Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-jn8rn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-22T11:55:51.027Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Peasants and Rural Social Protest in Africa

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  23 May 2014

Allen Isaacman
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

Peasants are an ambiguous social category. They are difficult to define and their political behavior defies most generalizations. Nevertheless, social scientists, many working outside of Africa, have produced a voluminous literature debating both the critical characteristics and the analytical utility of the term peasant.

Some take the view that peasants have been defined so broadly and contradictorily as to render the concept virtually useless and that the notion should either be discarded or referred to only by negation (Dalton, 1972; Hill, 1963; Moore, 1972; Ennew, Hirst, and Tribe, 1977; Friedmann, 1980). Other scholars obviously disagree, having advanced definitions of the essence of peasants and varieties of agrarian change. Culturalists such as Kroeber (1948) and Redfield (1956) highlighted the peasants' folk version of a higher culture. Chayanov (1966) emphasized the demographic cycle of the peasant household, exhibiting a natural pattern of growth and change. Wolf (1966) and Godelier (1973) shifted the focus to the historically derived relationships of domination in which peasants were subsumed. Shanin defined peasants “as a kind of arrangement of humanity” (1973: 76) in which their partial involvement in the market and their partial subordination to the state or appropriating class were their most salient characteristics.

These debates were reproduced within African Studies. Those skeptical that the concept had any analytical value initially prevailed. This position was defended most vigorously in a theoretical essay by Fallers (1961) and in Hill's (1963) masterful work on agrarian change in southern Ghana. As late as 1972, Post noted that “most writers either evade this issue or display analytical uncertainty or forthrightly reject the term [peasant]” (1972: 223).

Type
Articles
Information
African Studies Review , Volume 33 , Issue 2 , September 1990 , pp. 1 - 120
Copyright
Copyright © African Studies Association 1990

