ experiences, personality, and life strategies. International Journal of Aging and Human Development 69, 101118.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dulin, PL, Stephens, C, Alpass, F, Hill, RD and Stevenson, B (2011) The impact of socio-contextual, physical and lifestyle variables on measures of physical and psychological wellbeing among Māori and non-Māori: the New Zealand Health, Work and Retirement study. Ageing & Society 31, 14061424.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Erikson, EH (1950) Childhood and Society. New York, NY: W.W. Norton & Company.Google Scholar
Erikson, EH (1963) Childhood and Society, 2nd Edn. New York, NY: W.W. Norton & Company.Google Scholar
Erikson, EH (1982) The Life Cycle Completed. New York, NY: W.W. Norton & Company.Google Scholar
Evert, J, Lawler, E, Bogan, H and Perls, T (2003) Morbidity profiles of centenarians: survivors, delayers, and escapers. Journals of Gerontology: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences 58A, 232237.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Freeman, S, Garcia, J and Martson, HR (2013) Centenarian self-perception of factors responsible for attainment of extended health and longevity. Educational Gerontology 39, 717728.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hensley, B, Martin, P, Margrett, JA, MacDonald, M, Siegler, IC and Poon, LW (2012) Life events and personality predicting loneliness among centenarians: findings from the Georgia centenarian study. Journal of Psychology 146, 173188.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Holston, EC and Callen, B (2017) Growing up on an Appalachian farm: a centenarian perspective. International Journal of Aging and Human Development 85, 289304.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huang, C and Elo, IT (2009) Mortality of the oldest old Chinese: the role of early-life nutritional status, socio-economic conditions, and sibling sex-composition. Population Studies 63, 720.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hutnik, N, Smith, P and Koch, T (2012) What does it feel like to be 100? Socio-emotional aspects of well-being in the stories of 16 centenarians living in the United Kingdom. Aging and Mental Health 16, 811818.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jones, K (2002) The turn to a narrative knowing of persons: one method explored. Journal of Research in Nursing 8, 6071.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jopp, DA, Boerner, K, Ribeiro, O and Rott, C (2016) Life at age 100: an international research agenda for centenarian studies. Journal of Aging and Social Policy 28, 133147.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jopp, D and Rott, C (2006) Adaptation in very old age: exploring the role of resources, beliefs, and attitudes for centenarians’ happiness. Psychology and Aging 21, 266280.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kim, JI (2013) Social factors associated with centenarian rate (CR) in 32 OECD countries. BMC International Health and Human Rights 13, 16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lupien, JS and Wan, N (2004) Successful ageing: from cell to self. Philosophical Transactions: Biological Sciences 359, 14131426.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mackowicz, J and Wnek-Gozdek, J (2017) The process of (non) ageing in the perception of Polish centenarians. Educational Gerontology 43, 101111.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Magnolfi, SU, Noferi, I, Petruzzi, E, Pinzani, P, Malentacchi, F, Pazzagli, M and Marchionni, N (2009) Centenarians in Tuscany: the role of the environmental factors. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics 48, 263266.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Magnolfi, SU, Petruzzi, E, Pinzani, P, Malentacchi, F, Pazzagli, M and Antonini, FM (2007) Longevity index (LI%) and centenarity index (CI%): new indicators to evaluate the characteristics of aging process in the Italian population. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics 44, 271276.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Manning, LK, Leek, JA and Radina, ME (2012) Making sense of extreme longevity: explorations into the spiritual lives of centenarians. Journal of Religion, Spirituality & Aging 24, 345359.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Martin, P, Kelly, N, Kahana, B, Kahana, E, Willcox, BJ, Willcox, C and Poon, LW (2015) Defining successful aging: a tangible or elusive concept? The Gerontologist 55, 1425.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Miller, LS, Mitchell, MB, Woodard, JL, Davey, A, Martin, PM and Poon, LW (2010) Cognitive performance in centenarians and the oldest old: norms from the Georgia centenarian study. Aging, Neuropsychology and Cognition 17, 575590.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ministry of Health (2014) The Guide to He Korowai Oranga: Māori Health Strategy 2014. Wellington: Ministry of Health. Available at http://www.health.govt.nz/our-work/populations/maori-health/he-korowai-oranga.Google Scholar
