Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-t7fkt Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-26T03:13:29.577Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Couples' provision of informal care for parents and parents-in-law: far from sharing equally?

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 March 2009

URSULA HENZ*
Affiliation:
Department of Sociology, London School of Economics, London, UK.
*
Address for correspondence: Ursula Henz, Department of Sociology, London School of Economics, Houghton Street, London WC2A 2AE. Email: [email protected]

Abstract

This study examines whether and how couples share the provision of informal care for their parents. Four waves of the British General Household Survey contain cross-sectional information about caring for parents and parents-in-law. Descriptive and multivariate analyses were conducted on 2214 couples that provided parent care. The findings emphasise married men's contribution to informal caring for the parental generation and at the same time demonstrate the limits of their involvement. Spouses share many parts of their care-giving but this arrangement is less common with respect to personal and physical care. The more care is required the more likely are people to participate in care for their parents-in-law. More sons-in-law than daughters-in-law provide care but, once involved, daughters-in-law provide on average more hours of care than sons-in-law. Own full-time employment reduces both men's and women's caring for their parents-in-law, and men's caring drops further if their wife is not in the labour market. The findings suggest that daughters-in-law often take direct responsibility whereas sons-in-laws' care-giving depends more on their wives' involvement. Children-in-laws' informal care-giving might decrease in the future because of women's increasing involvement in the labour market and rising levels of non-marital cohabitation in mid-life.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © 2009 Cambridge University Press