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abrams, Philip. 1982 Historical Sociology. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Achebe, Chinua. 1959 Things Fall Apart. Connecticut: Fawcett Crest.Google Scholar
Adam, Richard. 1977 Pre-Historic Meso-America. Boston: Little, Brown.Google Scholar
Adas, M. 1980 “‘Moral Economy’ or ‘Contest State’? Elite Demands and the Origins of Peasant Protest in Southeast Asia,” Journal of Social History 13:521–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Adas, M. 1981 “From Avoidance to Confrontation: Peasant Protest in Pre-Colonial and Colonial Southeast Asia,” Comparative Studies in Society and History 23:217–47.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Adas, M. 1986 “From Footdragging to Flight: The Evasive History of Peasant Avoidance Protest in South and Southeast Asia,” Journal of Peasant Studies 13/2: 64–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Afonja, Simi. 1986 “Land Control: A Critical Factor in Yoruba Gender Stratification.” In Women and Class in Africa, edited by Robertson, C. and Berger, I., 78–81. New York: Holmes and Meier.Google Scholar
Ake, Claude. 1981 A Political Economy of Africa. London: Longman.Google Scholar
Akinjobin, . 1967 Dahomey and Its Neighbors. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Alavi, Hamza. 1973 “Peasant Classes and Primordial Loyalties,” Journal of Peasant Studies 1:23–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alexandrov, Yu G. 1974 “The Peasant Movements of Developing Countries in Asia and North Africa After the Second World War.” In Rural Protest: Peasant Movements and Social Change, edited by Landsberger, Henry A., 351–377. London: Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Allen, William. 1965 The African Husbandman. New York: Barnes and Noble.Google Scholar
Almeida-Topor, Helen d'. 1980 “Une societe paysanne devant la colonisation: La Resistance des Holli du Dahomey (1894-1923).” In Societes paysannes du Tiers Monde, edited by Coquery-Vidrovitch, Catherine, 81–89. Lille: Presses Universitaires de Lille.Google Scholar
Almeida-Topor, Helen d'. 1981 “From Avoidance to Confrontation: Peasant Protest in Pre-Colonial and Colonial Southeast Asia,” Comparative Studies in Society and History 23:217–47.Google Scholar
Almeida-Topor, Helen d'. 1986 “From Footdragging to Flight: The Evasive History of Peasant Avoidance Protest in South and Southeast Asia,” Journal of Peasant Studies 13/2: 64–86.Google Scholar
Afonja, Simi. 1986 “Land Control: A Critical Factor in Yoruba Gender Stratification.” In Women and Class in Africa, edited by Robertson, C. and Berger, I., 78–81. New York: Holmes and Meier.Google Scholar
Ake, Claude. 1981 A Political Economy of Africa. London: Longman.Google Scholar
Akinjobin, . 1967 Dahomey and Its Neighbors. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Alavi, Hamza. 1973 “Peasant Classes and Primordial Loyalties,” Journal of Peasant Studies 1:23–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alexandrov, Yu G. 1974 “The Peasant Movements of Developing Countries in Asia and North Africa After the Second World War.” In Rural Protest: Peasant Movements and Social Change, edited by Landsberger, Henry A., 351–377. London: Macmlllan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Allen, William. 1965 The African Husbandman. New York: Barnes and Noble.Google Scholar
Almeida-Topor, Hélène d'. 1980 “Une société paysanne devant la colonisation: La Résistance des Holli du Dahomey (1894-1923).” In Sociétés paysannes du Tiers Monde, edited by Coquery-Vidrovitch, Catherine, 81–89. Lille: Presses Universitaires de Lille.Google Scholar
Alpers, Edward. 1973 “Rethinking African Economic History,” Ufuhamu 3/3: 97–129.Google Scholar
Alpers, Edward. 1975 Ivory and Slaves: Changing Pattern of International Trade in East Central Africa to the Later Nineteenth Century. Berkeley University of California Press.Google Scholar
Alpers, Edward. 1988 “Representation and Historical Consciousness in the Art of Modern Mozambique,” Canadian Journal of African Studies 22:73–94.Google Scholar
AlRoy, Gil Carl. 1966 The Involvement of Peasants in Internal Wars. Princeton: Princeton University.Google Scholar
AlRoy, Gil Carl. 1967 “The Peasantry in the Cuban Revolution,” Review of Politics 29: 87–99.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Amin, S. 1972 “Underdevelopment and Dependence in Black Africa—Origins and Contemporary Forms,” Journal of Modern African Studies 10/4: 503–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Amselle, J. L. 1978 “La conscience paysanne: la révolte de Ouolosse-bougou (Juin 1968, Mall),” Canadian Journal of African Studies 12/3: 339–55.Google Scholar
Amselle, J. L. 1984 “Socialisme capitalisme et précapitalisme au Mali (1960-1982).” In Contradictions of Accumulation in Africa: Studies in Economy and State, edited by Bernstein, Henry and Campbell, Bonnie K., 249–66. Beverly Hills: Sage.Google Scholar
Anderson, David and Throup, David. 1985 “Africans and Agricultural Production in Colonial Kenya: The Myth of the War as a Watershed,” Journal of African History 26:327–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Apter, David E. 1963 Ghana in Transition. New York: Atheneum.Google Scholar
Ardener, E. 1975 “Belief and the Problem of Women.” In Perceiving Women, edited by Ardener, S. 1–17. New York: Wiley.Google Scholar
Aregay, Merid. 1984 “Millenarian Traditions and Peasant Movements in Ethiopia, 1500-1855.” In Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference of Ethiopian Studies, edited by Rubenson, Sven, 257–262. Addis Ababa, East Lansing and Uppsala.Google Scholar
Arhin, Kwame. 1983 “Peasants in Nineteenth-Century Asante,” Current Anthroplogy 24/4: 471–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Armah, Ay Kwei. 1979 Two Thousand Seasons. Chicago: Third World Press.Google Scholar
