Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-mkpzs Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-22T10:27:42.018Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The Person and the Life Cycle in African Social Life and Thought

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  23 May 2014

Paul Riesman
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

The study of the person, or self, is one of the most exciting areas of anthropological research today. Though it has recendy become a central concern of psychological anthropology and gender studies, the person has been a significant theme in African studies ever since the 1930s; reflection on this theme promises today not only to shed new light on data already collected, but also to stimulate important new research.

It is not my intention to write an intellectual history here, or give an explanation of how and why people have become interested in the issues I will be discussing. If I do write now and then about the historical context of some of these ideas and approaches, it is mainly with the goal of helping the contemporary reader see the relevance for our topic of a wide variety of sources regardless of their context and rhetoric. Thus, though my presentation will be vaguely chronological, my discussion and analysis will generally examine the various works in relation to one another regardless of when they were written.

The reader should bear in mind that in the United States, at least, the field I am surveying in this review essay does not yet exist as a sub-area or sub-speciality of any discipline. It is a goal of this essay to demonstrate that a convergence has been taking place, particularly in recent decades, in the thrust of African research on an apparently wide variety of topics.

Type
Articles
Information
African Studies Review , Volume 29 , Issue 2 , June 1986 , pp. 71 - 138
Copyright
Copyright © African Studies Association 1986

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abimbola, Wande. 1973. “The Yoruba Concept of Human Personality,” pp. 73–89 in Colloques Internationaux du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique No. 544: La notion de personne en Afrique noire. Paris: Editions du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique.Google Scholar
Achebe, Chinua. 1959. Things Fall Apart. New York: McDowell Obolensky.Google Scholar
Achebe, Chinua. 1964. Arrow of God. London: Heinemann.Google Scholar
Adler, A. and Zempléni, A. 1972. Le bâton de l'aveugle. Divination, maladie et pouvoir chez les Moundang du Tchad. Paris: Hermann.Google Scholar
Ahyi, René Gualbert. 1979. “Victoire sur la mort. Réflexion sur la clinique du deuil á propos du Hoxosudidé.” Psychopathologie Africaine 15, 2: 141–57.Google Scholar
Ainsworth, Mary D. 1967. Infancy in Uganda: Infant Care and the Growth of Love. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Alverson, Hoyt 1978. Mind in the Heart of Darkness. Value and Self-Identity among the Tswana of Southern Africa. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Ardener, Edwin. 1972. “Belief and the Problem of Women,” pp. 135–58 in LaFontaine, J. S. (ed.). The Interpretation of Ritual. London: Tavistock.Google Scholar
Asad, Talal (ed.). 1973. Anthropology and the Colonial Encounter. Atlantic Highlands, N.J.: Humanities Press.Google Scholar
Ba, Amadou Hampaté, and Cardaire, Marcel . 1957. Thierno Bokar, le sage de Bandiagara. Paris: Présence Africaine.Google Scholar
Barber, Karin. 1981. “How Man Makes God in West Africa: Yoruba Attitudes towards the Orisa .” Africa 51, 3: 724–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barry, Herbert, Bacon, Margaret and Child, Irvin. 1959. “Relation of Child Training to Subsistence Economy.” American Anthropologist 61: 51–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bascom, W.R. 1969. Ifa Diviniation: Communication Between Gods and Men. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
Becker, A.L. 1979. ‘Text Building, Epistemology, and Aesthetics in Javanese Shadow Theatre,” pp. 211–43 in Becker, A.L. and Yengoyan, Aram A. (eds.) The Imagination of Reality. Norwood, N.J.: Ablex.Google Scholar
Becker, A.L. and Oka, I Gusti Ngurah. 1976. “Person in Kawi: Exploration of an Elementary Semantic Dimension.” Oceanic Linguistics 13: 229–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beidelman, T.O. 1980. “Women and Men in Two East African Societies,” pp. 143–64 in Karp, Ivan and Bird, Charles S. (eds.). Explorations in African Systems of Thought. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
Bellman, Beryl L. 1984. The Language of Secrecy: Symbols and Metaphors in Poro Ritual. New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ben-Amos, Paula. 1976. “Men and Animals in Benin Art.” Man (N.S.) 11,2: 243–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Benedict, Ruth. 1934. Patterns of Culture. Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin.Google Scholar
Benedict, Ruth. 1946. The Chrysanthemum and the Sword: Patterns of Japanese Culture. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.Google Scholar
Berglund, Axel-Ivar. 1976. Zulu Thought-Patterns and Symbolism. London: C. Hurst and Co.Google Scholar
Berliner, Paul. 1978. The Soul of Mbira. Music and Traditions of the Shona People of Zimbabwe. Berkeley: The Universtiy of California Press.Google Scholar
Biesheuvel, Simon. 1952a. “The Study of African Ability.” African Studies 11, 1: 1–14.Google Scholar
Biesheuvel, Simon. 1952b. “The Study of African Abiliity, Part I. Intellectual Potentialities of Africans.” African Studies 11, 1: 45–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Biesheuvel, Simon. 1952c. “The Study of African Ability, Part II A Study of Some Research Problems.” African Studies 11, 1: 105–17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bird, Charles S. and Kendall, Martha B. 1980. “The Mande Hero,” pp. 13–26 in Karp, Ivan and Bird, Charles S. (eds.) Explorations in African Systems of Thought Bloomington: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
Bisilliat, J., Laya, D., Pierre, E. and Pidoux, Ch. 1967. “La notion de lakkal dans la culture djerma-songhai.” Psychopathologie Africaine 3, 2: 207–63.Google Scholar
Bisilliat, Jeanne et Diouldé Laya. 1973. “Représentations et connaissances du corps chez les Songhay-Zarma: Analyse d'une suite d'entretiens avec un guérisseur,” pp. 331–58 in Colloques Internationaux du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique No. 544: La notion de personne en Afrique noire. Paris: Editions du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique.Google Scholar
Bodenstein, W. and Raum, O.F. 1960. “A Present Day Zulu Philosopher.” Africa 30, 2: 166–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bohannan, Paul. 1957. Justice and Judgement among the Tiv. London: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Bourdieu, Pierre. 1977. Outline of a Theory of Practice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bowen, Elinor Smith. 1964. Return to Laughter. New York: Doubleday (first published 1954).Google Scholar
Burton, John W. 1978. “Ghosts, Ancestors and Individuals among the Atuot of the Southern Sudan.” Man (N.S.) 13, 4: 600–17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burton, R.V. and Whiting, J.W.M. 1961. “The Absent Father and Cross-Sex Identity.” Merrill-Palmer Quarterly 7: 85–95.Google Scholar
