Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-dk4vv Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-25T02:35:02.640Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Rethinking the Making and Breaking of Traditional and Statutory Institutions in Post-Nkrumah Ghana

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  30 August 2016

Paul Stacey
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract:

This article examines a complex dispute over the jurisdictions of traditional and statutory institutions that traversed shifts in forms of government in Ghana for nearly a decade following the ousting of Kwame Nkrumah in February 1966. The analysis emphasizes underlying processes of continuity and seeks to add nuance to familiar conceptualizations that view this period in terms of state weakness, crisis, and rupture. The article explores, in particular, a powerful category of chieftaincy defined in opposition to state logics that have escaped empirical investigation. It therefore invites a rethinking of the notion that the post-Nkrumah era heralded a state-initiated revival of traditional institutions.

Résumé:

Cet article examine un litige complexe sur les juridictions institutionnelles statutaires traditionnelles qui ont traversé les reconfigurations de gouvernement au Ghana pendant près d’une décennie suivant l’éviction de Kwame Nkrumah en février 1966. L’analyse met l’accent sur les processus de continuité sous-jacente et cherche à ajouter nuance aux conceptualisations familières qui considèrent cette période en termes d’état de faiblesse, de crise et de rupture. L’article explore, en particulier, la catégorie puissante de chefferie et suggère que son positionnement habituel dans l’opposition à la nécessité de l’État n’a pas été confirmé par une enquête empirique. Elle invite donc à repenser l’idée que l’ère post-Nkrumah annonçait un renouveau des institutions traditionnelles initié par l’État.

Keywords

Statejurisdictionstraditional authoritystatutory institutionsGhana
Type
ARTICLES
Information
African Studies Review , Volume 59 , Issue 2 , September 2016 , pp. 209 - 230
Copyright
Copyright © African Studies Association 2016 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References

Northern Region of Ghana Public Records, Tamale, Northern Region, Ghana (NRG).Google Scholar
NRG 8/2/161 File note, secretary to the Regional Commissioner (RC), April 15, 1964.Google Scholar
NRG 8/2/161 Letter, Nana Atorsah to the RC, April 27, 1964.Google Scholar
NRG 8/2/161 Correspondence, DC Zakariah to the RC, June 30, 1964.Google Scholar
NRG 8/2/161 Letter, Nana Atorsah and eleven others to the President of Ghana, July 19, 1964.Google Scholar
NRG 8/2/223 Correspondence, Assistant Superintendent Duncan-Kpikpira to Director of Special Branch, Accra, August 25, 1967.Google Scholar
NRG 8/2/188 Minutes of the meeting of the Gonja Traditional Council, July 13–18, 1973.Google Scholar
NRG 8/2/188 Gonja Traditional Council resolution, April 16, 1974.Google Scholar
NRG 8/2/188 Minutes of the Gonja Traditional Council meeting, March 23, 1976.Google Scholar
NRG 8/2/188 Correspondence, the registrar, Northern Region House of Chiefs, to the RC, March 28, 1976.Google Scholar
NRG 8/2/179 Letter, Yagbumwura to General Acheampong, September 13, 1976.Google Scholar
NRG 8/2/171 Letter, Nana Atorsah and eight other Nawuri leaders to the regional office, July 6, 1968.Google Scholar
NRG 8/2/171 Memo by the regional office, August 14, 1968Google Scholar
NRG 8/2/171 Correspondence, district office to the regional office, September 19, 1968.Google Scholar
NRG 8/2/171 Letter, ten Gonja chiefs to the Chieftaincy Secretariat, September 23, 1968Google Scholar
NRG 8/2/171 Correspondence, district office to the Dusaiwura, the inspector of police at Kpandai, and the regional office, September 25, 1968.Google Scholar
NRG 8/2/171 Correspondence, district office to the Kpembewura, October 1, 1968.Google Scholar
