Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-gbm5v Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-23T14:19:18.922Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Interpersonal work context as a possible buffer against age-related stereotyping

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 November 2016

BEATRICE I. J. M. VAN DER HEIJDEN
BEATRICE I. J. M. VAN DER HEIJDEN*
Affiliation:
Department Strategic HRM, Institute for Management Research, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. School of Management, Open University of the Netherlands, The Netherlands. Department of Management, Kingston University, London, UK.
*
Address for correspondence: Beatrice I. J. M. van der Heijden, Department Strategic HRM, Institute for Management Research, Radboud University, P.O. Box 9108, 6500 HK Nijmegen, The Netherlands E-mail: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

This study deals with the impact of relational demography upon occupational expertise ratings, and possible moderating effects of interpersonal work context factors. The results revealed support for a decrease in supervisor ratings of occupational expertise of their subordinates as an effect of directional age difference (status-incongruence: a situation wherein a supervisor is younger than his or her subordinate). Moreover, it appeared that transformational leadership style could not moderate this effect. Dyadic tenure appeared to strengthen the negative effect of status-incongruence, yet, only in the case of a longer duration of the relationship between employee and supervisor. Both theoretical and practical implications of these outcomes are discussed.

Keywords

relational demographyoccupational expertise ratingsage-related stereotypinginterpersonal work contextemployeesupervisor
Type
Articles
Information
Ageing & Society , Volume 38 , Issue 1 , January 2018 , pp. 129 - 165
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2016 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abelson, R. P. 1985. A variance explanation paradox: when a little is a lot. Psychological Bulletin, 97, 1, 129–33.Google Scholar
Aiken, L. S. and West, S. G. 1991. Multiple Regression: Testing and Interpreting Interactions. Sage, Thousand Oaks, California.Google Scholar
Alban-Metcalfe, R. J. and Alimo-Metcalfe, B. 2000 a. An analysis of the convergent and discriminant validity of the Transformational Leadership Questionnaire. International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 8, 3, 158–75.Google Scholar
Alban-Metcalfe, R. J. and Alimo-Metcalfe, B. 2000 b. The Transformational Leadership Questionnaire (TLQ-LGV): a convergent and discriminant validation study. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 21, 6, 280–96.Google Scholar
Avery, D. R., Volpone, S. D., McKay, P. F., King, E. B. and Wilson, D. C. 2012. Is relational demography relative? How employment status influences effects of supervisor–subordinate demographic similarity. Journal of Business Psychology, 27, 1, 83–98.Google Scholar
Ayman, R., Korabik, K. and Morris, S. 2009. Is transformational leadership always perceived as effective? Male subordinates’ devaluation of female transformational leaders. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 39, 4, 852–79.Google Scholar
Bacharach, S. B., Bamberger, P. and Mundell, B. 1993. Status inconsistency in organizations: from social hierarchy to stress. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 14, 1, 21–36.Google Scholar
Bakker, A. B. and Demerouti, E. 2007. The Job Demands–Resources model: state of the art. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 22, 3, 309–28.Google Scholar
Baltes, M. M. and Carstensen, L. L. 1996. The process of successful ageing. Ageing & Society, 16, 4, 397–422.Google Scholar
Bass, B. M. 1985. Leadership and Performance Beyond Expectations. The Free Press, New York.Google Scholar
Bass, B. M., Avolio, B. J., Jung, D. I. and Bernson, Y. 2003. Predicting unit performance by assessing transformational and transactional leadership. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88, 2, 207–18.Google Scholar
Basu, R. and Green, S. G. 1995. Subordinate performance, leader–subordinate compatibility, and exchange quality in leader–member dyads: a field study. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 25, 1, 77–92.Google Scholar
Bauer, T. N. and Green, S. G. 1996. Development of leader–member exchange: a longitudinal test. Academy of Management Journal, 39, 6, 1538–67.Google Scholar
Bereiter, C. and Scardamalia, M. 1993. Surpassing Ourselves. An Inquiry into the Nature and Implications of Expertise. Open Court, Chicago.Google Scholar
Blau, G. 1985. Relationship of extrinsic, intrinsic, and demographic predictors to various types of withdrawal behaviors. Journal of Applied Psychology, 70, 3, 442–50.Google Scholar
Bloom, D. E., Canning, D. and Sevilla, J. 2003. The Demographic Dividend: A New Perspective on the Economic Consequences of Population Change. The Rand Corporation, Santa Monica, California.Google Scholar