Buxton, Jean. 1968. “Animal Identity and Human Peril: Some Mandari Images.” Man (N.S.) 3, 1:35–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Calame-Griaule, Geneviève. 1965. Ethnologie et langage. La parole chez les Dogon. Paris: Gallimard.Google Scholar
Camara, Sory. 1973. “L'univers dramatique et imaginaire des relations familiales chez les Malinké.” Psychopathologie Africaine 9, 2: 187–222.Google Scholar
Carinizzo, Jeanne Elizabeth. 1978. Alikali Devils: Children's Masquerading in a West African Town. Anthropology Ph.D. dissertation. University of Washington, Seattle, WA.Google Scholar
Capron, Jean. 1978. “Sur deux noms personnels bwa,” pp. 51–71 in Systèms de signes. Textes réunis en hommage à Germaine Dieterlen. Paris: Hermann.Google Scholar
Cartry, Christiane. 1978. “Jeux d'enfants Gourmantché,” pp. 73–78 in Systèmes de signes. Textes réunis en hommage à Germaine Dieterlen. Paris: Hermann.Google Scholar
Cartry, Michel. 1973. “Le lien à la mère et la notion de destin individuel chez les Gourmantché,” pp. 255–82 in Colloques Internationaux du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique No. 544: La notion de personne en Afrique noire. Paris: Editions du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique.Google Scholar
Cesara, Manda. 1982. Reflections of a Woman Anthropologist: No Hiding Place. New York and London: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Chemoff, John Miller. 1979. African Rhythm and African Sensibility. Aesthetics and Social Action in African Musical Idioms. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Cissé, Youssouf. 1973. “Signes graphiques, représentations, concepts et tests relatifs à la personne chez les Malinké et les Bambara du Mali,” in Colloques Internationaux du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique No. 544: La notion de personne en Afrique noire. Paris: Editions du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique.Google Scholar
Codere, Helen. 1973. The Biography of an African Society, Rwanda 1900-1960. Annales—Série in-8—Sciences Humaines—No. 79. Tervuren, Belgium: Musée Royal de l'Afrique Centrale.Google Scholar
Cohen, Y.A. 1964. The Transition from Childhood to Adolescence. Chicago: Aldine.Google Scholar
Collard, Chantal. 1980. “Du bon ordre des enfants: étude sur la germanité Guidar.” Anthropologie et Sociétés 4, 2: 39–64. [Special issue entitled: “L'usage social des enfants.”]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Colleyn, Jean-Paul. 1982. “‘Le chiot court mais ne connaît pas les odeurs’. Notes sur la société et les systèmes de pensée des Minyanka du Mali.” Africa 52, 1: 3–14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Collignon, René. 1978. “Vingt ans de travaux à la clinique psychiatrique de Fann-Dakar.” Psychopathologie Africaine 14, 2-3, 133–323.Google Scholar
Collomb, Henri. 1977. “La mise à mort de la famille.” Psychiatrie de l'Enfant 20, 1: 245–99.Google Scholar
Comaroff, Jean. 1980. “Healing and the Cultural Order: The Case of the Barolong boo Ratchidi of Southern Africa.” American Ethnologist 7, 4: 637–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Comaroff, Jean. 1983. Review of Boiling Energy, by Richard Katz. American Ethnologist 10, 4: 792–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Comaroff, Jean. 1985. Body of Power, Spirit of Resistance. The Culture and History of a South African People. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Corin, Ellen. 1971. “Le père comme modèle de différenciation dans une société clanique matrilinéaire (Yansi, Congo-Kinshasa).” Psychopathologie Africaine 7, 2: 185–224.Google Scholar
Comaroff, Jean. 1976. “Zébola: une psychothérapie communautaire en milieu urbain.” Psychopathologie Africaine 12, 3: 349–89.Google Scholar
Comaroff, Jean. 1980. “Vers une réappropriation de la dimension individuelle en psychologie africaine.” Revue Canadienne des Etudes Africaines 14, 1: 135–56.Google Scholar
Corin, Ellen, and Bibeau, Gilles. 1980. “Psychiatric Perspectives in Africa. Part II: The Traditional Viewpoint.” Transcultural Psychiatrie Review 17: 205–33.Google Scholar
Corin, Ellen and Murphy, H.B.M. 1979. “Psychiatric Perspectives in Africa Part I: The Western Viewpoint.” Transcultural Psychiatric Research Review 16: 147–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coward, Rosalind and Ellis, John. 1977. Language and Materialism: Developments in Semiology and the Theory of the Subject. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.Google Scholar
D'Andrade, Roy G. 1984. “Cultural Meaning Systems,” pp. 88–119 in Shweder, Richard A. and LeVine, Robert A. (eds.) Culture Theory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Danziger, K. 1958. “Self-Interpretations of Group Differences in Values (Natal, South Africa).” Journal of Social Psychology 47: 317–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dasen, P., Inhelder, B. , LaVallée, M. and Retschitzki, J. 1978. Naissance de l'intelligence chez l'enfant baoulé de Côte d'Ivoire. Berne: Huber.Google Scholar
Davis-Roberts, Christopher. 1981. “ Kutambuwa Ugonjuwa: Concepts of Illness and Transformation among the Tabwa of Zaire.” Social Science and Medicine, Vol. 15B: 309–16.Google Scholar
Davis-Roberts, Christopher. 1982. “Magic and the Missed Reality: Knowledge and Transformation among the Tabwa of Zaire.” Unpublished ms. Dept of Antropology and Center for Afro-American Studies, The University of Michigan, 43 pp.Google Scholar
Dawson, J.L.M. 1969. “Cultural and Physiological Influences upon Spatial-Perceptual Processes in West Africa-Part I” (originally published 1967), pp. 161–80 in Price-Williams, D.R. (ed.) Cross-Cultural Studies. Harmondsworth, England and Baltimore, Maryland: Penguin Books.Google Scholar
De Heusch, Luc. 1973. “Le sorcier, le Père Tempels et les jumeaux mal venus,” pp. 161–80 in Colloques Internationaux du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique No. 544: La notion de personne en Afrique noire. Paris: Editions du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique.Google Scholar
De Heusch, Luc. 1980. “Heat, Physiology and Cosmogony: Rites de Passage among the Thonga,” pp 27–43 in Karp, Ivan, and Bird, Charles S., (eds.) Explorations of African Systems of Thought. Bloornington: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
Deng, Francis Mading. 1972. The Dinka of the Sudan. New York: Holt, Rienhart and Winston.Google Scholar
Diarra, Agnès. 1973. “La notion de personne chez les Zarma,” pp. 359–72 in Colloques Internationaux du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique No. 544: La notion de personne en Afrique noire. Paris: Editions du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique.Google Scholar
Dieterlen, Germaine. 1941. Les âmes des Dogon. Paris: Institut d'Ethnologie.Google Scholar
Dieterlen, Germaine. 1973. “L'image du corps et les composantes de la personne chez les Dogon,” pp. 205–29 in Colloques Internationaux du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique No. 544: La notion de personne en Afrique noire. Paris: Editions du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique.Google Scholar
Diop, M., Zempléni, A., Martino, P., and Collomb, H. 1964. “Signification et valeur de la persécution dans les cultures africaines.” Compte Rendu du Congrès de Psychiatrie et de Neurologie de Langue Francaise, 62ème session, Marseille, 7-12 Sept. 1964, 1: 333–43.Google Scholar