NRG 8/2/171 Correspondence, Kanankulaiwura Haruna to the district office, October 4, 1968.Google Scholar
NRG 8/2/171 Correspondence from the regional office to the district office, December 3, 1968.Google Scholar
NRG 8/2/171 Telegram, district office Salaga to the regional office, December 18, 1968Google Scholar
NRG 8/2/171 Correspondence, Yagbumwura to the regional office, January 17, 1969.Google Scholar
NRG 8/2/171 Correspondence, secretary of the Chieftaincy Secretariat to the Gonja Traditional Council, January 27, 1969.Google Scholar
NRG 8/2/171 Memo, Seth Birikorang, chairman of the regional committee, March 17, 1969.Google Scholar
NRG 8/2/171 Correspondence, J. A. Braimah to the RCE, September 9, 1969.Google Scholar
NRG 8/2/171 Correspondence, secretary to the cabinet to the clerk of the Northern Region House of Chiefs, February 14, 1970.Google Scholar
NRG 8/2/171 Correspondence, regional office to the Assistant Commissioner of Police, Tamale, February 18, 1970.Google Scholar
NRG 8/2/171 Correspondence, RCE J. A. Braimah to the secretary to the cabinet, December 17, 1970, and correspondence, Attorney General to the secretary to the cabinet, January 9, 1971.Google Scholar
NRG 8/2/171 Letter, Nana Asasedwo and ten others to the Yagbumwura, February 25, 1971.Google Scholar
NRG 8/2/171 Correspondence, RCE to the prime minister, May 3, 1971.Google Scholar
NRG 8/2/171 Police report, Kpandai, undated.Google Scholar
NRG 8/2/171 Correspondence, district office to the regional office, October 14, 1971.Google Scholar
NRG 8/2/171 Report, Assistant Commissioner Police to the regional office and Inspector General of Police, June 3, 1971.Google Scholar
Adjaye, J. K. 2004. Review of Nkrumah and the Chiefs: The Politics of Chieftaincy in Ghana, 1951–1960 by Richard Rathbone. The American Historical Review 109 (3): 1021–22.Google Scholar
Allman, J. 2001. Review of Nkrumah and the Chiefs: The Politics of Chieftaincy in Ghana, 1951–1960 by Richard Rathbone. African Studies Review 44 (3): 116–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ampiah, Justice A. K. B. 1991. “Report of the Committee of Inquiry into the Gonja, Nawuri and Nanjuros Dispute to Flt Lt Jerry John Rawlings Head of State and Chairman of the Provisional National Defence Council.” Accra: Government Printers.Google Scholar
Asante, Richard, and Gyimah-Boadi, E.. 2004. “Ethnic Structure and Governance of the Public Sector in Ghana.” Geneva: United Nations Research Institute for Social Development (UNRISD).Google Scholar
Austin, Dennis. 1976. Ghana Observed. Manchester, U.K.: Manchester University Press.Google Scholar
Biswal, Tapan. 1992. Ghana: Political and Constitutional Developments. New Delhi: Northern Book Centre.Google Scholar
Boafo-Arthur, Kwame. 2001. “Chieftaincy and Politics in Ghana Since 1982.” West Africa Review 3 (1). www.africaknowledgeproject.org.Google Scholar
Boone, Catherine. 2014. Property and Political Power in Africa: Land Rights and the Structure of Politics. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Brempong, Arhin. 2001. Transformations in Traditional Rule in Ghana 1951–1996. Accra: Sedco Publishing.Google Scholar
Chazan, Naomi. 1983. An Anatomy of Ghanaian Politics: Managing Political Recession 1969–1982. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press.Google Scholar
Chazan, Naomi. 1992. “Africa’s Democratic Challenge.” World Policy Review 9 (2): 279–307.Google Scholar
Dixon, J. 1955. “Dixon Commission of Enquiry: Report by Mr. J. Dixon, Administrative Officer Class I, on Representations made to the Trusteeship Council of the United Nations Organisation Concerning the Status of the Nawuris and Nanjuros within the Togoland Area of the Gonja District.” Accra: Government Printer.Google Scholar
Hagmann, Tobias, and Péclard, Didier. 2010. “Negotiating Statehood: Dynamics of Power and Domination in Africa.” Development and Change 41 (4): 539–62.Google Scholar
