Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-8bhkd Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-19T16:30:10.331Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Race as Common Sense: Racial Classification in Twentieth-Century South Africa

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  23 May 2014

Abstract:

This paper is an analysis of state practice in respect of racial classification and its epistemological underpinnings in twentieth-century South Africa. It shows how apartheid racial categories—drawing heavily on those enacted by the segregationist state—were wielded as instruments of surveillance and control by a state animated by fantasies of omniscience as much as omnipotence. The architects of apartheid racial classification policies recognized explicitly that racial categories were constructs, rather than descriptions of real essences—a version of the idea of race which enabled the bureaucratization of “common sense” notions of racial difference and which contributed direcdy to the enormous powers wielded by racial classifiers. If constructs, these categories were powerfully rooted in the materiality of everyday life. The ubiquity of the state's racial designations, and the extent to which they meshed with lived hierarchies of class and status, meant that apartheid's racial grid was strongly imprinted in the subjective experience of race.

Résumé:

Résumé:

Cet article analyse les pratiques de l'état en matière de classification raciale, et leurs implications épistémologiques dans l'Afrique du Sud du vingt-et-unième siècle. Nous démontrons comment les catégories raciales de l'apartheid – largement inspirées par celles promulguées par l'état ségrégationniste – furent exercées comme instruments de surveillance et de contrôle par un état animé de fantasmes d'omniscience tout comme d'omnipotence. Les architectes des politiques de classification raciale de l'apartheid ont explicitement reconnu que les catégories raciales étaient des constructions plutôt que des descriptions d'une nature réelle—une version de l'idée de race qui a permis la bureaucratisation de la notion ‘de base’ de la différence raciale, et qui a directement contribué à l'immense pouvoir exercé par ces classificateurs raciaux. Même en tant que constructions, ces catégories furent puissamment enracinées dans la matérialité de la vie de tous les jours. L'ubiquité des désignations raciales établies par l'état, ainsi que la mesure dans laquelle ces désignations se sont engrenées avec des hiérarchies vécues de statut et de classe, signifièrent que la grille raciale de l'apartheid fut fortement imprimée dans l'expérience subjective de race.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © African Studies Association 2001

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References

Archival Sources

Central Archives Depot (SAB), Pretoria NTS 1763[a], File 53/276, Acting Chief Commissioner, SAP, to Secretary for Justice, June 11, 1912, re “Native Labour Act no. 15 of 1911.”Google Scholar
Central Archives Depot (SAB), Pretoria NTS 1763[b], 53/276, SNA to Native Commissioner, Lydenburg, April 12, 1917, re “Definition of ‘Native.’”Google Scholar
Central Archives Depot (SAB), Pretoria NTS l763[c], 53/276, Magistrate, Graaff Reinet to Commissioner of Pensions, Pretoria, May 30, 1929, re “Hottentots.”Google Scholar
Central Archives Depot (SAB), Pretoria NTS 1763[d], 53/76, SNA to General Manager, South African Railways, Aug. 27, 1937, re “Native Fares: Griqua Passengers.”Google Scholar
Central Archives Depot (SAB), Pretoria NTS 1763[e], 53/276, SNA to Under-Secretary for Native Affairs, March 5, 1926, re “Definition of ‘Native.’”Google Scholar
Central Archives Depot (SAB), Pretoria NTS 1763[f], SNA to General Manager, SA Railways and Harbours, July 11, 1945, re “Non-European Staff: Proof of Race.”Google Scholar
Central Archives Depot (SAB), Pretoria NTS 1763[g], 53/276, SNA to Receiver of Revenue, OFS, Aug.27, 1946, re ”Definition of a Native.”Google Scholar
Central Archives Depot (SAB), Pretoria NTS I763[h], 53/276, SNA to Messrs. Stegmann et al., April 1, 1946, re “Purchase from Native.”Google Scholar
Central Archives Depot (SAB), Pretoria NTS 1763[i], 53/276, SNA to General Manager, SARH, July 11, 1945, re Non-European Staff: Proof of Race.”Google Scholar
Central Archives Depot (SAB), Pretoria NTS 1763[j], 53/276, Native Commissioner, Johannesburg, to Chief Native Commissioner, Johannesburg, Nov. 23, 1936, re “Pass Laws: Definition of ‘Native.’”Google Scholar
Central Archives Depot (SAB), Pretoria NTS 1763[k], 53/276, General Manager, South African Railways and Harbours to SNA, June 23, 1945, re “Non-European Staff: Proof of Race.”Google Scholar
Central Archives Depot (SAB), Pretoria NTS 1764[a], vol. 2, 53/276, SNA to Secretary, Murraysburg Boere and Wolwerks Vereniging, May 3,1951, re “Invoerdering van Agterstallige Naturellebelasting.”Google Scholar
Central Archives Depot (SAB), Pretoria NTS 1764[b], vol. 2, 53/276, Chief Native Affairs Commissioner, Western Transvaal, to Secretary for Native Affairs, May 11, 1956.Google Scholar
Central Archives Depot (SAB), Pretoria NTS 1764[c], vol 2, 53/276, C. Cronje, Senior Administrative Official, Department of Native Affairs, to the Undersecretary, March 19, 1956, re “Woordomskrywing van ‘Naturel.’”Google Scholar
Central Archives Depot (SAB), Pretoria NTS 1764[d], vol. 2, 53/276, “Verslag van die Interdepartmentele Komitee insake Rasse-Omskrywing,” Oct. 23, 1958, para. 2.4.Google Scholar
Dubow, S. 1995. Illicit Union: Scientific Racism in Modern South Africa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Gilroy, P. 2000. Between Camps: Race, Ethnicity and Nationalism at the End of the Colour Line. Harmondsworth: Penguin Google Scholar
Goldin, I. 1987. Making Race: The Politics and Economics of Coloured Identity in South Africa. London: Longman.Google Scholar
Landis, E. 1961. “South African Apartheid Legislation 1: Fundamental Structure.” Yak Law Journal 71 (1).Google Scholar
Marks, S., and Trapido, S.. 1987. The Politics of Race, Class and Nationalism. London: Longman.Google Scholar
Miller, R. 1993. “Science and Society in the Early Career of H. F. Verwoerd.” Journal of Southern African Studies 19 (4).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Posel, D. 2000. “A Mania for Measurement: Statistics and Statecraft in Apartheid South Africa.” In Dubow, S., ed., Science and Society in Southern Africa. Manchester: Manchester University Press.Google Scholar
Posel, D. In press. “Apartheid and Race.” In Goldberg, D. and Solomos, J., eds., Blackwell Companion to Racial and Ethnic Studies. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Smythe, N. 1995. “The Origins of Apartheid: Race Legislation in South Africa, 1836–1910.” L.L.M. diss., University of Witwatersrand.Google Scholar
South African Institute of Race Relations (SAIRR). 1964. A Survey of Race Relations. Johannesburg: SAIRR.Google Scholar
South African Institute of Race Relations (SAIRR). 1967. A Survey of Race Relations. Johannesburg: SAIRR.Google Scholar
Suzman, A. 1960. “Race Classification and Definition in the Legislation of the Union of South Africa, 1910–1960.” Acta Juridica.Google Scholar
Union of South Africa. 1938. Report of the Commission of Inquiry into the Question of Mixed Marriages between Europeans and Non-Europeans. Pretoria.Google Scholar