Boerlijst, J. G. 1994. The neglect of growth and development of employees over 40 in organizations: a managerial and training problem. In Snel, J. and Cremer, R. (eds), Work and Aging. Taylor & Francis, London, 251–71.Google Scholar
Boerlijst, J. G., Munnichs, J. M. A. and Van der Heijden, B. I. J. M. 1998. The older worker in the organization. In Drenth, P. J. D., Thierry, H. and De Wolff, C. J. (eds), Handbook of Work and Organizational Psychology. Volume 2, Psychology Press, London, 183–213.Google Scholar
Boerlijst, J. G., Van der Heijden, B. I. J. M. and Van Assen, A. 1993. Veertig-plussers in de onderneming [Over-forties in the Organization] . Van Gorcum/Stichting Management Studies, Assen, The Netherlands.Google Scholar
Bono, J. E. and Judge, T. A. 2003. Self-concordance at work: toward understanding the motivational aspects of transformational leaders. Academy of Management Journal, 46, 5, 554–72.Google Scholar
Boudiny, K. 2013. Active ageing: from empty rhetoric to effective policy tool. Ageing & Society, 33, 6, 1077–98.Google Scholar
Brewer, M. B. 1988. A dual process model of impression formation. In Wyer, R. S. and Srull, T. K. (eds), Advances in Social Cognition. Volume 1, Erlbaum, Mahwah, New Jersey, 1–44.Google Scholar
Briscoe, J. P. and Hall, D. T. 2006. The interplay of boundaryless and protean careers: combinations and implications. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 69, 1, 4–18.Google Scholar
Brutus, S. and Derayeh, M. 2002. Multisource assessment programs in organizations: an insider's perspective. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 13, 2, 187–202.Google Scholar
Byrne, D. 1969. Attitudes and attraction. In Berkowitz, L. (ed.), Advances in Experimental Social Psychology. Volume 4, Academic Press, New York, 35–89.Google Scholar
Byrne, D. 1971. The Attraction Paradigm. Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar
Byrne, D., Clore, G. L. Jr. and Smeaton, G. 1986. The attraction hypothesis: do similar attitudes affect anything? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 6, 1167–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carter, M. Z., Mossholder, K. W., Feild, H. S. and Armenakis, A. A. 2014. Transformational leadership, interactional justice, and organizational citizenship behavior: the effects of racial and gender dissimilarity between supervisors and subordinates. Group & Organization Management, 39, 6, 691–719.Google Scholar
Chaiken, S. and Trope, Y. 1999. Dual-process Theories in Social Psychology. Guilford, New York.Google Scholar
Chi, M. T. H., Glaser, R. and Farr, M. J. (eds) 1988. The Nature of Expertise. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Hillsdale, New Jersey.Google Scholar
Chiu, W. C. K., Chan, A. W., Snape, E. and Redman, T. 2001. Age stereotypes and discriminatory attitudes towards older workers: an east–west comparison. Human Relations, 54, 5, 629–61.Google Scholar
Chudzikowski, K. 2012. Career transitions and career success in the ‘new’ career era. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 81, 2, 298–306.Google Scholar
Claypool, H. M., Mackie, D. M., Garcia-Marques, T., McIntosh, A. and Udall, A. 2004. The effects of personal relevance and repetition on persuasive processing. Social Cognition, 22, 3, 310–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cleveland, J. N. and Landy, F. J. 1981. The influence of rater age and ratee age on two performance judgments. Personnel Psychology, 34, 1, 19–29.Google Scholar
Cleveland, J. N. and Landy, F. J. 1983. The effects of person and job stereotypes on two personnel decisions. Journal of Applied Psychology, 68, 4, 609–19.Google Scholar
Cohen, J. and Cohen, P. 1983. Applied Multiple Regression/Correlation Analysis for Behavioral Sciences. Lawrence Erlbaum, New York.Google Scholar
Colakoglu, S. N. 2011. The impact of career boundarylessness on subjective career success: the role of career competencies, career autonomy, and career insecurity. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 79, 1, 47–59.Google Scholar
David, E. M., Avery, D. R., Witt, L. A. and McKay, P. F. 2015. A time-lagged investigation of the impact of coworker behavior on the effects of demographic dissimilarity. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 36, 4, 582–606.Google Scholar
Day, D. 2000. Assessment of leadership. In Klimoski, R. J. and Zaccaro, S. J. (eds), The Nature of Organizational Leadership: Understanding the Performance Imperatives Confronting Today's Leaders. Jossey-Bass, San Francisco, 384–410.Google Scholar
De Vos, A., De Hauw, S. and Van der Heijden, B. I. J. M. 2011. Competency development and career success: the mediating role of employability. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 79, 2, 438–47.Google Scholar
DeFillippi, R. J. and Arthur, M. B. 1994. The boundaryless career: a competency-based perspective. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 15, 4, 307–24.Google Scholar
Dienesch, R. M. and Liden, R. C. 1986. Leader–member exchange model of leadership: a critique and further development. Academy of Management Review, 11, 3, 618–34.Google Scholar