Arnold, David. 1984 “Gramsci and Peasant Subalternity in India,” Journal of Peasant Studies 11/4: 155–77.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arrighi, G. 1970 “Labor Supplies in Historical Perspective: A Study of the Proletarianization of the African Peasantry in Rhodesia,” Journal of Development Studies 6:197–235.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Asad, Talal, ed. 1973 Anthropology and the Colonial Encounter. Atlantic Highlands: Humanities.Google Scholar
Asiwaju, A. I. 1976 “Migrations as Revolt: The Example of the Ivory Coast and the Upper Volta Before 1945,” Journal of African History 17:577–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Atleno-Odhiambo, E. S. 1972 “The Rise and Decline of the Kenyan Peasant, 1880-1992,” East African Journal 9:11–15.Google Scholar
Atleno-Odhiambo, E. S. 1974 “The Rise and Decline of the Kenyan Peasant, 1888-1892.” In The Paradox of Collaboration and Other Essays, edited by Atieno-Odhiambo, E. S., 90–102. Nairobi: East African Literature Bureau.Google Scholar
Austen, Ralph. 1986 “Social Bandits and Other Heroic Criminals: Western Models of Resistance and Their Relevance to Africa.” In Banditry, Rebellion and Social Protest in Africa, edited by Crummey, Donald, 89–108. Portsmouth: Heinemann.Google Scholar
Austen, Ralph. 1987 African Economic History: Internal Development and External Dependency. Portsmouth: Heinemann.Google Scholar
Austen, Ralph and Headrick, Rita. 1983 “Equatorial Africa Under Colonial Rule.” In History of Central Africa, edited by Birmingham, David and Martin, Phyllis, 27–94. London: Longman.Google Scholar
Austin, Gareth. 1988 “Capitalists and Chiefs in the Cocoa Hold-Ups in South Asante, 1927-1938,” International Journal of African Historical Studies 21/1: 63–95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ayrout, Henry Habib. 1963 The Egyptian Peasant. Boston: Beacon Press.Google Scholar
Balandier, Georges. 1965 Sociologie actuelle de l'Afrique Noire. Paris: Presse Universitaires de France.Google Scholar
Balandier, Georges. 1966 “The Colonial Situation: A Theoretical Approach.” In Social Change: The Colonial Situation, edited by Wallerstein, Immanuel M., 34–62. New York: John Wiley and Sons.Google Scholar
Balandier, Georges. 1968 Daily Life in the Kingdom of the Kongo: Sixteenth to Eighteenth Century London: Allen & Unwin.Google Scholar
Ballard, Charles. 1986 “The Repercussions of Rinderpest: Cattle Plague and Peasant Decline in Colonial Natal,” International Journal of African Historical Studies 19/3: 421–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barber, Karin. 1986 “The Popular Arts in Africa.” Paper commissioned by ACLS-SSRC Africa Committee and presented at African Studies Association Meeting, Madison, Wisconsin.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barber, Karin. 1987 “Popular Arts in Africa,” African Studies Review 30/3: 1–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barnes, J. A. 1954 Politics in a Changing Society. London: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Barnett, Don. 1973 Peasant Types and Revolutionary Potential in Colonial Africa. Richmond: LSM Press.Google Scholar
Barnett, Don and Njama, Kararl. 1966 Mau Mau From Within. New York: Monthly Review Press.Google Scholar
Bassett, Thomas. 1988 “The Development of Cotton in Northern Ivory Coast, 1910-1965,” Journal of African History 29/1: 267–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bates, Robert H. 1987a Essays on the Political Economy of Rural Africa. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Bates, Robert H. 1987b “The Agrarian Origins of Mau-Mau: A Structural Account,” Agricultural History. 61/1: 1–28.Google Scholar
Bauer, Raymond and Bauer, Alice. 1942 “Day to Day Resistance to Slavery,” Journal of Negro History 27/4: 388–419.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Basin, J. and Terray, E., eds. 1982 Guerres de lignages et guerres d'états en Afrique. Paris: Editions des Archives Contemporaines.Google Scholar
Beer, C. E. F. 1976 The Politics of Peasant Groups in Western Nigeria. Ibadan: Ibadan University Press.Google Scholar
Beer, C. and Williams, G. 1975 “The Politics of the Ibadan Peasantry,” The African Review 5/3: 235–56.Google Scholar
Beinart, William. 1980 “Production and the Material Basis of Chieftainship: Pondoland c. 1830-1880.” In Economy and Society in Pre-Industrial South Africa, edited by Marks, Shula and Atmore, Anthony, 120–46. London: Longman.Google Scholar
Beinart, William. 1981 “Conflict in Qumbu: Rural Consciousness, Ethnicity and Violence in the Colonial Transkei, 1880-1913,” Journal of Southern African Studies 8:94–122.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beinart, William. 1982 The Political Economy of Pondoland 1860-1930. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beinart, William. 1989 “Introduction: The Politics of Colonial Conservation,” Journal of Southern African Studies 15: 145–162.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beinart, William and Bundy, Colin. 1980 “State Intervention and Rural Resistance: The Transkei, 1900-1965.” In Peasants in Africa, edited by Klein, Martin A., 271–316. Beverly Hills: Sage Publications.Google Scholar
Beinart, William and Bundy, Colin. 1987 Hidden Struggles in Rural South Africa. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Beinart, William, Delius, Peter and Trapido, Stanley, eds. 1986 Putting a Plough to the Ground. Johannesburg: Ravan Press.Google Scholar
Beqiraj, Mehmet. 1966 Peasantry in Revolution. Ithaca: Center for International Studies, Cornell University.Google Scholar
Berg, Gerald. 1981 “Riziculture and the Founding of Monarchy in Imerina,” Journal of African History 22/3: 289–308.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berger, I. 1981 Religion and Resistance: East African Kingdoms in the Pre-Colonial Period. Tervuren: Musée Royale de l'Afrique Centrale.Google Scholar