Dos Santos, Juana Elbein and Santos, Deoscoredes M. Dos. 1973. “Esu Bara, Principle of Individual Life in the Nago System,” pp 44–60 in Colloques Internationaux du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique No. 544: La notion de personne en Afrique noire. Paris: Editions du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique.Google Scholar
Douglas, Mary. 1973. Natural Symbols. 2nd ed. London: Penguin.Google Scholar
Douglas, Mary. (ed). 1982. Essays in the Sociology of Perception. London, Boston: Routledge and Kegan Paul.Google Scholar
Draper, P. 1976. “Social and Economic Constraints on Child Life among the !Kung,” pp. 199–217 in Lee, R. and DeVore, I. (eds.) Kalihari Hunter-Gatherers. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Drewal, Henry. 1977. “Art and the Perception of Woman in Yoruba Culture.” Cahiers d'Etudes Africaines 17, 4: 545–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Drewal, Henry John and Drewal, Margaret Thompson. 1983. Gelede. Art and Female Power among the Yoruba. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
Droogers, André. 1980. The Dangerous Journey: Symbolic Aspects of Boys' Initiation among the Wagenia of Kisangani, Zaire. The Hague: Mouton.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Drucker-Brown, Susan. 1982. “Joking at Death: the Mamprusi Grandparent-Grandchild Joking Relationship.” Man (N.S.) 17, 4: 714–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dupire, M. and Gertler, D. 1977. “L'organisation oedipienne dans les variantes d'un conte ouest-africain.” Psychopathologie Africaine 13, 1: 5–46.Google Scholar
Durand-Comiot, Marie-Laure. 1977. “La psychose puerpérale? Etude en milieu sénégalais.” Psychopathologie Africaine 13, 3: 269–335.Google Scholar
Durkheim, Emile. 1960. Les formes élémentaires de la vie religieuse. 4th ed. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.Google Scholar
East, Rupert. 1965. Akiga's Story (Translated and annotated by East, Rupert). London: Oxford University Press (first published 1939).Google Scholar
Edgerton, Robert B. 1971. The Individual in Cultural Adaptation: A Study of Four East African Peoples. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Edwards, Carolyn P. 1975. “Societal Complexity and Moral Development: A Kenyan Study.” Ethos 3, 4: 505–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Erchak, Gerald M. 1976. “The Nonsocial Behavior of Young Kpelle Children and the Acquisition of Sex Roles.” Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 7, 2: 223–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Erchak, Gerald M. 1908. “The Acquistion of Cultural Rules by Kpelle Children.” Ethos 8, 1: 40–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Erny, Pierre. 1973. Childhood and Cosmos: The Social Psychology of the Black African Child. (First pub. 1968, in French). New York: New Perspectives.Google Scholar
Evans, Judith L. 1970. Children in Africa: A Review of Psychological Research. New York: Center for Education in Africa, Institute of International Studies, Teachers College.Google Scholar
Evans, Judith L. and Segali, Marshall H. 1969. “Learning to Classify by Color and by Function: A Study of Concept-Discovery by Ganda Children.” Journal of Social Psychology 77: 35–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Evans-Pritchard, E.E. 1937. Witchcraft, Oracles and Magic among the Azande. London: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Evans-Pritchard, E.E. 1940. The Nuer. London: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Evans-Pritchard, E.E. 1956. Nuer Religion. London: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Fabian, Johannes. 1983. Time and the Other: How Anthropology Makes its Object. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Feierman, Steven. 1985. “The Social Origins of Health and Healing in Africa.” African Studies Review 28, 2/3 (June/September): 73–147.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fernandez, James W. 1982. Bwiti: An Ethnography of the Religious Imagination in Africa. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Field, M.J. 1960. Search for Security: An Ethno-Psychiatric Study of Rural Ghana. Evanston: Northwestern University Press.Google Scholar
Forssen, Anja. 1979. Roots of Traditional Personality Development among the Zaramo in Coastal Tanzania. Helsinki: Scandinavian Institute of African Studies.Google Scholar
Fortes, Meyer. 1938. “Social and Psychological Aspects of Education in Taleland.” Supplement to Africa 11,4.Google Scholar
Fortes, Meyer. 1945. The Dynamics of Clanship among the Tollerisi. London: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Fortes, Meyer. 1949. The Web of Kinship among the Tollerisi. London: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Fortes, Meyer. 1959. Oedipus and Job in West African Religion. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Fortes, Meyer. 1973. “On the Concept of the Person Among the Tallensi,” pp. 283–319 in Colloques Internationaux du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique No. 544: La notion de personne en Afrique noire. Paris: Editions du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique.Google Scholar
Fortes, Meyer. 1974. “The First Born.” Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines 15: 81–104.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fortes, Meyer. 1978a. “The Significance of the First Born in African Family Systems,” pp. 131–50 in Systèmes de Signes. Textes réunis en hommage à Germaine Dieterlen. Paris: Hermann.Google Scholar
Fortes, Meyer. 1978b. “Parenthood, Marriage, and Fertility in West Africa.” Journal of Development Studies 14, 4: 121–149.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fortes, Meyer and Dieterlen, Germaine (eds.). 1965. African Systems of Thought. London: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Fox, Lrene K. (ed.). 1967. East African Childhood: Three Versions. Nairobi: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Freud, Sigmund. 1957. “On Mourning and Melancholia” (first published 1917) pp. 124–40 in Rickman, John (ed.) A General Selection From the Works of Sigmund Freud. New York: Doubleday Anchor.Google Scholar
Gallais, Jean. 1962. “Signification Du Groupe Ethnique au Mali.” L'Homme 2, 2: 117–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Geertz, Clifford. 1973a. “Person, Time, and Conduct in Bali,” pp. 360–411 in Clifford Geertz The Interpretation of Cultures (first published 1966). New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Geertz, Clifford. 1973b. “Deep Play: Notes on the Balinese Cockfight.” pp. 412–53 in Clifford Geertz The Interpretation of Cultures (first published 1972). New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Geertz, Clifford. 1983. “Slide Show: Evans-Pritchard's African Transparencies.” Raritan Quarterly 3, 2: 62–80.Google Scholar
Glaze, Anita J. 1981. Art and Death in a Senufo Village. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
Gluckman, Max (ed.). 1972. The Allocation of Responsibility. Manchester: Manchester University Press.Google Scholar
Godelier, Maurice. 1977. Perspectives in Marxist Anthropology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Goffman, Erving. 1967a. “On Face-Work,” pp. 5–45 in Erving Goffman Interaction Ritual. New York: Anchor Books.Google Scholar
Goffman, Erving. 1967b. “The Nature of Deference and Demeanor,” pp. 47–95 in Erving Goffman Interaction Ritual. New York: Anchor Books.Google Scholar