Dittmann-Kohli, F. and Van der Heijden, B. I. J. M. 1996. Leistungsfähigkeit älterer Arbeitnemer – interne und externe Einflußfaktoren [Older workers – internal and external factors influencing their ability and performance]. Zeitschrift für Gerontologie und Geriatrie, 5, 29, 323–7.Google Scholar
Doty, D. H. and Glick, W. H. 1998. Common methods bias: does common methods variance really bias results? Organizational Research Methods, 1, 4, 374–406.Google Scholar
Douglas, C. 2012. The moderating role of leader and follower sex in dyads on the leadership behavior–leader effectiveness relationships. The Leadership Quarterly, 23, 1, 163–75.Google Scholar
Eagly, A. H., Johannesen-Schmidt, M. C. and Van Engen, M. L. 2003. Transformational, transactional and laissez-faire leadership styles: a meta-analysis comparing women and men. Psychological Bulletin, 129, 4, 569–91.Google Scholar
Eden, D. 1992. Leadership and expectations: Pygmalion effects and other self-fulfilling prophecies in organizations. Leadership Quarterly, 3, 4, 271–305.Google Scholar
Edwards, J. R. 1995. Alternatives to differences scores as dependent variables in the study of congruence in organizational research. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 64, 3, 307–24.Google Scholar
Ericsson, K. A. 2002. Attaining excellence through deliberate practice: insights from the study of expert performance. In Ferrari, M. (ed.), The Pursuit of Excellence in Education. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Hillsdale, New Jersey, 21–55.Google Scholar
Ericsson, K. A. and Smith, J. 1991. Toward a General Theory of Expertise. Prospects and Limits. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Ferris, G. R. and Judge, T. A. 1991. Personnel/human resources management: a political influence perspective. Journal of Management, 17, 2, 447–88.Google Scholar
Ferris, G. R., Judge, T. A., Chachere, J. G. and Liden, R. C. 1991. The age context of performance–evaluation decisions. Psychology and Aging, 6, 4, 616–22.Google Scholar
Field, J., Burke, R. J. and Cooper, C. L. (eds) 2013. The Sage Handbook of Aging, Work and Society. Sage, London.Google Scholar
Finkelstein, L. M., Allen, T. D., Ritchie, T. D., Lynch, J. E. and Montei, M. S. 2012. A dyadic examination of the role of relationship characteristics and age on relationship satisfaction in a formal mentoring program. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 21, 6, 803–27.Google Scholar
Finkelstein, L. M. and Burke, M. J. 1998. Age stereotyping at work: the role of rater and contextual factors on evaluations of job applicants. Journal of General Psychology, 125, 4, 317–45.Google Scholar
Finkelstein, L. M., Burke, M. J. and Raju, N. S. 1995. Age discrimination in simulated employment contexts: an integrative analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 80, 6, 652–63.Google Scholar
Finkelstein, L. M. and Farrell, S. K. 2007. An expanded view of age bias in the workplace. In Shultz, K. S. and Adams, G. A. (eds), Aging and Work in the 21st Century. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Hillsdale, New Jersey, 73–108.Google Scholar
Fiske, S. T. 1998. Stereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination. In Gilbert, D. T., Fiske, S. T. and Lindzey, G. (eds), Handbook of Social Psychology. Volume 1, fourth edition, McGraw-Hill, Boston, 357–414.Google Scholar
Fiske, S. T. and Neuburg, S. L. 1990. A continuum of impression formation from category-based to individuating processes: influences of information and motivation on attention and interpretation. In Berkowitz, L. (ed.), Advances in Experimental Social Psychology. Volume 23, Academic Press, San Diego, California, 1–74.Google Scholar
Forrier, A. and Sels, L. 2003. The concept employability: a complex mosaic. International Journal of Human Resources Development and Management, 3, 2, 102–24.Google Scholar
Fugate, M., Kinicki, A. J. and Ashforth, B. E. 2004. Employability: a psycho-social construct, its dimensions, and applications. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 65, 1, 14–38.Google Scholar
Fuller, J. B., Patterson, C. E. P., Hester, K. and Stringer, D. Y. 1996. A quantitative review of research on charismatic leadership. Psychological Reports, 78, 1, 271–87.Google Scholar
Garcia-Marques, T. and Mackie, D. M. 2001. The feeling of familiarity as a regulator of persuasive processing. Social Cognition, 19, 1, 9–34.Google Scholar
Gasper, J. M. 1992. Transformational leadership: an integrative review of the literature. Dissertation Abstracts International, University Microfilms Number 9234203.Google Scholar
Geddes, D. and Konrad, A. M. 2003. Demographic differences and reactions to performance feedback. Human Relations, 56, 12, 1485–513.Google Scholar
Giniger, S., Dispenzieri, A. and Eisenberg, J. 1983. Age, experience, and performance on speed and skills jobs in applied settings. Journal of Applied Psychology, 68, 3, 469–75.Google Scholar