Ladouceur, , , Paul Andre. 1972. “The Yendi Chieftaincy Dispute and Ghanaian Politics.” Canadian Journal of African Studies 6 (1): 97–115.Google Scholar
Ladouceur, , , Paul Andre. 1979. Chiefs and Politicians: The Politics of Regionalism in Northern Ghana. London: Longman.Google Scholar
Lentz, Carola. 1998. “The Chief, the Mine Captain and the Politician: Legitimating Power in Northern Ghana.” Africa: Journal of the International African Institute 68 (1): 46–67.Google Scholar
Lund, Christian. 2003. “‘Bawku Is Still Volatile’: Ethno-Political Conflict and State Recognition in Northern Ghana.” Journal of Modern African Studies 41 (4): 587–610.Google Scholar
MacGaffey, Wyatt. 2006. “Death of a King, Death of a Kingdom? Social Pluralism and Succession to High Office in Dagbon, Northern Ghana.” Journal of Modern African Studies 44 (1): 79–99.Google Scholar
Mamdani, Mahmood. 1996. Citizen and Subject: Contemporary Africa and the Legacy of Late Colonialism. Kampala: Fountain Publishers.Google Scholar
Mensah-Brown, A. K. 1969. “Chiefs and the Law in Ghana.” Journal of African Law 13 (2): 57–64.Google Scholar
Miles, William F. S. 1993. “Traditional Rules and Development Administration: Chieftaincy in Niger, Nigeria, and Vanuatu.” Studies in Comparative International Development 28 (3): 31–50.Google Scholar
Moore, , , Sally Falk. 1998. “Changing African Land Tenure: Reflections on the Incapacities of the State.” The European Journal of Development Research 10 (2): 33–49.Google Scholar
Morrison, Minion K. C. 2004. “Political Parties in Ghana through Four Republics: A Path to Democratic Consolidation.” Comparative Politics 36 (4): 421–42.Google Scholar
Nugent, Paul. 2010. “States and Social Contracts in Africa.” New Left Review 63: 35–68.Google Scholar
Odotei, Irene K., and Awedoba, Albert K., eds. 2006. Chieftaincy in Ghana: Culture, Governance and Development. Accra: Sub-Saharan Publishers.Google Scholar
Osei-Kwame, Peter, and Taylor, Peter J.. 1984. “A Politics of Failure: The Political Geography of Ghanaian Elections, 1954–1979.” Annals of the Association of American Geographers 74 (4): 574–89.Google Scholar
Owusu-Ansah, David. 2014. Historical Dictionary of Ghana. 4th edition. New York: Rowman and Littlefield.Google Scholar
Owusu, Maxwell. 1972. “The Search for Solvency: Background to the Fall of Ghana’s Second Republic, 1969–1972.” Africa Today (19) 1: 52–60.Google Scholar
Owusu, Maxwell. 1989. “Rebellion, Revolution and Tradition: Reinterpreting Coups In Ghana.” Comparative Studies in Society and History 31 (2): 372–97.Google Scholar
Rathbone, Richard. 2000. Nkrumah and the Chiefs; The Politics of Chieftaincy in Ghana 1951–1960. Oxford: James Currey.Google Scholar
Rathbone, Richard. 2000. “Kwame Nkrumah and the Chiefs: The Fate of Natural Rulers under Nationalist Governments.” Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 10: 45–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ray, Donald. 1998. “Chief–State Relations in Ghana—Divided Sovereignty and Legitimacy.” In Sovereignty, Legitimacy, and Power in West African Society, edited by van Rouveroy van Nieuwaal, Emile Adriaan Benvenuto and Zips, Werner, 48–70. Hamburg: LIT Verlag.Google Scholar
Rothchild, Donald, and Gyimah-Boadi, E.. 1981. “Ghana’s Return to Civilian Rule.” Africa Today 28 (1): 3–16.Google Scholar
Sandbrook, Richard, and Oelbaum, Jay. 1997. “Reforming Dysfunctional Institutions through Democratisation? Reflections on Ghana.” The Journal of Modern African Studies 35 (4): 603–46.Google Scholar
Scott, James. 1998. Weapons of the Weak: Everyday Forms of Peasant Resistance. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Spear, Thomas. 2003. “Neo-Traditionalism and the Limits of Invention in British Colonial Africa.” Journal of African History 44: 3–27.Google Scholar
