Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-tf8b9 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-26T22:03:25.789Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

The experience of family care-givers and migrant paid care-givers' relief of burden: a contrasted qualitative analysis

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 February 2013

CARMEN DE LA CUESTA-BENJUMEA*
Affiliation:
Department of Health Psychology, University of Alicante, Spain.
BRENDA ROE
Affiliation:
Evidence-based Practice Research Centre, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, UK. Personal Social Services Research Unit, University of Manchester, UK.
*
Address for correspondence: Carmen de la Cuesta-Benjumea, Department of Health Psychology, University of Alicante, Ap 99, 03080 Alicante, Spain. E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract

Older people are increasingly being cared for in the community across Europe. Dependent care in Spain largely remains a private issue involving family carers and migrant women from developing countries. Qualitative research on respite care has contributed to our understanding of respite as a subjective experience. Nonetheless, how care-givers relieve the burden of care is still not fully understood. Migrant care-givers are present in family life but their need for rest remains unseen. The aim of the study presented in this paper was to contrast family care-givers and migrant care-givers' strategies for relief from their caring role. Care-givers rest by thinking, doing and being but in a different manner from that of care-giving, that is: when they are a different person. To leave the life of care-giving is the general strategy that family care-givers use to rest from their care-giving selves while turning to one's own world describes the way migrant care-givers seek to relieve the burden of care. The comparative analysis shows that both strategies have in common the necessity to disconnect from the care-giving identity and that both migrant and family care-givers employ strategies that are false exits to a care-giving identity: they apparently relieve the burden of care. Respite goes beyond places, times and activities; as family care itself, it requires identity.

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2013 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abel, E. K. 1990. Family care for the frail elderly. In Abel, E. K. and Nelson, M. K. (eds), Circles of Care. Work and Identity in Women's Lives. State University of New York Press, New York, 6591.Google Scholar
Abel, E. K. and Nelson, M. K. 1990. Circles of care: an introductory essay. In Abel, E. K. and Nelson, M. K. (eds), Circles of Care. Work and Identity in Women's Lives. State University of New York Press, New York, 434.Google Scholar
Anderson, B. 2000. Doing the Dirty Work. The Global Politics of Domestic Labour. Zed Books, London.Google Scholar
Anderson, B. 2002. Just another job? The commodification of domestic labour. In Ehrenreich, B. and Hochschild, A. R. (eds), Global Woman: Nannies, Maids, and Sex Workers in the New Economy. Metropolitan Books, New York, 104–14.Google Scholar
Andrén, S. and Elmstähl, S. 2008. The relationship between caregiver burden, caregivers’ perceived health and their sense of coherence in caring for elders with dementia. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 17, 6, 790–9.Google Scholar
Ayalon, L. 2009. Family and family-like interactions in households with round-the-clock paid foreign carers in Israel. Ageing & Society, 29, 5, 671–86.Google Scholar
Ayalon, L. and Shiovitz-Erza, S. 2010. The experience of loneliness among live-in Filipino homecare workers in Israel: implications for social workers. British Journal of Social Work, 40, 8, 2538–59.Google Scholar
Badr, H. and Shah, M. 2012. Foreign live-in domestic workers as caretakers of older Kuwaiti men and women: socio-demographic and health correlates. Ageing & Society, 32, 6, 1008–29.Google Scholar
Baldassar, L. 2007. Transnational families and support: the relationship between truth and distance. Identities: Global Studies in Culture and Power, 14, 4, 385409.Google Scholar
Baldassar, L. 2008. Missing kin and longing to be together: emotions and the construction of co-presence in transnational relationships. Journal of Intercultural Studies, 29, 3, 247–66.Google Scholar
Benach, J., Muntaner, C., Delclos, C., Menéndez, M. and Ronquillo, C. 2011. Migration and ‘low-skilled’ workers in destination countries. PLoS Med, 8, 6, e1001043.Google Scholar