Glomb, T. M. and Welsh, E. T. 2005. Can opposites attract? Personality heterogeneity in supervisor–subordinates dyads as a predictor of subordinate outcomes. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90, 4, 749–57.Google Scholar
Goodman, P. S. 1976. Social comparison processes in organizations. In Staw, B. M. and Salancik, G. R. (eds), New Directions in Organizational Behavior. St. Clair Press, Chicago, 97–131.Google Scholar
Gordon, R. A. and Arvey, R. D. 2004. Age bias in laboratory and field settings: a meta-analytic investigation. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 34, 3, 468–92.Google Scholar
Graen, G. B. and Uhl-Bien, M. 1995. Relationship-based approach to leadership: development of leader–member exchange (LMX) theory of leadership over 25 years: applying a multi-level multi-domain perspective. Leadership Quarterly, 6, 2, 219–47.Google Scholar
Gray, L. and McGregor, J. 2003. Human resource development and older workers: stereotypes in New Zealand. Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources, 41, 3, 1–17.Google Scholar
Griffeth, R. W. and Bedeian, A. G. 1989. Employee performance evaluations: note Effects of ratee age, rater age, and rater gender. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 10, 1, 83–90.Google Scholar
Häfner, M. and Stapel, D. A. 2009. Familiarity can increase (and decrease) stereotyping: heuristic processing or enhanced knowledge usability? Social Cognition, 27, 4, 615–22.Google Scholar
Hair Collins, M., Hair, J. F. and Rocco, T. S. 2009. The older-worker–younger-supervisor dyad: a test of the reverse Pygmalion effect. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 20, 1, 21–41.Google Scholar
Hall, D. T. and Mirvis, P. H. 1995. The new career contract: developing the whole person at midlife and beyond. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 47, 3, 269–89.Google Scholar
Hedge, J. W., Bormann, W. C. and Lammlein, S. E. 2006. The Aging Workforce. Realities, Myths and Implications for Organizations. American Psychological Association, Washington DC.Google Scholar
Heerkens, H. and Van der Heijden, B. I. J. M. 2005. On a tool for analyzing cognitive processes using exploratory think-aloud experiments. International Journal of Human Resources Development and Management, 5, 3, 240–83.Google Scholar
Henkens, K. 2005. Stereotyping older workers and retirement: the managers’ point of view. Canadian Journal on Aging, 24, 4, 353–66.Google Scholar
Hilton, J. L and Von Hippel, W. 1996. Stereotypes. Annual Review of Psychology, 47, 1, 237–71.Google Scholar
Hope Pelled, L. and Xin, K. R. 2000. Relational demography and relationship quality in two cultures. Organization Studies, 21, 6, 1077–94.Google Scholar
House, R. J. and Aditya, R. N. 1997. The social scientific study of leadership: quo vadis? Journal of Management, 23, 3, 409–73.Google Scholar
Johnston, W. A. and Hawley, K. J. 1994. Perceptual inhibition of expected inputs: the key that opens closed minds. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 1, 1, 56–72.Google Scholar
Jones, M. L. 2001. Sustainable organizational capacity building: is organizational learning a key? International Journal of Human Resource Management, 12, 1, 91–8.Google Scholar
Jones, S. C. and Regan, D. T. 1974. Ability evaluation through social comparison. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 10, 2, 133–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Joshi, A., Liao, H. and Roh, H. 2011. Bridging domains in the workplace demography research: a review and reconceptualization. Journal of Management, 37, 2, 521–52.Google Scholar
Judge, T. A. and Ferris, G. R. 1993. Social context of performance evaluation decisions. Academy of Management Journal, 36, 1, 80–105.Google Scholar
Jung, D., Yammarino, F. J. and Lee, J. K. 2009. Moderating role of subordinates’ attitudes on transformational leadership and effectiveness: a multi-cultural and multi-level perspective. The Leadership Quarterly, 20, 4, 586–603.Google Scholar
Kark, R., Shamir, B. and Chen, G. 2003. The two faces of transformational leadership: empowerment and dependency. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88, 2, 246–55.Google Scholar
Kearney, E. 2008. Age differences between leader and followers as a moderator of the relationship between transformational leadership and team performance. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 81, 4, 803–11.Google Scholar
Kehoe, R. R. and Wright, P. M. 2013. The impact of high-performance human resource practices on employees’ attitudes and behaviors. Journal of Management, 39, 2, 366–91.Google Scholar
Kingstrom, P. O. and Mainstone, L. E. 1985. An investigation of the rater–ratee acquaintance and rater bias. Academy of Management Journal, 28, 3, 641–53.Google Scholar
Kite, M. E. and Johnson, B. T. 1988. Attitudes toward older and younger adults: a meta-analysis. Psychology and Aging, 3, 3, 233–44.Google Scholar
Kite, M. E., Stockdale, G. D., Whitley, B. E. Jr and Johnson, B. T. 2005. Attitudes toward younger and older adults: an updated meta-analytic review. Journal of Social Issues, 61, 2, 241–66.Google Scholar