Ministry of Health (2015) Tatau Kahukura: Māori Health Chart Book 2015, 3rd Edn. Wellington: Ministry of Health. Available at http://www.health.govt.nz/publication/tatau-kahukura-maori-health-chart-book-2015-3rd-edition.Google Scholar
Ministry of Health (2016) New Zealand Health Strategy: Future Direction. Wellington: Ministry of Health. Available at http://www.health.govt.nz/publication/new-zealand-health-strategy-2016.Google Scholar
Office for National Statistics (2018) Estimates of the Very Old, Including Centenarians, UK: 2002 to 2017. Available at https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/birthsdeathsandmarriages/ageing/bulletins/estimatesoftheveryoldincludingcentenarians/2002to2017.Google Scholar
Pascucci, MA and Loving, GL (1997) Ingredients of an old and healthy life: a centenarian perspective. Journal of Holistic Nursing 15, 199213.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Perls, T and Terry, D (2003) Understanding in the determinants of exceptional longevity. Annals of Internal Medicine 139, 445449.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Power, C, Koch, T and Kralik, D (2006) Exploring longevity with Australian centenarians. Geriaction 24, 514.Google Scholar
Rahman-Filipiak, A, Woodard, JL, Miller, LS, Martin, P, Davey, A and Poon, LW (2015) Octogenarian and centenarian performance on the Fuld Object Memory Evaluation. Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition 22, 438451.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Randall, GK, Martin, P, McDonald, M and Poon, LW (2010) Social resources and longevity: findings from the Georgia centenarian study. Gerontology 56, 106111.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Read, S, Braam, AW, Lyyra, T-M and Deeg, DJH (2014) Do negative life events promote gerotranscendence in the second half of life? Aging and Mental Health 18, 117124.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Richmond, RL, Law, J and Kay-Lambkin, F (2011) Physical, mental, and cognitive function in a convenience sample of centenarians in Australia. Journal of the American Geriatric Society 59, 10801086.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rosenthal, G (2003) The healing effects of storytelling: on the conditions of curative storytelling in the context of research and counseling. Qualitative Inquiry 9, 915933.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rosenthal, G and Fisher-Rosenthal, W (2004) The analysis of narrative-biographical interviews. In Flick, U, von Kardorff, E and Steinke, I (eds), A Companion to Qualitative Research. London: Sage, pp. 259265.Google Scholar
Ross, C and Moore, S (2014) Utilising biographical narrative interpretive methods: rich perspectives on union learning journeys and learner motivations. Journal of Education and Work 29, 450469.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rothera, IC, Jones, R, Harwood, R, Avery, AJ and Waite, J (2002) Survival in a cohort of social services placement in nursing and residential homes: factors associated with life expectancy and mortality. Public Health 116, 160165.Google Scholar
Sachdev, PS, Levitan, C, Crawford, J, Sidhu, M, Slavin, M, Richmond, R, Kochan, N, Brodaty, H, Wen, W, Kang, K and Mather, KA (2013) The Sydney Centenarian Study: methodology and profile of centenarians and near-centenarians. International Psychogeriatrics 25, 9931005.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Scelzo, A, Di Somma, S, Antonini, P and Montross, LP (2018) Mixed-methods quantitative–qualitative study of 29 nonagenarians and centenarians in rural Southern Italy: focus on positive psychological traits. International Psychogeriatrics 30, 3138.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schwartz, JE, Friedman, HS, Tucker, JS, Tomlinson-Keasey, C, Wingard, DL and Criqui, MH (1995) Sociodemographic and psychosocial factors in childhood as predictors of adult mortality. American Journal of Public Health 85, 12371245.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sebastiani, P and Perls, TT (2012) The genetics of extreme longevity: lessons from the New England centenarian study. Frontiers in Genetics 3, 17.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Smith, RK, Mineau, PG, Garobotti, G and Kerber, R (2009) Effects of childhood and middle-adulthood family conditions on later life mortality: evidence from the Utah population database, 1850–2002. Social Science and Medicine 68, 16491658.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stats New Zealand (2013) 2013 Census. Available at www.stats.govt.nz.Google Scholar