Berjano-Peirats, E., Simó, C. and Ariño-Villaroya, A. 2005. Condicionantes de la aparición del fenómeno social inmigrantes que cuidan a mayores [Conditions leading to the social phenomena of migrant elder caregivers]. In IMSERSO (ed.), Cuidado a la dependencia e inmigración. Informe de resultados [Care in Dependency and Migration. Report of Results]. IMSERSO, Madrid, 21119.Google Scholar
Blumer, H. 1969. Symbolic Interactionism. Perspective and Method. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey.Google Scholar
Boeckxstaens, P. and De Graaf, P. 2011. Primary care and care for older persons: position paper of the European Forum for Primary Care. Quality in Primary Care, 19, 6, 369–89.Google ScholarPubMed
Butler, R. N. 2007. Who will care for you ? By 2030 the United States will need between 5.7 million and 6.6 million caregivers. AARP Bulletin, January. Available online at http://www.aarp.org/relatiosnhips/caregiving/info_2007/who_will_care_for_you.html [Accessed 26 April 2012].Google Scholar
Carter, C. 2001. The family caring experiences of married women in dementia care. In Adams, T. and Clarke, C. (eds), Dementia Care. Developing Partnerships in Practice. Baillière Tindall, London, 187208.Google Scholar
Charmaz, K. 2006. Constructing Grounded Theory. A Practical Guide Through Qualitative Analysis. Sage, London.Google Scholar
Colectivo, Ioé 1999. Inmigrantes, trabajadores, ciudadanos. Una visión de las migraciones desde España [Migrants, Workers and Citizens. A Vision of Migration from Spain]. Universitat de Valéncia, Valencia, Spain.Google Scholar
Constable, N. 2002. Filipina workers in Hong Kong homes: household rules and relations. In Ehrenreich, B. and Hochschild, A. R. (eds), Global Woman: Nannies, Maids, and Sex Workers in the New Economy. Metropolitan Books, New York, 115–41.Google Scholar
de la Cuesta-Benjumea, C. 2010. The legitimacy of rest: conditions for the relief of burden in advanced dementia care giving. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 66, 5, 989–98.Google Scholar
de la Cuesta-Benjumea, C. 2011. Strategies to relieve burden in advanced dementia care giving: a qualitative interview study. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 67, 8, 1790–9.Google Scholar
de la Cuesta-Benjumea, C., Donet-Montagut, T. and Galiana-Gómez de Cádiz, M. J. 2012. ‘Turning to one's own world: escape mechanisms employed by immigrant caregivers in Spain for relieving the burden of care. Journal of Transcultural Nursing, 23, 1, 5664.Google Scholar
de la Cuesta-Benjumea, C., Galiana-Gomez de Cádiz, M. J., Donet-Montagut, T. and Luzán, M. J. 2006. Cuidado familiar – alivio de la carga en situaciones de vulnerabilidad: mujeres cuidadoras de pacientes con demencia avanzada y mujeres inmigrantes que proporcionan cuidados familiares. Proyecto de investigación aprobado por el Fondo de Investigación en Salud, Ministerio de Sanidad y Consumo-PI 060005, Madrid [Family care – relief of burden in situations of vulnerability: women caregivers of patients with advanced dementia and immigrant women caregivers. A research project approved by the Health Care Research Fund of the Ministry of Health and Consumer Affairs-PI 060005, Madrid].Google Scholar
del Pino-Casado, R., Frias-Osuna, A., Palomin-Moral, P. A. and Pancorbo-Hidalgo, P. L. 2011. Coping and subjective burden in caregivers of older relatives: a quantitative systematic review. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 67, 11, 2311–22.Google Scholar
Doyle, M. and Timonen, V. 2009. The different faces of care work: understanding the experiences of the multi-cultural care workforce. Ageing & Society, 29, 3, 337–50.Google Scholar
Ehrenreich, B. and Hochschild, A. R. 2002. Introduction. In Ehrenreich, B. and Hochschild, A. R. (eds), Global Woman: Nannies, Maids, and Sex Workers in the New Economy. Metropolitan Books, New York, 113.Google Scholar
Ekwall, A. K., Sivberg, B. and Hallberg, I. R. 2007. Older caregivers’ coping strategies and sense of coherence in relation to quality of life. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 57, 6, 584–96.Google Scholar
Employment, Social Policy, Health and Consumer Affairs Council of the European Union (EPSCO) 2007. 1 Issue: Joint Report on Social Protection and Inclusion. No. doc: 6097/07 SOC 42 ECOFIN 58 FSTR 3 EDUC 28 SAN 18; no. prop: 5553/07. Available online at http://register.consilium.europa.eu/pdf/es/07/st06/st06694.es07.pdf [Accessed 26 April 2012].Google Scholar
Finch, J. 1989. Family Obligations and Social Change. Polity Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Finch, J. and Groves, D. 1983. Introduction. In Finch, J. and Groves, D. (eds), A Labour of Love, Women, Work and Caring. Routledge & Kegan Paul, London, 110.Google Scholar