Kogan, N. and Wallach, M. 1961. The effect of anxiety on relations between subjective age and caution in an older sample. In Hoch, P. H. and Zubin, J. (eds), Psychopathology of Aging. Grune & Stratton, New York, 123–35.Google Scholar
Kooij, D., De Lange, A. H., Jansen, P. G. W. and Dikkers, J. 2008. Older workers’ motivation to continue work: five meanings of age. A conceptual review. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 23, 4, 364–94.Google Scholar
Kraiger, K. and Ford, J. K. 1985. A meta-analysis of ratee race effects in performance ratings. Journal of Applied Psychology, 70, 1, 56–65.Google Scholar
Lawrence, B. S. 1980. The myth of the midlife crisis. Sloan Management Review, 21, 4, 35–49.Google Scholar
Lefkowitz, J. 2000. The role of interpersonal affective regard in supervisory performance ratings: a literature review and proposed causal model. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 73, 1, 67–85.Google Scholar
Liden, R. C., Sparrowe, R. T. and Wayne, S. J. 1997. Leader–Member Exchange theory: the past and potential for the future. In Buckley, M. R., Halbesleben, J. R. B. and Wheeler, A. R. (eds), Research in Personnel and Human Resources Management. Emerald Group Publishing, Bingley, UK, 47–119.Google Scholar
Liden, R. C., Stilwell, D. and Ferris, G. R. 1996. The effects of supervisor and subordinate age on objective performance and subjective performance ratings. Human Relations, 49, 3, 327–47.Google Scholar
Lind, E. A., Kulik, C. T., Ambrose, M. and Vera Park, M. V. 1993. Individual and corporate dispute resolution; using procedural fairness as a decision heuristic. Administrative Science Quarterly, 38, 2, 223–51.Google Scholar
Lowe, K. B., Kroeck, K. G. and Sivasubramaniam, N. 1996. Effectiveness correlates of transformational and transactional leadership: a meta-analytic review of the literature. The Leadership Quarterly, 7, 3, 385–425.Google Scholar
Lubinski, D. and Humphreys, L. G. 1990. Assessing spurious ‘moderator effects’: illustrated substantively with the hypothesized (‘synergistic’) relations between spatial and mathematical ability. Psychological Bulletin, 107, 3, 385–93.Google Scholar
Luksyte, A., Avery, D. R. and Yeo, G. 2015. It is worse when you do it: examining the interactive effects of coworker presenteeism and demographic similarity. Journal of Applied Psychology, 100, 4, 1107–23.Google Scholar
Malinen, S. and Johnston, L. 2013. Workplace ageism: discovering hidden bias. Experimental Aging Research, 39, 4, 445–65.Google Scholar
Maurer, T. J. 2001. Career-relevant learning and development, worker age, and beliefs about self-efficacy for development. Journal of Management, 27, 2, 123–40.Google Scholar
Maurer, T. J., Weiss, E. M. and Barbeite, F. G. 2003. A model of involvement in work-related learning and development activity: the effects of individual, situational, motivational, and age variables. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88, 4, 707–24.Google Scholar
Maurer, T. J., Wrenn, K. A. and Weiss, E. M. 2003. Towards understanding and managing stereotypical beliefs about older workers’ ability and desire for learning and development. In Buckley, M. R., Halbesleben, J. R. B. and Wheeler, A. R. (eds), Research in Personnel and Human Resources Management. Emerald Group Publishing, Bingley, UK, 253–85.Google Scholar
Mayer, R. C., Davis, J. H. and Schoorman, F. D. 1995. An integrative model of organizational trust. Academy of Management Review, 20, 3, 709–34.Google Scholar
McNabb, R. and Whitfield, K. 2001. Job evaluation and high performance work practices: compatible or conflictual? Journal of Management Studies, 38, 2, 293–312.Google Scholar
Mitchel, J. O. 1981. The effects of intentions, tenure, personal, and organizational variables on managerial turnover. Academy of Management Journal, 24, 4, 742–51.Google Scholar
Mobley, W. H. 1982. Supervisor and employee race and sex effects on performance appraisals: a field study of adverse impact and generalizability. Academy of Management Journal, 25, 3, 598–606.Google Scholar
Nemanich, L. A. and Keller, R. T. 2007. Transformational leadership in an acquisition: a field study of employees. The Leadership Quarterly, 18, 1, 49–68.Google Scholar
Ng, T. W. H. and Feldman, D. C. 2008. The relationship of age to ten dimensions of job performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93, 2, 392–423.Google Scholar
Nisbett, R. E. and Wilson, T. D. 1977. The halo effect: evidence for unconscious alteration of judgments. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 35, 4, 250–6.Google Scholar
O'Reilly III, C. A., Caldwell, D. F. and Barnett, W. P. 1989. Work group demography, social integration, and turnover. Administrative Science Quarterly, 34, 1, 21–37.Google Scholar
Ostroff, C. and Atwater, L. E. 2003. Does whom you work with matter? Effects of referent group gender and age composition on managers’ compensation. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88, 4, 725–40.Google Scholar