Stacey, P. 2014. “The Chiefs, Elders, and People Have for Many Years Suffered Untold Hardships’: Protests by Coalitions of the Excluded in British Northern Togoland, UN Trusteeship Territory, 1950–57.” Journal of African History 55 (3) 423–44.Google Scholar
Staniland, Martin. 1975. The Lions of Dagbon: Political Change in Northern Ghana. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Tilly, Charles. 2005. Identities, Boundaries and Social Ties. Boulder, Colo.: Paradigm Publishers.Google Scholar
Van Dijk, , , Rijk, and van Rouveroy van Nieuwaal, E. Adriaan B., 1999. “The Domestication of Chieftaincy in Africa: From the Imposed to the Imagined.” In African Chieftaincy in a New Socio-Political Landscape, edited by van Rouveroy van Nieuwaal, E. Adriaan B. and Van Dijk, Rijk, 1–20. Hamburg: Lit Verlag.Google Scholar
Weber, Max. 1978. Economy and Society: An Outline of Interpretive Sociology. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Weir, Margaret. 2006. “When Does Politics Create Policy? The Organizational Politics of Change.” In Rethinking Political Institutions: The Art of the State, edited by Shapiro, Ian, Skowronek, Stephen, and Galvin, Daniel, 171–86. New York: New York University Press.Google Scholar
Northern Region of Ghana Public Records, Tamale, Northern Region, Ghana (NRG).Google Scholar
NRG 8/2/161 File note, secretary to the Regional Commissioner (RC), April 15, 1964.Google Scholar
NRG 8/2/161 Letter, Nana Atorsah to the RC, April 27, 1964.Google Scholar
NRG 8/2/161 Correspondence, DC Zakariah to the RC, June 30, 1964.Google Scholar
NRG 8/2/161 Letter, Nana Atorsah and eleven others to the President of Ghana, July 19, 1964.Google Scholar
NRG 8/2/223 Correspondence, Assistant Superintendent Duncan-Kpikpira to Director of Special Branch, Accra, August 25, 1967.Google Scholar
NRG 8/2/188 Minutes of the meeting of the Gonja Traditional Council, July 13–18, 1973.Google Scholar
NRG 8/2/188 Gonja Traditional Council resolution, April 16, 1974.Google Scholar
NRG 8/2/188 Minutes of the Gonja Traditional Council meeting, March 23, 1976.Google Scholar
NRG 8/2/188 Correspondence, the registrar, Northern Region House of Chiefs, to the RC, March 28, 1976.Google Scholar
NRG 8/2/179 Letter, Yagbumwura to General Acheampong, September 13, 1976.Google Scholar
NRG 8/2/171 Letter, Nana Atorsah and eight other Nawuri leaders to the regional office, July 6, 1968.Google Scholar
NRG 8/2/171 Memo by the regional office, August 14, 1968Google Scholar
NRG 8/2/171 Correspondence, district office to the regional office, September 19, 1968.Google Scholar
NRG 8/2/171 Letter, ten Gonja chiefs to the Chieftaincy Secretariat, September 23, 1968Google Scholar
NRG 8/2/171 Correspondence, district office to the Dusaiwura, the inspector of police at Kpandai, and the regional office, September 25, 1968.Google Scholar
NRG 8/2/171 Correspondence, district office to the Kpembewura, October 1, 1968.Google Scholar
NRG 8/2/171 Correspondence, Kanankulaiwura Haruna to the district office, October 4, 1968.Google Scholar
NRG 8/2/171 Correspondence from the regional office to the district office, December 3, 1968.Google Scholar
NRG 8/2/171 Telegram, district office Salaga to the regional office, December 18, 1968Google Scholar
NRG 8/2/171 Correspondence, Yagbumwura to the regional office, January 17, 1969.Google Scholar
NRG 8/2/171 Correspondence, secretary of the Chieftaincy Secretariat to the Gonja Traditional Council, January 27, 1969.Google Scholar
NRG 8/2/171 Memo, Seth Birikorang, chairman of the regional committee, March 17, 1969.Google Scholar
NRG 8/2/171 Correspondence, J. A. Braimah to the RCE, September 9, 1969.Google Scholar
NRG 8/2/171 Correspondence, secretary to the cabinet to the clerk of the Northern Region House of Chiefs, February 14, 1970.Google Scholar
NRG 8/2/171 Correspondence, regional office to the Assistant Commissioner of Police, Tamale, February 18, 1970.Google Scholar
NRG 8/2/171 Correspondence, RCE J. A. Braimah to the secretary to the cabinet, December 17, 1970, and correspondence, Attorney General to the secretary to the cabinet, January 9, 1971.Google Scholar