Galiana Gómez de Cádiz, M. J. and de la Cuesta-Benjumea, C. 2008. ‘Sabemos a lo que venimos’: expectativas frustradas y ajustadas de las cuidadoras inmigrantes [‘We know what we came for’: frustrated and adjusted expectations]. Paper presented at the International Conference on Cultural Care, 12 June, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain.Google Scholar
Gallart Fernández-Puebla, A. 2007. Sobrecarga del cuidador inmigrante no profesional formal [Care-giving burden of non-professional migrant caregiver]. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain.Google Scholar
Gallart Fernandez-Puebla, A., Sanchez Cruz, F. and Yarnoz Zabalegui, A. 2012. Factors influencing burden among non-professional immigrant caregivers: a case-control study. Journal of Advanced Nursing. Published online 6 June. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2648.2012.06049.x.Google Scholar
Garcés, J., Carretero, S., Ródenas, F. and Vivancos, M. 2010. The care of the informal caregiver's burden by the Spanish public system of social welfare: a review. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 50, 3, 250–3.Google Scholar
Glaser, B. 1998. Doing Grounded Theory: Issues and Discussions. The Sociology Press, Mill Valley, California.Google Scholar
Glaser, B. 2002. Conceptualization: on theory and theorizing using grounded theory. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 1, 2, Article 3. Available online at http://www.ualberta.ca/~ijqm/ [Accessed 4 April 2010].Google Scholar
Glaser, B. and Strauss, A. 1967. The Discovery of Grounded Theory: Strategies for Qualitative Research. Aldine de Gruyter, New York.Google Scholar
Graham, H. 1983. Caring: a labour of love. In Finch, J. and Gorves, D. (eds), A Labour of Love. Women, Work and Caring. Routledge & Kegan Paul, London, 1330.Google Scholar
Hochschild, A. R. 2003. The Commercialization of Intimate Life. Notes from Home and Work. University of California Press, Berkeley, California.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hong, S., Hasche, L. and Lee, M. J. 2011. Service use barriers differentiating care-givers’ service use patterns. Ageing & Society, 31, 8, 1307–29.Google Scholar
Instituto de Mayores y Servicios Sociales (IMSERSO) 2005. Cuidado a la dependencia e inmigración. Informe de resultados [Caregiving in dependency and inmigration. A research report]. Ministerio de Trabajo y Asuntos Sociales, Madrid.Google Scholar
Instituto de Mayores y Servicios Sociales (IMSERSO) 2011. Envejecimiento activo – libro blanco [Active ageing – a report]. Ministerio de Trabajo y Asuntos Sociales, Madrid.Google Scholar
King, A., Parsons, M. and Robinson, E. 2012. A restorative home care intervention in New Zealand: perceptions of paid caregivers. Health and Social Care in the Community, 20, 1, 70–9.Google Scholar
Lassetter, J. H. and Callister, L. C. 2009. The impact of migration on the health of voluntary migrants in Western societies: a review of the literature. Journal of Transcultural Nursing, 20, 1, 93104.Google Scholar
Ley 39/2006. Promoción de la autonomía personal y atención a las personas en situación de Dependencia [Act 39/2006. The promotion of personal autonomy and attendance to the persons in situation of dependency]. BOE 299, 15 December.Google Scholar
Lilly, M., Robinson, C., Holtzman, A. and Bottorf, J. 2012. Can we move beyond burden and burnout to support the health and wellness of family caregivers to persons with dementia? Evidence from British Columbia, Canada. Health and Social Care in the Community, 20, 1, 103–12.Google Scholar
Litwin, H. and Attias-Donfut, C. 2009. The inter-relationship between formal and informal care: a study in France and Israel. Ageing & Society, 29, 1, 7191.Google Scholar
McMunn, A., Nazroo, J., Wahrendorf, M., Breeze, E. and Zaninotto, P. 2009. Participation in socially productive activities, reciprocity and well being in later life: baseline results in England. Ageing & Society, 29, 5, 765–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mead, G. H. 1972. Espíritu, Persona y Sociedad [Mind, Self and Society]. Translator Florial Mazía, Paidós, Buenos Aires.Google Scholar
Miura, H., Arai, Y. and Yamasaki, K. 2005. Feelings of burden and health-related quality of life among family caregivers looking after the impaired elderly. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 59, 5, 551–5.Google Scholar
Mora, E. and León Medina, F. J. 2011. La globalización del cuidado y sus cadenas: un estudio de caso [The globalization of care and its chains: a case study]. Psicoperspectivas, 10, 2, 109–33.Google Scholar
Morse, J. 1989. Strategies for sampling. In Morse, J. (ed.), Qualitative Nursing Research. A Contemporary Dialogue. Aspen, Rockville, Maryland, 117–32.Google Scholar