Ostroff, C., Atwater, L. E. and Feinberg, B. J. 2004. Understanding self–other agreement: a look at rater and ratee characteristics, context, and outcomes. Personnel Psychology, 57, 2, 333–75.Google Scholar
Patterson, C., Fuller, J. B., Kester, K. and Stringer, D. Y. 1995. A meta-analytic examination of leadership style and selected compliance outcomes. Paper presented at the 10th Annual Conference of the Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology, Orlando, Florida, May 18–21, 1995.Google Scholar
Perry, E. L., Kulik, C. T. and Zhou, J. 1999. A closer look at the effects of subordinate–supervisor age differences. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 20, 3, 341–57.Google Scholar
Pfeffer, J. 1985. Organizational demography: implications for management. California Management Review, 28, 1, 67–81.Google Scholar
Piccolo, R. F. and Colquitt, J. A. 2006. Transformational leadership and job behaviours: the mediating role of core job characteristics. Academy of Management Journal, 49, 2, 327–40.Google Scholar
Posthuma, R. A. and Campion, M. A. 2009. Age stereotypes in the workplace: common stereotypes, moderators, and future research directions. Journal of Management, 35, 1, 158–88.Google Scholar
Posthuma, R. A. and Guerrero, L. 2013. Age stereotypes in the workplace: multidimensionality, cross-cultural applications, and directions for future research. In Field, J., Burke, R. J. and Cooper, C. L. (eds), The Sage Handbook of Aging, Work and Society. Sage, London.Google Scholar
Prentice, D. A. and Miller, D. T. 1992. When small effects are impressive. Psychological Bulletin, 112, 1, 160–4.Google Scholar
Pulakos, E. D. and Wexley, K. N. 1983. The relationship among perceptual similarity, sex, and performance ratings in manager subordinate dyads. Academy of Management Journal, 26, 1, 129–39.Google Scholar
Rafferty, A. E. and Griffin, M. A. 2006. Refining individualized consideration: distinguishing developmental leadership and supportive leadership. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 79, 1, 37–61.Google Scholar
Reder, L. M. and Ritter, F. E. 1992. What determines initial feelings of knowing. Familiarity with question terms not with the answer. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition, 18, 3, 435–51.Google Scholar
Riordan, C. M. 2000. Relational demography within groups: past developments, contradictions, and new directions. In Buckley, M. R., Halbesleben, J. R. B. and Wheeler, A. R. (eds), Research in Personnel and Human Resources Management. Emerald Group Publishing, Bingley, UK, 131–73.Google Scholar
Riordan, C. M., Schaffer, B. S. and Stewart, M. M. 2005. Relational demography within groups: through the lens of discrimination. In Dipboye, R. and Colella, A. (eds), Discrimination at Work: The Psychological and Organizational Bases. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Hillsdale, New Jersey, 37–61.Google Scholar
Riordan, C. M. and Wayne, J. H. 2008. A review and examination of demographic similarity measures used to assess relational demography within groups. Organizational Research Methods, 11, 3, 562–92.Google Scholar
Roberts, K. H. and O'Reilly III, C. A. 1979. Some correlations of communication roles in organizations. Academy of Management Journal, 22, 1, 42–57.Google Scholar
Rosen, B. and Jerdee, T. H. 1976. The nature of job-related age stereotypes. Journal of Applied Psychology, 61, 2, 180–3.Google Scholar
Rothstein, H. R. 1990. Interrater reliability of job performance ratings: growth to asymptote level with increasing opportunity to observe. Journal of Applied Psychology, 75, 3, 322–6.Google Scholar
Rothwell, A. and Arnold, J. 2007. Self-perceived employability: development and validation of a scale. Personnel Review, 36, 1, 23–41.Google Scholar
Rudolph, C. W. and Baltes, B. B. 2011. Do leader–subordinate age differences impact leadership effectiveness ratings? A meta-analytic approach to relational demography. Talk given at the 2011 European Association of Work and Organizational Psychology (EAWOP) Small Group Meeting on Age Cohorts in the Workplace, November, Rovereto, Trento, Italy.Google Scholar
Ryder, N. B. 1965. The cohort as a concept in the study of social change. American Sociological Review, 30, 6, 843–61.Google Scholar
Sargeant, M. 2013. Legal aspects of age discrimination. In Field, J., Burke, R. J. and Cooper, C. L. (eds), The Sage Handbook of Aging, Work and Society. Sage, London, 514–29.Google Scholar
Schaubroeck, J. and Lam, S. S. K. 2002. How similarity to peers and supervisor influences organizational advancement in different cultures. Academy of Management Journal, 45, 6, 1120–36.Google Scholar
Schwab, D. P. and Heneman, H. G. 1978. Age stereotyping in performance appraisal. Journal of Applied Psychology, 63, 5, 573–8.Google Scholar
Shepperd, J. A. 1991. Cautions in assessing spurious ‘moderator effects’. Psychological Bulletin, 110, 2, 315–7.Google Scholar
Shin, S. J. and Zhou, J. 2003. Transformational leadership, conservation, and creativity: evidence from Korea. Academy of Management Journal, 46, 6, 703–14.Google Scholar