NRG 8/2/171 Letter, Nana Asasedwo and ten others to the Yagbumwura, February 25, 1971.Google Scholar
NRG 8/2/171 Correspondence, RCE to the prime minister, May 3, 1971.Google Scholar
NRG 8/2/171 Police report, Kpandai, undated.Google Scholar
NRG 8/2/171 Correspondence, district office to the regional office, October 14, 1971.Google Scholar
NRG 8/2/171 Report, Assistant Commissioner Police to the regional office and Inspector General of Police, June 3, 1971.Google Scholar
Adjaye, J. K. 2004. Review of Nkrumah and the Chiefs: The Politics of Chieftaincy in Ghana, 1951–1960 by Richard Rathbone. The American Historical Review 109 (3): 1021–22.Google Scholar
Allman, J. 2001. Review of Nkrumah and the Chiefs: The Politics of Chieftaincy in Ghana, 1951–1960 by Richard Rathbone. African Studies Review 44 (3): 116–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ampiah, Justice A. K. B. 1991. “Report of the Committee of Inquiry into the Gonja, Nawuri and Nanjuros Dispute to Flt Lt Jerry John Rawlings Head of State and Chairman of the Provisional National Defence Council.” Accra: Government Printers.Google Scholar
Asante, Richard, and Gyimah-Boadi, E.. 2004. “Ethnic Structure and Governance of the Public Sector in Ghana.” Geneva: United Nations Research Institute for Social Development (UNRISD).Google Scholar
Austin, Dennis. 1976. Ghana Observed. Manchester, U.K.: Manchester University Press.Google Scholar
Biswal, Tapan. 1992. Ghana: Political and Constitutional Developments. New Delhi: Northern Book Centre.Google Scholar
Boafo-Arthur, Kwame. 2001. “Chieftaincy and Politics in Ghana Since 1982.” West Africa Review 3 (1). www.africaknowledgeproject.org.Google Scholar
Boone, Catherine. 2014. Property and Political Power in Africa: Land Rights and the Structure of Politics. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Brempong, Arhin. 2001. Transformations in Traditional Rule in Ghana 1951–1996. Accra: Sedco Publishing.Google Scholar
Chazan, Naomi. 1983. An Anatomy of Ghanaian Politics: Managing Political Recession 1969–1982. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press.Google Scholar
Chazan, Naomi. 1992. “Africa’s Democratic Challenge.” World Policy Review 9 (2): 279–307.Google Scholar
Dixon, J. 1955. “Dixon Commission of Enquiry: Report by Mr. J. Dixon, Administrative Officer Class I, on Representations made to the Trusteeship Council of the United Nations Organisation Concerning the Status of the Nawuris and Nanjuros within the Togoland Area of the Gonja District.” Accra: Government Printer.Google Scholar
Hagmann, Tobias, and Péclard, Didier. 2010. “Negotiating Statehood: Dynamics of Power and Domination in Africa.” Development and Change 41 (4): 539–62.Google Scholar
Ladouceur, , , Paul Andre. 1972. “The Yendi Chieftaincy Dispute and Ghanaian Politics.” Canadian Journal of African Studies 6 (1): 97–115.Google Scholar
Ladouceur, , , Paul Andre. 1979. Chiefs and Politicians: The Politics of Regionalism in Northern Ghana. London: Longman.Google Scholar
Lentz, Carola. 1998. “The Chief, the Mine Captain and the Politician: Legitimating Power in Northern Ghana.” Africa: Journal of the International African Institute 68 (1): 46–67.Google Scholar
Lund, Christian. 2003. “‘Bawku Is Still Volatile’: Ethno-Political Conflict and State Recognition in Northern Ghana.” Journal of Modern African Studies 41 (4): 587–610.Google Scholar
MacGaffey, Wyatt. 2006. “Death of a King, Death of a Kingdom? Social Pluralism and Succession to High Office in Dagbon, Northern Ghana.” Journal of Modern African Studies 44 (1): 79–99.Google Scholar
Mamdani, Mahmood. 1996. Citizen and Subject: Contemporary Africa and the Legacy of Late Colonialism. Kampala: Fountain Publishers.Google Scholar
Mensah-Brown, A. K. 1969. “Chiefs and the Law in Ghana.” Journal of African Law 13 (2): 57–64.Google Scholar