Negy, C., Schwartz, S. and Reig-Ferrer, A. 2009. Violated expectations and acculturative stress among US Hispanic immigrants. Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology, 15, 3, 255–64.Google Scholar
Nolan, M., Grant, G. and Keady, J. 1996. Understanding Family Care. A Multidimensional Model of Caring and Coping. Open University Press, Buckingham, UK.Google Scholar
Parella-Rubio, S. 2003. Mujer inmigrante y trabajadora: la triple discriminación [Migrant Woman and Worker: A Triple Discrimination]. Anthropos, Barcelona.Google Scholar
Plá-Juliá, I., Banyuls i Llopis, J., Cano-Cano, E., Martí-Gual, A., Pitxer i Campos, J. V., Poveda-Rosa, M. M., Sánchez-Velasco, A., Ventura-Franch, A. and Bartual-García, M. 2007. Informalidad del empleo y la precariedad laboral de las empleadas del hogar. [Informal Employment and Precarious Labour of Domestic Workers]. Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain. Available online at http://www.inmujer.migualdad.es/mujer/mujeres/estud_inves/658.pdf [Accessed 7 July 2007].Google Scholar
Robinson, A., Lea, E., Hemmings, L., Vosper, G., McCann, D., Weeding, F. and Rumble, R. 2012. Seeking help: issues around the use of day respite care for carers of people with dementia. Ageing & Society, 32, 2, 196218.Google Scholar
Robles-Silva, L. 2007. La invisibilidad de los cuidados a los enfermos crónicos [The Invisibility of Caring for Chronic Patients]. Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, México.Google Scholar
Rodríguez-Rodríguez, V., Martín-Coppola, E., Marcu, S., Ramos-Espina, S., Rojo-Pérez, F., Fernández-Mayoralas-Fernández, G., Lardiés-Bosque, R. and Rogero-García, J. 2010. Inmigración y cuidados de mayores en los hogares de la comunidad de Madrid. Informe 102 [Migration and care of old persons in their homes in Madrid region. Report 102]. Portal Mayores, Madrid, Spain.Google Scholar
Roe, B., Whattam, M., Young, H. and Dimond, M. 2001 a. Elders’ needs and experiences of receiving formal and informal care for their activities of daily living. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 10, 3, 389–97.Google Scholar
Roe, B., Whattam, M., Young, H. and Dimond, M. 2001 b. Elders’ perceptions of formal and informal care: aspects of getting and receiving help for activities of daily living. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 10, 3, 398405.Google Scholar
Salazar-Parreñas, R. 2001. Servants of Globalization. Women, Migration and Domestic Work. Stanford University Press, Stanford, California.Google Scholar
Salin, S., Kaunomen, M. and Ästedt-Kurki, P. 2009. Informal carers of older family members: how they manage and what support they receive from respite care. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 18, 4, 492501.Google Scholar
Shaw, C., McNamara, R., Abrams, K., Cannings-John, R., Hood, K., Longo, M., Myles, S., O'Mahony, S., Roe, B. and Williams, K. 2009. Systematic review of respite care in the frail elderly. Health Technology Assessment, 13, 20, 1246.Google Scholar
Shim, B., Landerman, L. R. and Davis, L. L. 2011. Correlates of care relationship mutuality among carers of people with Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Disease. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 67, 8, 1729–38.Google Scholar
Strauss, A. L. 1987. Qualitative Analysis for Social Scientists. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Tolkacheva, N., Broese van Groenou, M., De Boer, A. and Van Tilburg, T. 2011. The impact of informal care-giving networks on adult children's care-giver burden. Ageing & Society, 31, 1, 3451.Google Scholar
Upton, N. and Reed, V. 2005. Caregivers coping in dementing illness – implications for short-term respite care. The International Journal of Psychiatric Research, 10, 3, 1180–96.Google Scholar
Van Der Geest, S., Mul, A. and Vermeulen, H. 2004. Linkages between migration and the care of frail older people: observations from Greece, Ghana and The Netherlands. Ageing & Society, 24, 3, 431–50.Google Scholar
Vicente, T. L. and Setién, M. L. 2005. Modelos migratorios femeninos [Feminine migration models]. In Gónzalez Ferreras, J. and Setién, M. L. (eds), Diversidad migratoria. Distintos protagonistas, diferentes contextos [Migration Diversity. Different Actors, Different Contexts]. Universidad de Deusto, Bilbao, Spain, 1539.Google Scholar
Wilding, R. 2006. ‘Virtual’ intimacies? Families communicating across transnational contexts. Global Networks, 6, 2, 125–42.Google Scholar
Wilding, R. and Baldassar, L. 2009. Transnational family–work balance: experiences of Australian migrants caring for ageing parents and young children across distance and borders. Journal of Family Studies, 15, 2, 177–87.Google Scholar
Zechner, M. 2008. Care of older persons in transnational settings. Journal of Aging Studies, 22, 1, 3244.Google Scholar