Shore, L. M., Cleveland, J. N. and Goldberg, C. B. 2003. Work attitudes and decisions as a function of manager age and employee age. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88, 3, 529–37.Google Scholar
Shore, L. M. and Goldberg, C. B. 2005. Age discrimination in the workplace. In Dipboye, R. L. and Colella, A. (eds), Discrimination at Work: The Psychological and Organizational Bases. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Hillsdale, New Jersey, 203–25.Google Scholar
Shultz, K. S. and Adams, G. A. 2007. Aging and Work in the 21st Century. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Mahwah, New Jersey.Google Scholar
Simpson, P. A., Greller, M. M. and Stroh, L. K. 2002. Variations in human capital investment activity by age. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 61, 1, 109–38.Google Scholar
Sloman, S. A. 1996. The empirical case for two systems of reasoning. Psychological Bulletin, 119, 1, 3–22.Google Scholar
Smith, E. R. and DeCoster, J. 2000. Dual process models in social and cognitive psychology: conceptual integration and links to underlying memory systems. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 4, 2, 108–31.Google Scholar
Smith, E. R., Miller, D. A., Maitner, A. T., Crump, S. A., Garcia-Marques, T. and Mackie, D. M. 2006. Familiarity can increase stereotyping. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 42, 4, 471–8.Google Scholar
Somech, A. 2003. Relationships of participative leadership with relational demography variables: a multi-level perspective. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 24, 8, 1003–18.Google Scholar
Stagner, R. 1985. Aging in industry. In Birren, J. E. and Schaie, K. W. (eds), Handbook of the Psychology of Aging. Second edition, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 789–817.Google Scholar
Steckler, N. A. and Rosenthal, R. 1985. Sex differences in nonverbal and verbal communication with bosses, peers, and subordinates. Journal of Applied Psychology, 70, 1, 157–63.Google Scholar
Sterns, H. L. and Doverspike, D. 1989. Aging and the retraining and learning process in organizations. In Goldstein, I. and Katzel, R. (eds), Training and Development in Work Organizations. Jossey-Bass, San Francisco, 229–33.Google Scholar
Stoker, J. I. and Van der Heijden, B. I. J. M. 2001. Competence development and appraisal in organizations. Journal of Career Development, 28, 2, 97–113.Google Scholar
Strauss, J. P. 2005. Multi-source perspectives of self-esteem, performance ratings, and source agreement. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 20, 6, 464–82.Google Scholar
Strauss, J. P., Barrick, M. R. and Connerley, M. L. 2001. An investigation of personality similarity effects (relational and perceived) on peer and supervisor ratings and the role of familiarity and liking. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 74, 5, 637–57.Google Scholar
Stroh, L. K. and Greller, M. M. 1995. Introduction to the special issue on careers from midlife. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 47, 3, 229–31.Google Scholar
Sullivan, S. E. 1999. The changing nature of careers: a review and research agenda. Journal of Management, 25, 3, 457–84.Google Scholar
Thite, M. 2001. Help us but help yourself: the paradox of contemporary career management. Career Development International, 6, 6, 312–7.Google Scholar
Thornton, G. 1980. Psychometric properties of self-appraisal of job performance. Personnel Psychology, 33, 2, 262–71.Google Scholar
Tsui, A. S. and Ohlott, P. 1988. Multiple assessment of managerial effectiveness: interrater agreement and consensus in effectiveness models. Personnel Psychology, 41, 4, 779–803.Google Scholar
Tsui, A. S. and O'Reilly III, C. A. 1989. Beyond simple demographic effects: the importance of relational demography in superior–subordinate dyads. Academy of Management Journal, 32, 2, 402–23.Google Scholar
Tsui, A. S., Porter, L. W. and Egan, T. D. 2002. When both similarities and dissimilarities matter: extending the concept of relational demography. Human Relations, 55, 8, 899–929.Google Scholar
Tsui, A. S., Yin, K. R. and Egan, T. D. 1995. Relational demography: the missing link in vertical dyad linkage. In Jackson, S. E. and Ruderman, M. N. (eds), Diversity in Work Teams. American Psychological Association, Washington DC, 97–129.Google Scholar
Tuchman, J. and Lorge, I. 1952. Attitudes toward older workers. Journal of Applied Psychology, 36, 3, 149–53.Google Scholar
Turban, D. B., Dougherty, T. W. and Lee, F. K. 2002. Gender, race, and perceived similarity effects in developmental relationships: the moderating role of relationship duration. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 61, 2, 240–62.Google Scholar
Van der Heijde, C. M. and Van der Heijden, B. I. J. M. 2006. A competence-based and multidimensional operationalization and measurement of employability. Human Resource Management, 45, 3, 449–76.Google Scholar