Svetina, M (2014) Resilience in the context of Erikson's theory of human development. Current Psychology 33, 393404.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Terblanche, W (2015 a) Explaining the substantial growth of centenarian population in Australia's states, 1981 to 2012. Journal of Population Research 32, 8193.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Terblanche, W (2015 b) Alternative state and national projections of Australia's very elderly population. Journal of Population Research 32, 187213.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tornstam, L (1989) Gero-transcendence: a reformulation of the disengagement theory. Aging Clinical and Experimental Research 1, 5563.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tornstam, L (1994) Gerotranscendence: a theoretical and empirical exploration. In Thomas, LE and Eisenhandler, SA (eds), Aging and the Religious Dimension. Westport, CT: Greenwood, pp. 203225.Google Scholar
Tornstam, L (1997) Gerotranscendence: the contemplative dimension of aging. Journal of Aging Studies 11, 143154.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tornstam, L (2005) Gerotranscendence: A Developmental Theory of Positive Aging. New York, NY: Springer.Google Scholar
Tornstam, L (2011) Maturing into gerotranscendence. Journal of Transpersonal Psychology 43, 166180.Google Scholar
Vaupel, JW (2010) Biodemography of human ageing. Nature 464, 536542.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vina, J and Borras, C (2010) Women lived longer than men: understanding molecular mechanism offers opportunities to intervene by using estrogenic compounds. Antioxidants and Redox Signaling 13, 269278.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wadensten, B and Carlsson, M (2001) A qualitative study of nursing staff members’ interpretations of signs of gerotranscendence. Journal of Advanced Nursing 36, 635642.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wallace, JB and Prevost, SS (2006) Two methods for predicting limited life expectancy in nursing homes. Journal of Nursing Scholarship 38, 148153.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wilkins, PC (2016) 1942, the Pacific War, and the Defence of New Zealand (PhD thesis). Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.Google Scholar
Wilkinson, TJ and Sainsbury, R (1998) Census-based comparison of centenarians in New Zealand with those in the United States. Journal of the American Geriatric Society 46, 488491.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Willcox, DC, Willcox, BJ, Wang, N-C, He, Q, Rosenbaum, M and Suzuki, M (2008) Life at the extreme limit: phenotypic characteristics of supercentenarians in Okinawa. Journals of Gerontology: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences 63A, 12011208.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilson, SA (1997) The transition to nursing home life: a comparison of planned and unplanned admissions. Journal of Advanced Nursing 26, 864871.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wong, WP, Lau, HB, Kwok, CN, Leung, YA, Chan, MG, Chan, W and Cheung, SK (2014) The well-being of community-dwelling near-centenarians and centenarians in Hong Kong a qualitative study. BMC Geriatrics 14, 63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Woodward, A and Blakely, T (2014) The Healthy Country? A History of Life and Death in New Zealand. Auckland: Auckland University Press.Google Scholar
World Health Organization (WHO) (2011) World Health Statistics. Available at http://www.who.int/gho/publications/world_health_statistics/EN_WHS2011_Full.pdf.Google Scholar
World Health Organization (WHO) (2017) Global Health Observatory Data. Life Expectancy. Available at http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs404/en/.Google Scholar
Yount, WR (2009) Transcendence and aging: the secular insights of Erikson and Maslow. Journal of Religion, Spirituality & Aging 21, 7387.CrossRefGoogle Scholar