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Aboderin, I. 2004. Modernisation and ageing theory revisited: current explanations of recent developing world and historical Western shifts in material family support for older people. Ageing & Society, 24, 1, 2950.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arber, S. and Ginn, J. 1991. Gender and Later Life. Sage, London.Google Scholar
Arber, S. and Ginn, J. 1995 a. Gender differences in informal caring. Health and Social Care in the Community, 3, 1931.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arber, S. and Ginn, J. 1995 b. Gender differences in the relationship between paid employment and informal care. Work, Employment and Society, 9, 445–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arksey, H. 2002. Combining informal care and work: supporting carers in the workplace. Health and Social Care in the Community, 10, 151–61.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brody, E. M., Litvin, S. J., Hoffman, C. and Kleban, M. H. 1995. Marital status of caregiving daughters and co-residence with dependent parents. The Gerontologist, 35, 7585.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brody, E. M. and Schoonover, C. B. 1986. Patterns of parent-care when adult daughters work and when they do not. The Gerontologist, 26, 372–81.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dale, A., Evandrou, M. and Arber, S. 1987. The household structure of the elderly population in Britain. Ageing & Society, 7, 3756.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dautzenberg, M. G. H., Diederiks, J. P. M., Philipsen, H., Stevens, F. C. J., Tan, F. E. S. and Vernooij-Dassen, M. J. F. J. 2000. The competing demands of paid work and parent care. Research on Aging, 22, 165–87.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dooghe, G. 1992. Informal care-givers of elderly people: an European review. Ageing & Society, 12, 369–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Doty, P., Jackson, M. E. and Crown, W. 1998. The impact of female care-givers' employment status on patterns of formal and informal eldercare. The Gerontologist, 38, 331–41.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dwyer, J. W. and Coward, R. T. 1991. A multivariate comparison of the involvement of adult sons versus daughters in the care of impaired parents. Journal of Gerontology: Social Sciences, 46, S259–69.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dwyer, J. W. and Seccombe, K. 1991. Elder care as family labor: the influence of gender and family position. Journal of Family Issues, 12, 229–47.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Falkingham, J. and Grundy, E. 2006. Demographic Aspects of Population Ageing. ESRC Seminar Series: Mapping the Public Policy Landscape. Economic and Social Research Council, Swindon. Available online at http://esrcsocietytoday.esrc.ac.uk/ESRCInfoCentre/Images/ESRC_population_ageing_doc_tcm6-15714.pdf [Accessed 22 April, 2008].Google Scholar
Finch, J. 1989. Family Obligations and Social Change. Blackwell, Oxford.Google Scholar
Fredriksen-Goldsen, K. I. and Scharlach, A. E. 2001. Families and Work. New Directions in the Twenty-First Century. Oxford University Press, New York.Google Scholar
Gerstel, N. and Gallagher, S. K. 2001. Men's caregiving: gender and the contingent character of care. Gender and Society, 15, 197217.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Glaser, K., Tomassini, C., Racioppi, F. and Stuchbury, R. 2006. Marital disruptions and loss of support in later life: a longitudinal study of the United Kingdom. European Journal of Ageing, 3, 207–16.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Graham, H. 1983. Caring: a labour of love. In Finch, J and Groves, D. (eds), A Labour of Love: Women, Work and Caring. Routledge and Kegan Paul, London, 1330.Google Scholar
Grundy, E. 1992. The living arrangements of elderly people. Reviews of Clinical Gerontology, 2, 353–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grundy, E. 1995. Demographic influences on the future of family care. In Allen, I and Perkins, E. (eds), The Future of Family Care for Older People. Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London, 117.Google Scholar
Grundy, E. 2000. Co-residence of mid-life children with their elderly parents in England and Wales: changes between 1981 and 1991. Population Studies, 54, 193206.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Henz, U. 2004. The effects of informal care on paid-work participation in Great Britain: a lifecourse perspective. Ageing & Society, 24, 851–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Henz, U. 2006. Informal caregiving at working age: effects of job characteristics and family configuration. Journal of Marriage and Family, 68, 411–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hequembourg, A. and Brallier, S. 2005. Gendered stories of parental caregiving among siblings. Journal of Aging Studies, 19, 5371.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hirst, M. 2001. Trends in informal care in Great Britain during the 1990. Health and Social Care in the Community, 9, 348–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Horowitz, A. 1985 a. Family caregiving to the frail elderly. In Lawton, M.P and Maddox, G. L. (eds), Annual Review of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Volume 5. Springer, New York, 194245.Google Scholar
Horowitz, A. 1985 b. Sons and daughters as care-givers to older parents: differences in role performance and consequences. The Gerontologist, 25, 612–17.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ingersoll-Dayton, B., Starrels, M. E. and Dowler, D. 1996. Caregiving for parents and parents-in-law: is gender important? The Gerontologist, 36, 483–91.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Johnson, R. W. and Lo Sasso, A. T. 2000. The trade-off between hours of paid employment and time assistance to elderly parents at midlife. Washington, DC: Urban Institute. Available online at: http://www.urban.org/expert.cfm?ID=AnthonyTLoSasso [Accessed 7 August 2008].Google Scholar