Van der Heijden, B. I. J. M. 2000. The development and psychometric evaluation of a multi-dimensional measurement instrument of professional expertise. High Ability Studies: The Journal of the European Council for High Ability, 11, 1, 9–39.Google Scholar
Van der Heijden, B. I. J. M. 2002. Age and assessments of professional expertise in small and medium-sized enterprises: differences between self-ratings and supervisor ratings. International Journal of Human Resource Development and Management, 2, 3/4, 329–43.Google Scholar
Van der Heijden, B. I. J. M. and Bakker, A. B. 2011. Towards a mediation model of employability enhancement: a study of employee–supervisor pairs in the building sector. Career Development Quarterly, 59, 3, 232–48.Google Scholar
Van der Heijden, B. I. J. M., De Lange, A. H., Demerouti, E. and Van der Heijde, C. M. 2009. Employability and career success across the life-span. Age effects on the employability–career success relationship. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 74, 2, 156–64.Google Scholar
Van der Heijden, B. I. J. M. and Nijhof, A. H. J. 2004. The value of subjectivity: problems and prospects for 360-degree appraisal systems. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 15, 3, 439–511.Google Scholar
Van der Heijden, B. I. J. M., Schalk, R. and Van Veldhoven, M. J. P. M. 2008. Ageing and careers: European research on long-term career development and early retirement. Guest Editorial. Career Development International, 13, 2, 85–94.Google Scholar
Van der Heijden, B. I. J. M., Scholarios, D., Van der Schoot, E., Jędrzejowicz, P., Bozionelos, N., Epitropaki, O., Knauth, P., Marzec, I., Mikkelsen, A., Van der Heijde, C. M. and the Indic@tor Study Group 2010. Can we buffer age-related stereotyping at the workplace? International Journal of Aging & Human Development, 71, 3, 231–58.Google Scholar
Van Hooft, E. A. J., Van der Flier, H. and Minne, M. R. 2006. Construct validity of multi-source performance ratings: an examination of the relationship of self-, supervisor, and peer-ratings with cognitive and personality measures. International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 14, 1, 67–81.Google Scholar
Vecchio, R. P. 1993. The impact of differences in subordinate and supervisor age on attitudes and performance. Psychology and Aging, 8, 1, 112–9.Google Scholar
Vecchio, R. P. 1998. Leader–Member Exchange, objective performance, employment duration, and supervisor ratings: testing for moderation and mediation. Journal of Business and Psychology, 12, 3, 327–41.Google Scholar
Vera, D. and Crossan, M. 2004. Strategic leadership and organization learning. Academy of Management Review, 29, 2, 222–40.Google Scholar
Von Hippel, C., Kalokerinos, E. K. and Henry, J. D. 2013. Stereotype threat among older employees: relationship with job attitudes and turnover intentions. Psychology and Aging, 28, 1, 17–27.Google Scholar
Wagner, W. G., Pfeffer, J. and O'Reilly III, C. A. 1984. Organizational demography and turnover in top-management group. Administrative Science Quarterly, 29, 1, 74–92.Google Scholar
Waldman, D. A. and Avolio, B. 1986. A meta-analysis of age differences in job performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 71, 1, 33–8.Google Scholar
Waldron, V. R. and Hunt, M. D. 1992. Hierarchical level, length, and quality of supervisory relationship as predictors of subordinates’ use of maintenance tactics. Communication Reports, 5, 2, 82–9.Google Scholar
Walton, G. M., Murphy, M. C. and Ryan, A. M. 2015. Stereotype threat in organizations: implications for equity and performance. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 2, 1, 523–50.Google Scholar
Walumbwa, F. O. and Hartnell, C. A. 2011. Understanding transformational leadership–employee performance links: the role of relational identification and self-efficacy. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 84, 1, 153–72.Google Scholar
Warr, P. 1994. Age and employment. In Triandis, H. C., Dunnette, M. D. and Hough, L. M. (eds), Handbook of Industrial and Organizational Psychology. Consulting Psychologists Press, Palo Alto, California, 484–550.Google Scholar
Waterman, R. H., Waterman, J. H. and Collard, B. A. 2000. Toward a career-resilient workforce. Harvard Business Review, 72, 4, 87–95.Google Scholar
Wayne, S. J. and Liden, R. C. 1995. Effects of impression management on performance ratings: a longitudinal study. Academy of Management Journal, 38, 1, 232–60.Google Scholar
Webber, S. S. and Donahue, L. M. 2001. Impact of highly and less job-related diversity on work group cohesion and performance: a meta-analysis. Journal of Management, 27, 2, 141–62.Google Scholar
Wieseke, J., Ahearne, M., Lam, S. K. and Van Dick, R. 2009. The role of leaders in internal marketing. Journal of Marketing, 73, 2, 123–45.Google Scholar
Yukl, G. A. 2002. Leadership in Organizations. Fifth edition, Prentice-Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey.Google Scholar
Zenger, T. R. and Lawrence, B. S. 1989. Organizational demography: the differential effects of age and tenure distributions on technical communication. Academy of Management Journal, 32, 2, 353–76.Google Scholar