Goldschmidt, Walter. 1973. “Guilt and Pollution in Sebei Mortuary Rituals.” Ethos 1, 1: 75–105.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goldschmidt, Walter. 1975. “Absent Eyes and Idle Hands: Socialization for Low Affect among the Sebei.” Ethos 3, 2: 157–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gollnhofer, Otto and Sillans, Roger. 1973. “Aspects du phénomène de consensus dans la psychothérapie Ghetsogho,” pp. 545–63 in Colloques Internationaux du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique No. 544: La notion de personne en Afrique noire. Paris: Editions du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique.Google Scholar
Gollnhofer, Otto. 1975. “Cadres, éléments et techniques de la médecine traditionnelle tsogho. Aspects psychothérapiques.” Psychopathologie Africaine 11, 3: 285–321.Google Scholar
Gollnhofer, Otto and Sillans, Roger. 1978. “Le symbolisme chez les Mitsogho. Aspects de l'anthropomorphisme dans la société initiatique du Bwete,” pp. 223–41 in Systèmes de signes. Textes réams en hommage à Germaine Dieterlen. Paris: Hermann.Google Scholar
Gomm, Roger. 1975. “Bargaining from Weakness: Spirit Possession on the South Kenya Coast.” Man (N.S.) 10, 4: 530–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goody, Jack. 1962. Death, Property and the Ancestors: A Study of the Mortuary Customs of the LoDagaa of West Africa. Stanford: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Gorog, V., Platìel, S., Rey-Hulman, D., and Seydou, C. (eds.). 1980. Histoires d'enfants terribles. Paris: Maisonneuve et Larose.Google Scholar
Gottlieb, Alma. 1982. “Sex, Fertility and Menstruation among the Beng of the Ivory Coast: A Symbolic Analysis.” Africa 52, 4: 34–47.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gravrand, R.P. Henri. 1965. “Aux sources de la vie humaine d'apres les traditions serer du sine.” Psychopatholigie Africaine 1, 2: 286–303.Google Scholar
Gravrand, R.P. Henri. 1966. “Le ‘Lup’ serer. Phénoménologie de 1'emprise des Pangol et psychothérapie des possédés.” Psychopathologie Africaine 2, 2: 195–226.Google Scholar
Gravrand, R.P. Henri. 1973. “Les symboles serer traditionnels.” Psychopathologie Africaine 9, 2: 237–65.Google Scholar
Gravrand, R.P. Henri. 1975. “Naq' etsorcellerie dans les conceptions serer.” Psychopathologie Africaine 11, 2: 179–216.Google Scholar
Grayzel, John Aron. 1977. The Ecology of Ethnic-Class Identity among an African Pastoral People: The Doukoloma Fulbe. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Washington, Seattle.Google Scholar
Greenfield, Patricia Marks. 1966. “On Culture and Conservation,” pp. 225–56 in Bruner, Jerome S., Olver, Rose R., and Greenfield, Patricia M. (eds.). Studies in Cognitive Growth. New York: John Wiley and Sons.Google Scholar
Greenfield, Patricia M., Reich, Lee C., and Olver, Rose R. 1966. “On Culture and Equivalence: II,” pp. 270–318 in Bruner, Jerome S., Oliver, Rose R., and Greenfield, Patricia M. (eds.). Studies in Cognitive Growth. New York: John Wiley and Sons.Google Scholar
Griaule, Marcel. 1948. Dieu d'eau. Entretiens avec Ogotommêli. Paris: Editions du Chêne.Google Scholar
Griaule, Marcel and Dieterlen, Germaine. 1965 Le renard pâle. Tome I—Le mythe cosmogonique. Fascicule I: La création du monde. Paris: Institut d'Ethnologie No. 72.Google Scholar
Guéna, R. Chantai de Préneuf et Reboul, Ch. 1970. “Aspects psychopathologiques de la grossesse au Sénégal.” Psychopathologie Africaine 6, 2: 111–46.Google Scholar
Haaland, Gunnar. 1969. “Economie Determinants in Ethnie Processes,” pp. 58–73 in Barth, Fredrik (ed.) Ethnie Groups and Boundaries. Boston: Little, Brown and Co.Google Scholar
Hallowell, A.I. 1955. Culture and Experience. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heald, Suzette. 1982. “ The Making of Men: The Relevance of Vernacular Psychology to the Interpretation of a Gisu Ritual.” Africa 52, 1: 15–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heald, Suzette. n.d. “Witches and Thieves: Deviant Motivations in Gisu Society.” Ms. 1985.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Héritier-Izard, Françoise. 1973. “Univers féminin et destin individuel chez les Samo,” pp. 243–54 in Colloques Internationaux du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique No. 544: La notion de personne en Afrique noire. Paris: Editions du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique.Google Scholar
Herzog, John D. 1973. “Initiation and High School in the Development of Kikuyu Youths' Self-Concept.” Ethos 1, 4: 478–89.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holthouse, Rita J. and Kahn, Marvin W. 1969. “A Study of the Influence of Culture on the Personality Development of the Hausas of Kano City.” International Journal of Social Psychiatry 15, 2: 107–19.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Horton, Robin. 1967. “African Traditional Thought and Western Science (Parts I and II).” Africa 37: 50-71, 155–87.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Horton, Robin. 1971. “African Conversion.” Africa 41, 2: 85–108.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Horton, Robin. 1975. “On the Rationality of Conversion (Parts 1 and 2).” Africa 45, 3: 219-35, and 45, 4: 373–99.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hountondji, Paulin J. 1983. African Philosophy: Myth and Reality. Translated by Evans, Henri with the collaboration of Ree, Jonathan. Introduction by Irele, Abiola. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
Hutchinson, Sharon. 1980. “Relations between the Sexes among the Nuer: 1930.” Africa 50, 4: 371–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Irvine, Sidney. 1963. “Ability Testing in English-Speaking Africa: An Overview of Predictive and Comparative Studies.” Rhodes-Livingstone Journal 34: 44–55.Google Scholar
Isaya Marungu, Ngozi. 1976. “Umwali, l'éducation sexuelle de la jeunne fille Ngwana avant le mariage.” Cahiers des Religions Africaines 10, 20: 309–20.Google Scholar
Isichei, P.A.C. 1978. ‘The Basic Meaning of a Child Through Asaba Personal Names,” in Adaba, G., Mogey, M. J. Bekombo-Priso, and Oppong, C. (eds.) Marriage, Fertility, and the Role of Parents in West Africa. Proceedings of the 15th Symposium of the Committee for Research on the Family of the International Sociological Association, Lomé, 1976. Canberra: Australian National University Press (2 volumes).Google Scholar
Jackson, Michael D. 1978a. “The Identity of the Dead.” Cahiers d'Etudes Africaines 66-67: 271–97.Google Scholar
Jackson, Michael D. 1978b. “An Approach to Kuranko Divination.” Human Relations 31, 2: 117–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jackson, Michael D. 1978c. “Ambivalence and the Last Bom. Birth-Order Position in Convention and Myth.” Man (N.S.) 13, 3: 341–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jackson, Michael D. 1982. Allegories of the Wilderness: Ethics and Ambiguity in Kuranko Narratives. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
Jackson, Michael D. 1983. “Knowledge of the Body.” Man (N.S.) 18, 2: 327–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jahoda, Gustav. 1958a. “Child Animism II. A Study in West Africa.” Journal of Social Psychology 47: 213–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jahoda, Gustav. 1958b. “Immanent Justice among West African Children.” Journal of Social Psychology 47: 241–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jaulin, Robert. 1967. La mort sara. Paris: Plon.Google Scholar