Kalmijn, M. 2007. Gender differences in the effects of divorce, widowhood and remarriage on intergenerational support: does marriage protect fathers? Social Forces, 85, 1079–104.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kamo, Y. 2000. “He said, she said”: assessing discrepancies in husbands' and wives' reports on the division of household labor. Social Science Research, 29, 459–76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Keating, N., Otfinowski, P., Wenger, C., Fast, J. and Derksen, L. 2003. Understanding the caring capacity of informal networks of frail seniors: a case for care networks. Ageing & Society, 23, 115–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kivett, V. R. 1985. Consanguinity and kin level: their relative importance to the helping network of older adults. Journal of Gerontology, 40, 228–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lee, E., Spitze, G. and Logan, J. R. 2003. Social support to parents-in-law: the interplay of gender and kin hierarchies. Journal of Marriage and Family, 65, 396403.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lee, G. R., Dwyer, J. W. and Coward, R. T. 1993. Gender differences in parent care: demographic factors and same-gender preferences. Journal of Gerontolgy: Social Sciences, 48, S916.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lee, Y. S. and Waite, L. J. 2005. Husbands' and wives' time spent on housework: a comparison of measures. Journal of Marriage and Family, 67, 328–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Litwak, E. 1985. Helping the Elderly. Guildford Press, New York.Google Scholar
Madouros, V. 2006. Projections of the UK labour force, 2006–2020. Labour Market Trends, 114, 1327.Google Scholar
Marini, M. M. and Shelton, B. A. 1993. Measuring household work: recent experiences in the United States. Social Scence Research, 22, 361–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Matthews, S. H. 1995. Gender and the division of filial responsibility between lone sisters and their brothers. Journal of Gerontology: Social Sciences, 50B, S312–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Matthews, S. H. 1998. Meeting filial responsibilities in brothers-only sibling groups. Journal of Gerontology: Social Sciences, 53B, S278–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Murphy, M. and Grundy, E. 2003. Mothers with living children and children with living mothers: the role of fertility and mortality in the period 1911–2050. Population Trends, 112, 3644.Google Scholar
Office for National Statistics. 1998. Informal Carers. Stationery Office, London.Google Scholar
Office for National Statistics, Social Survey Division. 2000. General Household Survey, 2000–2001 [computer file]. Colchester, Essex: UK Data Archive [distributor], 16 July 2002. SN: 4518.Google Scholar
Office for National Statistics. 2002. Carers 2000. Stationery Office, London.Google Scholar
Office for National Statistics. 2005. 2003-based martial status and cohabitation projections for England and Wales. Population Trends, 121, 7784.Google Scholar
Office of Population Censuses and Surveys, Social Survey Division. 1985, 1990 & 1995. General Household Survey, 1985, 1990–1991, 1995–1996 [computer files]. Colchester, Essex: UK Data Archive [distributor], 6 April 1988. SN: 2349; 6 October 1992. SN: 2937; June 1998. SN: 3690.Google Scholar
Parker, G. 1990. With Due Care and Attention: A Review of Research on Informal Care. Second edition, Family Policy Studies Centre, London.Google Scholar
Peek, M. K., Coward, R. T. and Peek, C. W. 2000. Race, aging, and care. Research on Aging, 22, 117–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Penrod, J. D., Kane, R. A., Kane, R. L. and Finch, M. D. 1995. Who cares? The size, scope, and composition of the care-giver support system. The Gerontologist, 35, 489–97.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Phillips, J., Bernard, M. and Chittenden, M. 2002. Juggling Work and Care: The Experiences of Working Carers of Older People. Policy Press, Bristol, UK.Google Scholar
Pickard, L. 2002. The decline of intensive intergenerational care of older people in Great Britain, 1985–1995. Population Trends, 110, 3141.Google Scholar
Pickard, L., Wittenberg, R., Comas-Herrera, A., King, D. and Malley, J. 2007. Care by spouses, care by children: projections of informal care for older people in England to 2031. Social Policy and Society, 6, 353–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pillemer, K. and Suitor, J. J. 2006. Making choices: a within-family study of care-giver Selection. The Gerontologist, 46, 439–48.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Price, D. 2006. Gender and generational continuity: breadwinners, care-givers and pension provision in the UK. International Journal of Ageing and Later Life, 1, 3166.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Qureshi, H. and Walker, A. 1989. The Caring Relationship: Elderly People and Their Families. Macmillan, Basingstoke, Hampshire, UK.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scott, A. and Wenger, G. C. 1995. Gender and social support networks in later life. In Arber, S and Ginn, J. (eds), Connecting Gender and Ageing. A Sociologial Approach. Open Univeresity Press, Buckingham, 158–72.Google Scholar
Shanas, E. 1979. The family as a social support system in old age. The Gerontologist, 19, 169–74.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shuey, K. and Hardy, M. A. 2003. Assistance to aging parents and parents-in-law: does lineage affect family allocation decisions? Journal of Marriage and Family, 65, 418–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Soldo, B. J., Wolf, D. A. and Agree, E. M. 1990. Family, households, and care arrangements of frail older women: a structural analysis. Journal of Gerontology: Social Sciences, 45, S238–49.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Spitze, G. and Logan, J. 1990. Sons, daughters, and intergenerational social support. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 52, 420–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stoller, E. P. 1983. Parental caregiving by adult children. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 45, 851–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stoller, E. P. 1990. Males as helpers: the role of sons, relatives, and friends. The Gerontologist, 30, 228–35.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stone, R., Cafferata, G. L. and Sangl, J. 1987. Care-givers of the frail elderly: a national profile. The Gerontologist, 27, 616–26.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tennstedt, S. L., Crawford, S. and McKinlay, J. B. 1991. Determining the pattern of community care: is coresidence more important than care-giver relationship? Journal of Gerontology: Social Sciences, 48, S7383.Google Scholar
Tennstedt, S. L., McKinlay, J. B. and Sullivan, L. M. 1989. Informal care for frail elders: the role of secondary care-givers. The Gerontologist, 29, 677–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ungerson, C. 1987. The life course and informal caring: towards a typology. In Cohen, G. (ed.), Social Change and the Life Course. Tavistock, London, 184208.Google Scholar