Miles, William F. S. 1993. “Traditional Rules and Development Administration: Chieftaincy in Niger, Nigeria, and Vanuatu.” Studies in Comparative International Development 28 (3): 31–50.Google Scholar
Moore, , , Sally Falk. 1998. “Changing African Land Tenure: Reflections on the Incapacities of the State.” The European Journal of Development Research 10 (2): 33–49.Google Scholar
Morrison, Minion K. C. 2004. “Political Parties in Ghana through Four Republics: A Path to Democratic Consolidation.” Comparative Politics 36 (4): 421–42.Google Scholar
Nugent, Paul. 2010. “States and Social Contracts in Africa.” New Left Review 63: 35–68.Google Scholar
Odotei, Irene K., and Awedoba, Albert K., eds. 2006. Chieftaincy in Ghana: Culture, Governance and Development. Accra: Sub-Saharan Publishers.Google Scholar
Osei-Kwame, Peter, and Taylor, Peter J.. 1984. “A Politics of Failure: The Political Geography of Ghanaian Elections, 1954–1979.” Annals of the Association of American Geographers 74 (4): 574–89.Google Scholar
Owusu-Ansah, David. 2014. Historical Dictionary of Ghana. 4th edition. New York: Rowman and Littlefield.Google Scholar
Owusu, Maxwell. 1972. “The Search for Solvency: Background to the Fall of Ghana’s Second Republic, 1969–1972.” Africa Today (19) 1: 52–60.Google Scholar
Owusu, Maxwell. 1989. “Rebellion, Revolution and Tradition: Reinterpreting Coups In Ghana.” Comparative Studies in Society and History 31 (2): 372–97.Google Scholar
Rathbone, Richard. 2000. Nkrumah and the Chiefs; The Politics of Chieftaincy in Ghana 1951–1960. Oxford: James Currey.Google Scholar
Rathbone, Richard. 2000. “Kwame Nkrumah and the Chiefs: The Fate of Natural Rulers under Nationalist Governments.” Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 10: 45–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ray, Donald. 1998. “Chief–State Relations in Ghana—Divided Sovereignty and Legitimacy.” In Sovereignty, Legitimacy, and Power in West African Society, edited by van Rouveroy van Nieuwaal, Emile Adriaan Benvenuto and Zips, Werner, 48–70. Hamburg: LIT Verlag.Google Scholar
Rothchild, Donald, and Gyimah-Boadi, E.. 1981. “Ghana’s Return to Civilian Rule.” Africa Today 28 (1): 3–16.Google Scholar
Sandbrook, Richard, and Oelbaum, Jay. 1997. “Reforming Dysfunctional Institutions through Democratisation? Reflections on Ghana.” The Journal of Modern African Studies 35 (4): 603–46.Google Scholar
Scott, James. 1998. Weapons of the Weak: Everyday Forms of Peasant Resistance. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Spear, Thomas. 2003. “Neo-Traditionalism and the Limits of Invention in British Colonial Africa.” Journal of African History 44: 3–27.Google Scholar
Stacey, P. 2014. “The Chiefs, Elders, and People Have for Many Years Suffered Untold Hardships’: Protests by Coalitions of the Excluded in British Northern Togoland, UN Trusteeship Territory, 1950–57.” Journal of African History 55 (3) 423–44.Google Scholar
Staniland, Martin. 1975. The Lions of Dagbon: Political Change in Northern Ghana. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Tilly, Charles. 2005. Identities, Boundaries and Social Ties. Boulder, Colo.: Paradigm Publishers.Google Scholar
Van Dijk, , , Rijk, and van Rouveroy van Nieuwaal, E. Adriaan B., 1999. “The Domestication of Chieftaincy in Africa: From the Imposed to the Imagined.” In African Chieftaincy in a New Socio-Political Landscape, edited by van Rouveroy van Nieuwaal, E. Adriaan B. and Van Dijk, Rijk, 1–20. Hamburg: Lit Verlag.Google Scholar
Weber, Max. 1978. Economy and Society: An Outline of Interpretive Sociology. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Weir, Margaret. 2006. “When Does Politics Create Policy? The Organizational Politics of Change.” In Rethinking Political Institutions: The Art of the State, edited by Shapiro, Ian, Skowronek, Stephen, and Galvin, Daniel, 171–86. New York: New York University Press.Google Scholar