Jaulin, Robert. 1970. La paix blanche: Introduction à; l'ethnocide. Paris: Editions du Seuil.Google Scholar
Jelliffe, D. B., Welboum, Hebe F., Billington, W. R., Wandera, C. D. N., Sengendo, A. W., Rutishauser, I. H. E., and Bennet, F. J. 1963. “Custom and Child Health in Buganda.” Parts I-V. Tropical and Geographical Medicine 15: 121–57.Google ScholarPubMed
Jules-Rosette, Bennetta. 1975. African Apostles. Ritual and Conversion in the Church of John Maranke. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Junod, Henri. 1962. The Life of a South African Tribe (2 volumes). New Hyde Park, N.Y.: University Books (first published 1927).Google Scholar
Kagame, Alexis. 1956. La philosophie bantu-rwandaise de l'être. Brussels: Académie Royale des Sciences Coloniales.Google Scholar
Kagame, Alexis. 1976. La philosophie bantu comparée. Paris: Présence Africaine.Google Scholar
Kane, Cheikh Hamidou, 1961. L'aventure ambiguë. Paris: Julliard.Google Scholar
Kapferer, Bruce. 1983. A Celebration of Demons. Exorcism and the Aesthetics of Healing in Sri Lanka. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
Karp, Ivan. 1980. “Beer Drinking and Social Experience in an African Society: An Essay in Formal Sociology,” pp. 83–119 in Karp, Ivan and Bird, Charles S. (eds.) Explorations in African Systems of Thought. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
Karp, Ivan. n.d. “Laughter at Marriage: Subversion in Performance.” To appear in Parkin, D., (ed.) The Transformation of African Marriage.Google Scholar
Katz, Richard. 1982. Boiling Energy: Community Healing among the Kalihari !Kung. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Kenny, Michael G. 1981. “Mirror in the Forest: The Dorobo Hunter-Gatherers as an Image of The Other.” Africa 51, 1: 477–95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kenyatta, Jomo. 1962. Facing Mt. Kenya. New York: Random House (first published 1938).Google Scholar
Kilbride, Janet E. and Kilbride, Philip L. 1974. “Socio-cultural Factors and the Early Manifestation of Sociability Behavior Among Baganda Infants.” Ethos 2, 3:296–314.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kilbride, Janet E. 1975. “Sitting and Smiling Behavior of Baganda Infants: The Influence of Culturally Constituted Experience.” Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 6: 88–107.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kilbride, Janet E. 1983. “Socialization for High Positive Affect Between Mother and Infant among the Baganda of Uganda.” Ethos 11, 4: 232–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kluckhohn, Clyde and Leighton, Dorothea. 1974. The Navaho (rev. ed. First ed. 1946). Cambridge: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Konner, Melvin J. 1976. “Maternal Care and Infant Behavior and Development among the !Kung,” pp 218–45 in Lee, R. and DeVore, I. (eds.) Kalihari Hunter-Gatherers. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Konner, Melvin J. 1977. “Infancy among the Kalahari Desert San,” pp. 287–328 in Leiderman, P.H., Tulkin, S.R., and Rosenfeld, A. (eds.). Culture and Infancy. New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
La Fontaine, J.S. 1967. “Parricide in Bugisu: A Study in Intergenerational Conflict.” Man (N.S.) 2, 2: 249–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lalèyê, Issiaka P. 1970. La conception de la personne dans la pensée traditionnelle yoruba; approche phénoménologique. Berne: H. Lang et Cie.Google Scholar
Lallemand, Suzanne. 1978. “Le bébé-ancêtre mossi,” pp. 307–16 in Systèmes de signes, textes réunis en hommage à Germaine Dieterlen. Paris: Hermann.Google Scholar
Lebeuf, Annie M.D. 1978. “L'ensevelissement des morts chez les Batéké du Congo,” pp. 317–40 in Systèmes de signes, textes réunis en hommage à Germaine Dieterlen. Paris: Hermann.Google Scholar
Lebeuf, Jean-Paul. 1973. “Personne et système du monde chez les Kotoko,” pp. 373–86 in Colloques Internationaux du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique No. 544: La notion de personne en Afrique noire. Paris: Editions du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique.Google Scholar
Lebigot, Franĉois and Mongeau, André. 1982a. “L'Afrique a des secrets. Questions sur la place de l'ethnographie dans la pratique psychiatrique en Afrique. I—observations commentées de deux malades sénoufo.” Psychopathologie Africaine 18, 1: 5–29.Google Scholar
Lebigot, Franĉois and Mongeau, André. 1982b. “L'Afrique a des secrets. II—La relation interculturelle et l'ethnographie.” Psychopathologie Africaine 18, 1: 31–58.Google Scholar
Lee, Dorothy. 1959. Freedom and Culture. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall.Google Scholar
Lee, S.G. 1950. “Some Zulu Concepts of Psychogenic Disorder.” Journal for Social Research, Pretoria, 1: 9–18.Google Scholar
Leiderman, P.H., Tulkin, S.R., and Rosenfeld, A. (eds.). 1977. Culture and Infancy: Variations in the Human Experience. New York, London: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Leighton, Alexander H., Lambo, T. Adeoye, Hughes, Charles C., Leighton, Dorothea C., Murphy, John M., and Macklin, David B. 1963. Psychiatric Disorder among the Yoruba. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Leiris, Michael. 1934. L'Afrique fantôme. Paris: Gallimard.Google Scholar
Leis, Nancy B. 1982. “The Not-So-Supematural Power of Ijaw Children,” pp. 151–69 in Ortenberg, Simon (ed.) African Religious Groups and Beliefs. Cupertino, CA: Folklore Institute.Google Scholar
Le Moal, Guy. 1973. “Quelques aperĉues sur la notion de personne chez les Bobo,” pp. 193–203 in Colloques Internationaux du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique No. 544: La notion de personne en Afrique noire. Paris: Editions du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique.Google Scholar
Le Moal, Guy. 1981. “Les Activités Religieuses des Jeunes Enfants Chez les Bobo.” Journal des Africanistes 51, 1-2: 235–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lengelo, Guyigisa. 1980. Mukanda, L'école traditionnelle pende. Bandundu: Ceeba Publications, Serie II vol. 59.Google Scholar
LeVine, R.A. Dreams and Deeds: Achievement Motivations in Nigeria. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
LeVine, R.A. 1973. “Patterns of Personality in Africa.” Ethos 1, 2: 123–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
LeVine, R.A. 1980. “Adulthood among the Gusii of Kenya,” pp. 77–104 in Smelser, Neil and Erikson, Erik H. (eds.) Themes of Work and Love in Adulthood. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
LeVine, R.A. 1982. “Gusii Funerals: Meanings of Life and Death in an African Community.” Ethos 10, 1: 26–65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
LeVine, R.A. and LeVine, Barbara B. 1966. Nyansongo: A Gusii Community in Kenya. New York: Wiley.Google Scholar
LeVine, Sarah, in collaboration with LeVine, Robert A. 1979. Mothers and Wives. Gusii Women of East Africa. Chicago:The University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
LeVine, Sarah and LeVine, Robert. 1981. “Child Abuse and Neglect in Sub-Saharan Africa,” pp. 35–55 in Korbin, Jill (ed.) Child Abuse and Neglect. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Levi-Strauss, Claude. 1962. La pensée sauvage. Paris: Plon.Google Scholar
Levy, Robert I. 1974. ‘Tahiti, Sin, and the Integration Between Personality and Sociocultural Systems,” pp. 287–306 in LeVine, Robert A. (ed.) Culture and Personality: Contemporary Readings. Chicago: Aldine.Google Scholar
Lewis, I.M. 1971. Ecstatic ReliĞion. Harmondsworth: Penguin.Google Scholar
Lienhardt, Godfrey. 1961. Divinity and Experience: The Religion of the Dinka. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Lumsden, D. Paul. 1982a. “Enemas and Psychoanalysis in West Africa.” Journal of Psychoanalytic Anthropology 5, 4: 386–403.Google Scholar
Lumsden, D. Paul. 1982b. “Response to Symposium Commentaries.” Journal of Psychoanalytic Anthropology 5, 4: 434–63.Google Scholar
Lusk, Diane and Lewis, M. 1972. “Mother-Infant Interaction and Infant Development among the Wolof of Senegal.” Human Development 15, 1: 58–69.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ly, Boubakar. 1966. L'honneur et les valeurs morales dans les sociétés ouolof et toucouleur du Sénégal. Etude de Sociologie. 3rd cycle doctoral thesis in the Faculty of Letters and Human Sciences, University of Paris.Google Scholar
Mahaniah, Rimpianga. 1977. “Les fonctions religieuses et thérapeutiques du cimetière chez les Kongo du Zaire.” Psychopathologie Africaine 13, 1: 47–70.Google Scholar
Mahaniah, Rimpianga Mahatah. 1979. “L'élément social et thérapeutique des rites funéraires chez les Kongo du Zaire. Psychopathologie Africaine 15, 1: 51–80.Google Scholar
Makang Ma Mbog, Mathias. 1972a. “Délire hallucinatoire et socitété africaine.” Psychopathologie Africaine. 8, 1: 59–73.Google Scholar
Makang Ma Mbog, Mathias. 1972b. “Les funérailles africaines comme psychothérapie des deuils pathologiques.” Psychopathologie Afircaine 8, 2: 201–15.Google Scholar
Makang Ma Mbog, Mathias. 1972c. “Confiance et résistance dans le traitement des maladies en psychopathologie africaine.” Psychologie Africaine 8, 3: 419–24.Google Scholar
Maranhao, Tullio. 1984. “Family Therapy and Anthropology.” Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry 8: 255–79.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Maupoil, B. 1961. La géomancie à L'ancienne Côte des Esclaves (Travaux et Memoires de lInstitut d'Ethnologie no. 42). Paris: Institut d'Ethnologie.Google Scholar
Mead, George Herbert. 1964. George Herbert Mead on Social Psychology. Selected Papers, Edited and with an Introduction by Strauss, Anselm. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mead, Margaret. 1928. Coming of Age in Samoa. New York: William Morrow.Google Scholar
Mead, Margaret. 1930. Growing Up in New Guinea. New York: William Morrow.Google Scholar
Michaux, Didier. 1972. “La démarche thérapeutique du n'doep .” Psychopathologie Africaine 8, 1: 17–57.Google Scholar
Middleton, John. 1973. “The Concept of the Person among the Lugbara of Uganda,” pp. 491–506 in Colloques Internationaux du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique No. 544: La notion de personne en Afrique noire. Paris: Editions du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique.Google Scholar
Minkus, Helaine K. 1980. “The Concept of Spirit in Akwapim Akan Philosophy.” Africa 50, 2: 182–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moore, Sally F. 1972. “Legal liability and evolutionary interpretation: some aspects of strict liability, self-help and collective responsibility,” pp. 51–107 in Gluckman, Max (ed.) The Allocation of Responsibility. Manchester: Manchester University Press.Google Scholar
Moore, Sally F. 1976. “The Secret of the Men: A Fiction of Chagga Initiation and its Relation to the Logic of Chagga Symbolism.” Africa 46, 4: 357–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mudimbe, V.Y. 1974. L'autre face du royaume. Introduction à la critique des langages en folie. Lausanne: L'Age d'Homme.Google Scholar
Mudimbe, V.Y. 1982. L'odeur du père. Essai sur de limites de la science et de la vie en Afrique noire. Paris: Présence Africaine.Google Scholar
Mudimbe, V.Y. 1985. “African Gnosis. Philosophy and the Order of Knowledge.” African Studies Review 28, 2/3 (June-September): 149–233.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Munroe, Robert L. and Munroe, Ruth H. 1977. “Land, Labor, and the Child's Cognitive Performance among the Logoli.” American Ethnologist 4, 2: 309–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Munroe, Robert L., Munroe, Ruth H., and LeVine, Robert A. 1972. “Africa,” pp. 71–120 in Hsu, Francis L. (ed.) Psychological Anthropology. 2nd edition. Cambridge, Mass.: Schenkman Publishing Co.Google Scholar
Munroe, Robert L., Munroe, Ruth H., and Whiting, John W.M. 1981. “Male Sex-Role Resolutions,” pp. 611–32 in Munroe, Ruth H., Munroe, Robert L., and Whiting, Beatrice B. (eds.) Handbook of Cross-Cultural Human Development. New York: Garland STPM Press.Google Scholar
Munroe, Ruth H. and Munroe, Robert L. 1971. “Household Density and Infant Care in an East African Society.” Journal of Social Psychology 83, 1: 3–13.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Munroe, Ruth H. and Munroe, Robert L. 1980. “Infant Experience and Childhood Affect among the Logoli: A Longitudinal Study.” Ethos 8, 4: 295–315.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Munroe, Ruth H., Munroe, Robert L., and Whiting, Beatrice B. 1981. Handbook of Cross-Cultural Human Development. New York: Garland STPM Press.Google Scholar
Murphy, H.B.M. 1978. “The Advent of Guilt Feelings as a Common Depressive Symptom: A Historical Comparison on Two Continents.” Psychiatry 41: 229–41.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Murphy, H.B.M. 1979. “Depression, Witchcraft Beliefs and Super-Ego Development in Pre- Literate Societies.” Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 24, 5: 437–49.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ndaw, Alassane, 1983. La Pensée africaine: Recherches sur les Fondements de la pensée négro-africaine. Dakar: Les Nouvelles Editions Africaines.Google Scholar
Ngubane, Harriet. 1977. Body and Mind in Zulu Medicine. An Ethnography of Health and Disease in Nyuswa-Zulu Thought and Practice. London, New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Nukunya, G.K. 1973. “Some Underlying Beliefs in Ancestor Worship and Mortuary Rites Among the Ewe” pp. 119–30 in Colloques Internationaux du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique No. 544: La notion de personne en Afrique noire. Paris: Editions du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique.Google Scholar
O'Flaherty, Wendy Doniger. 1976. The Origins of Evil in Hindu Mythology. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
O'Flaherty, Wendy Doniger. 1980a. “Inside and Outside the Mouth of God: The Boundary Between Myth and Reality.” Daedalus 109, 2 (Spring): 93–125.Google Scholar
O'Flaherty, Wendy Doniger. 1980b. Women, Androgynes, and Other Mythical Beasts. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Oliver, Symmes C. 1965. “Individuality, Freedom of Choice, and Cultural Flexibility of the Kamba.” American Anthropologist 67: 421–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Olivier de Sardan, J.P. 1973. “Personnalité et structures sociales (à propos des Songhays)” pp. 421–45 in Colloques Internationaux du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique No. 544: La notion de personne en Afrique noire. Paris: Editions du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique.Google Scholar
Ombredane, André. 1957. “Etude Psychotechnique des Baluba: I. Application expérimentale du Test d'Intelligence, Matrix 38 à 485 noirs baluba.” Mémoires, Académie Royale des Sciences Coloniales, Classe des Sciences Morales et Politiques, 6.Google Scholar
Ombredane, André. 1969. L'exploration de la mentalité des noirs. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.Google Scholar
Ortigues, Edmond. 1973. “La théorie de la personalité en psychanalyse et en ethnologie,” pp. 565–71 in Colloques Internationaux du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique No. 544: La notion de personne en Afrique noire. Paris: Editions du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique.Google Scholar
Ortigues, Marie-C. and Ortigues, Edmond. 1966. Oedipe africain. Paris: Plon.Google Scholar
Ortner, Sherry B. and Whitehead, Harriet (eds.). 1981. Sexual Meanings. New York and Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Ottenberg, Simon. 1982a. “Illusion, Communication, and Psychology in West African Masquerades.” Ethos 10, 2: 149–85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ottenberg, Simon. 1982b. “Boys‘ Secret Societies at Afikpo” pp. 170–84 in Ottenberg, Simon (ed.) African Religious Groups and Beliefs. Cupertino, CA: Folklore Institute.Google Scholar
Ottenberg, Simon. n.d. “Oedipus, Gender and Social Solidarity: A Case Study of Male Infancy and Initiation.” Ms. 1984.Google Scholar
Packard, Randall M. 1980. “Social Change and the History of Misfortune among the Bashu of Eastern Zaire,” pp. 237–67 in Karp, Ivan and Bird, Charles S. (eds.) Explorations in African Systems of Thought. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
Paige, Karen Ericksen and Paige, Jeffery M. The Politics of Reproductive Ritual. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Parin, P., Morgenthaler, F. , and Parin-Matthey, G. . 1967. “Considérations psychanalytiques sur le moi de groupe.” Psychopathologie Africaine 3, 2: 207–63.Google Scholar
Parin, P., Morgenthaler, F., and Parin-Matthey, G. 1980. Fear Thy Neighbor as Thyself. Chicago: University of Chicago Press (Original German edition published in 1971).Google Scholar
Parkin, David (ed.). 1982. Semantic Anthropology. A.S.A. Monograph 22. London, New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Paulme, Denise. 1940. Organisation sociale des Dogon. Paris: Domat-Montchrestien.Google Scholar
Phillips, Ruth B. 1978. “Masking in Mende Sande Society Initiation Rituals.” Africa 48, 3: 265–77.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Préneuf, Chantal de. 1969. “L'homme qui fait pleurer les arbres.” Psychopathologie Africaine 5, 3: 395–459.Google Scholar
Price-Williams, D.R. 1969, “A Study Concerning Concepts of Conservation of Quantities among Primitive Children” (originally published 1961), pp. 201–10 in Price-Williams, D.R. (ed.) Cross-Cultural Studies. Harmondsworth, England and Baltimore, Maryland: Penguin Books.Google Scholar
Rabain, Jacqueline. 1979. L'enfant du lignage. Du sevrage à la classe d'âge chez les Wolof du Sénégal. Paris: Payot.Google Scholar
Ramanujan, A.K. 1973. Speaking of Siva. Harmondsworth: Penguin.Google Scholar
Ramanujan, A.K. and Cutler, Norman, 1983. “From Classicism to Bhakti,” pp. 177–214 in Smith, Bardwell (ed.) Essays on Gupta Culture. Columbia, MO: South Asia Books.Google Scholar
Rappaport, Roy A. 1984. Pigs for the Ancestors. Ritual in the Ecology of a New Guinea People. Revised ed. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Raum, O.F. 1940. Chaga Childhood. London: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Read, Margaret. 1960. Children of their Fathers: Growing up among the Ngoni of Nyasaland. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Retschitzki, Jean. 1980. “L'influence des pratiques éducatives sur le rythme du dévelopment cognitif des bébés baoulé de Côte d'Ivoire.” Psychopathologie Africaine 16, 2: 121–42.Google Scholar
Richards, Audrey. 1956. Chisungu: A Girl's Initiation Ceremony Among the Bemba of Northern Rhodesia. London: Faber and Faber.Google Scholar
Riesman, Paul. 1971. “Defying Official Morality: The Example of Man's Quest for Woman Among the Fulani.” Cahiers d'Etudes Africaines 44: 602–13.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Riesman, Paul. 1974. Société et liberté chez les Peul Djelgôbé de Haute-Volta. Essai d'anthropologie introspective. Paris — The Hague: Mouton.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Riesman, Paul. 1975. “The Art of Life in A West African Community: Formality and Spontaneity in Fulani Interpersonal Relationships.” Journal of African Studies 2, 1: 39–63.Google Scholar
Riesman, Paul. 1977. Freedom in Fulani Social Life: An Introspective Ethnography. Translated by Fuller, Martha (from the 1974 French edition). Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Riesman, Paul. 1983. “On the Irrelevance of Child Rearing Methods for the Formation of Personality: An Analysis of Childhood, Personality, and Values in Two African Communities.” Culture, Medicine, and Psychiatry 7: 103–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Riesman, Paul. n.d. “Fieldwork as Initiation and as Therapy.” Paper presented at the AAA annual meeting symposium “Distance and Prejudice in Anthropological Fieldwork and Theorizing,” 4 December 1982, Washington, D.C. Google Scholar
Riviére, Claude. 1980. “Les représentations de l'homme chez les Evé du Togo.” Anthropos 75, 1-2: 7–24.Google Scholar
Rosaldo, Michelle Z. 1980. Knowledge and Passion: Ilongot Notions of Self and Social Life. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rosaldo, Renato. n.d. “While Making Other Plans.” Ms. 1984, 13 pp.Google Scholar
Rouch, Jean. 1957. “Les Maîtres fous.” Film.Google Scholar
Rouch, Jean. 1973. “Essai sur les avatars de la personne du possédé, du magicien, du sorcier, du cinéaste et de l'ethnographe,” pp. 529–44 in Colloques Internationaux du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique No. 544: La notion de personne en Afrique noire. Paris: Editions du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique.Google Scholar
Sachs, Wulf. 1969. Black Anger. New York: Grove Press (first published 1947).Google Scholar
Sahlins, Marshall. 1976. Culture and Practical Reason. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Salamone, Frank A. 1969. “Further Notes on Hausa Culture and Personality.” International Journal of Social Psychiatry 16, 1: 39–44.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sangree, Walter H. n.d. “Spirit Possession Cults in Irigwe, Nigeria: An Indigenous Response to Severe Separation Depression.” Unpublished ms., 1980.Google Scholar
Sapir, Edward. 1965. Culture, Language and Personality. Selected Essays, ed. Mandelbaum, G. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Savage, Charles and Prince, Raymond. 1967. “Depression among the Yoruba,” in Muensterberger, W. and Axelrad, S. (eds.) The Psychoanalytic Study of Society. Volume IV. New York: International Universities Press.Google Scholar
Schneider, Harold K. 1982. “Male-Female Conflict and Lion Men of Singida: pp. 95–109 in Ottenberg, Simon (ed.) African Religious Groups and Beliefs. Cupertino, CA: Folklore Institute.Google Scholar
Schultz, Emily A. (ed.). 1980. Image and Reality in African Interethnic Relations: The Fulbe and Their Neighbors. Williamsburg, VA: Studies in Third World Societies No. 11.Google Scholar
Schurmans, Daniel. 1971. “Significations psychodynamiques et fonctions culturelles des interprétations traditionnelles wolof des maladies mentales.” Psychopathologie Africaine 7, 1: 57–100.Google Scholar
Schurmans, Daniel. 1972. “Le Probléme de l'Oedipe en Afrique.” Psychopathologie Africaine 8, 3: 325–53.Google Scholar
Shostak, Marjorie. 1980. Nisa. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Shweder, Richard A. and LeVine, Robert A. 1975. “Dream Concepts of Hausa Children: A Critique of the ‘Doctrine of Invariant Sequence’ in Cognitive Development.” Ethos 3, 2: 209–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shweder, Richard A. and LeVine, Robert A. (eds.). 1984. Culture Theory. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Smith, Mary. 1955. Baba of Karo. Introduction and Notes by M.G. Smith. New York: Philosophical Library.Google Scholar
Smith, Pierre. 1973. “Principes de la personne et catégoriques sociales,” pp. 467–90 in Colloques Internationaux du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique No. 544: La notion de personne en Afrique noire. Paris: Editions du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique.Google Scholar
Sow, Ibrahim. 1977. Psychiatrie dynamique africaine. Paris: Payot.Google Scholar
Sow, Ibrahim. 1979. “Problems de méthodologie de la recherche en psychologie de l'enfant et de l'adolescent dans les pays non-occidentaux.” Revue de Psychologie Appliquiée 29, 2: 205–13.Google Scholar
Sow, Ibrahim. 1980. Anthropological Structures of Madness in Black Africa. New York: International Universities Press (first published in French 1978).Google Scholar
Stoller, Paul. 1984. “Horrific Comedy: Cultural Resistance and the Hauka Movement in Niger.” Ethos 12, 2: 165–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stoller, Paul. n.d. “In Sorcery's Shadow.” Ms. 1985.Google Scholar
Super, Charles M. 1981. “Behavioral Development in Infancy” pp. 181–270 in Munroe, R.H., Munroe, R.L., and Whiting, B.B. (eds.) Handbook of Cross-Cultural Human Development. New York: Garland Press.Google Scholar
Temples, Placide. 1949. La philosophie bantoue. (Translated from the Dutch by Rubbens, A. First published in 1945). Paris: Présence Africaine.Google Scholar
Thomas, Louis-Vincent. 1968. Cinq essais sur la mort africaine. Dakar: Publications de la Faculté des Lettres et Sciences Humaines, Philosophie et Sciences Sociales No. 3.Google Scholar
Thomas, Louis-Vincent. 1973. “Le pluralisme cohérent de la notion de personne en Afrique noire traditionnelle,” pp. 387–420 in Colloques Internationaux du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique No. 544: La notion de personne en Afrique noire. Paris: Editions du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique.Google Scholar
Thornton, R. 1983. “Narrative Ethnography in Africa 1850-1920: The Creation and Capture of an Appropriate Domain for Anthropology.” Man (N.S.) 18, 3: 502–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Trincaz, Jacqueline. 1975. “Le pouvoir thérapeutique des ba-pena (Casamance). Initiation et pouvoir libérateur.” Psychopathologie Africaine 11, 3: 323–62.Google Scholar
Tshiamalenga, Nt. 1973. “La vision Ntu de l'homme. Essai de philosophie linguistique et anthropologique.” Cahiers des Religions Africaines 7: 176–99.Google Scholar
Turnbull, Colin. 1961. The Forest People. New York: Simon and Schuster.Google Scholar
Turnbull, Colin. n.d. “Music of the Rain Forest Pygmies.” L.P. record. New York: Lyrichord LLST 7157.Google Scholar
Turner, Victor W. 1957. Schism and Continuity in an African Society. Manchester: Manchester University Press.Google Scholar
Turner, Victor W. 1967. The Forest of Symbols. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Turner, Victor W. 1975. Revelation and Divination in Ndembu Ritual. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Turner, Victor W. 1981. The Drums of Affliction. A Study of Religious Processes among the Ndembu of Zambia. Ithaca: Cornell University Press (first published 1968).Google Scholar
Uchendu, Victor C. 1965. The Igbo of Southeastern Nigeria. New York: Holt Rinehart Winston.Google Scholar
van Binsbergen, Wim M.J. 1981. Religious Change in Zambia. Exploratory Studies. London, Boston: Kegan Paul International.Google Scholar
Verdier, R. 1973. “Contribution à l'étude de la notion d'être humain dans la pensée et la société kabré (Togo),” pp. 327–30 in Colloques Intemationaux du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique No. 544: La notion de personne en Afrique noire. Paris: Editions du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique.Google Scholar
Verger, Pierre. 1973. “Notion de personne et lignée familiale chez les Yoruba,” pp. 61–71 in Colloques Intemationaux du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique No. 544: La notion de personne en Afrique noire. Paris: Editions du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique.Google Scholar
Verhaegen, Paul and LaRoche, J.L. 1958. “Some Methodological Considerations Concerning the Study of Aptitudes and the Elaboration of Psychological Tests for African Natives.” Journal of Social Psychology 47: 249–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wagner, Roy. 1981. The Invention of Culture. 2nd ed. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Whiting, J.W.M., Kluckhohn, R., and Anthony, A. 1958. “The Function of Male Initiation Ceremonies at Puberty,” pp. 359–70 in Maccoby, E.E., Newcomb, T.M., and Hartley, E.L. (eds.) Readings in Social Psychology. 3rd ed. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.Google Scholar
Whorf, Benjamin Lee. 1956. Language, Thought and Reality. Cambridge: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Whyte, Susan Reynolds. 1981. “Men, Women and Misfortune in Bunyole.” Man (N.S.) 16, 3: 350–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wober, M. 1969. “Adapting Witkin's Field Independence Theory to Accomodate New Information from Africa” (originally published 1967), pp. 181–95 in Price-Williams, D.R. (ed.) Cross-Cultural Studies. Harmondsworth, England and Baltimore, Maryland: Penguin Books.Google Scholar
Young, F.W. 1965. Initiation Ceremonies. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Menill.Google Scholar
Zahan, Dominique. 1960. Sociétés d'initiation bambara: le Ndomo, le Koré. Paris: Mouton.Google Scholar
Zahan, Dominique. 1963. La dialectique du verbe chez les Bambara. Paris: Mouton.Google Scholar
Zahan, Dominique. 1979. The Religion, Spirituality, and Thought of Traditional Africa. Chicago: The Univertsity of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Zempléni, Andras. 1966. “La demension thérapeutique de culte des rab. Ndöp, Tuuru et Samp. Rites de possession chez les Wolof et les Lébou.” Psychopathologie Africaine 2, 3: 295–439.Google Scholar
Zempléni, Andras. 1967. “Sur l'alliance entre la personne et le rab dans le n'doep.” Psychopathologie Africaine 3, 3: 441–50.Google Scholar
Zempléni, Andras. 1975. “De la persécution à la culpabilité,” pp. 153–218 in Piault, C. (ed.) Prophétisme et thérapeutique. Albert Atcho et la communauté de Bregbo. Paris: Hermann.Google Scholar
Zempléni, Andras and Rabain, Jacqueline. 1965. “L'enfant nit ku bon, un tableau psychopathologique traditionnel chez les Wolof et les Lébou du Sénégal.” Psychopathologie Africaine 1, 3: 329–441. (This essay will be republished in 1985 in La Nouvelle Revue d'Ethnopsychiatrie No 4. Paris: Editions La Pensée Sauvage.)Google Scholar