Berger, John. 1979 Pig Earth. New York: Pantheon.Google Scholar
Berman, B. and Lonsdale, J. 1980. “Crises of Accumulation, Coercion and the Colonial State: The Development of the Labor Control System in Kenya, 1919-1929,” Canadian Journal of African Studies 14/1: 37–54.Google Scholar
Bernstein, Henry. 1977 “Notes on Capital and Peasantry,” Review of African Political Economy 10:60–73.Google Scholar
Bernstein, Henry. 1979 “African Peasantries: A Theoretical Framework,” Journal of Peasant Studies 6/4: 421–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bernstein, Henry. 1985 “Agrarian Crises in Africa and Neo-Classical Populism,” University of London: Postgraduate Seminar on Peasants, paper presented.Google Scholar
Bernstein, Henry. 1988 “Capitalism and Petty-Bourgeois Production: Class Relations and Divisions of Labour,” Journal of Peasant Studies 15/2 258–271.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bernstein, Henry and Depelchin, J. 1978–1979 “The Object of African History: A Materialist Perspective,” History in Africa 5:1-19, 6:17–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berry, Sara S. 1974 “The Concept of Innovation and the History of Cocoa Farming in Western Nigeria,” Journal of African History 15/1: 83–95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berry, Sara S. 1975 Cocoa, Custom and Socio-Economic Change in Rural Western Nigeria. London: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Berry, Sara S. 1984a “Oil and the Disappearing Peasantry: Accumulation, Differentiation and Underdevelopment in Western Nigeria,” African Economic History 13:1–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berry, Sara S. 1984b “The Food Crisis and Agrarian Change in Africa: A Review Essay,” African Studies Review 27/2: 59–112.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berry, Sara S. 1985 Fathers Work for Their Sons: Accumulation. Mobility and Class Formation in an Extended Yoruba Community. Berkeley: University of California Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bessant, Leslie. n.d. “History of Peasants and History by Peasants: The Chiweshe Reserve, Colonial Zimbabwe, 1935-1965,” unpublished manuscript.Google Scholar
Biebuyck, Daniel, ed. 1963 African Agrarian Systems. London: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Birmingham, David. 1978 “The Coffee Barons of Cazengo,” Journal of African History 19/4: 523–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blackey, Robert H. 1974 “Fanon and Cabral: A Contrast in Theories of Revolution for Africa,” Journal of Modem African Studies 12/2: 191–209.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blassingame, John. 1972 The Slave Community: Plantation Life in the Antebellum South. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Blickle, Peter. 1981 The Revolution of 1525: The German Peasants War From a New Perspective. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Bloch, Marc L. 1966 French Rural History. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.Google Scholar
Blok, Anton. 1969 “Mafia and Peasant Rebellion as Contrasting Factors in Sicilian Latifundism,” European Journal of Sociology 10: 95–116.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blok, Anton. 1972 “The Peasant and the Brigand: Social Banditry Reconsidered,” Comparative Studies in Society and History 14:494–503.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boahen, A., ed. 1985 UNESCO History of Africa, vol. 7. Berkeley: University of California.Google Scholar
Boeder, Robert B. 1973 “The Effects of Labor Migration in Rural Life in Malawi,” Rural Africana 20: 37–46.Google Scholar
Boesen, Jannik. 1979 “On Peasantry and the ‘Modes of Production’ Debate,” Review of African Political Economy 15/16: 154–61.Google Scholar
Boesen, Laura. 1953 The Tiv of Central Nigeria. London: International African Institute.Google Scholar
Bohannan, Paul. 1954a The Farm and Settlement. London: H.M.S.O.Google Scholar
Bohannan, Paul. 1954b “The Migration and Expansion of the Tiv,” Africa 24/1: 2–16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bohannan, Paul. 1958 “Extra-Processual Events in Two Political Institutions,” American Anthropologist 60:1–12.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bohannan, Paul. 1959 “The Impact of Money on an African Subsistence Economy,” Journal of Economic History 19:491–503.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bonner, Philip. 1977 “Classes, the Mode of Production and the State In Pre-Colonial Swaziland,” Manchester History Seminar: unpublished paper.Google Scholar
Bonner, Philip. 1983 Kings, Commoners and Concessionaires: The Evolution and Dissolution of the Nineteenth-Century Swazi State. Johannesburg: Ravan Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boserup, E. 1965 The Conditions of Agricultural Growth: The Economics of Agrarian Change Under Population Pressure. Chicago: Aldine.Google Scholar
Boserup, E. 1970 Woman's Role in Economic Development. London: Allen and Unwin.Google Scholar
Botte, Roger. 1974 “Processus de formation d'une classe sociale dans une société africaine précapitaliste,” Cahiers d'études africaines 14/1: 605–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bourdieu, P. 1977 Outline of a Theory of Practice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bowman, Joye. 1987 “‘Legitimate Commerce’ and Peanut Production in Portuguese Guinea, 1840's-1880's,” Journal of African History 28/1: 87–106.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boyte, Harry. 1989 Commonwealth: A Return to Citizen Politics. New York: Free Press.Google Scholar
Bozzoli, Belinda. 1983a “Marxism, Feminism and South African Studies,” Journal of Southern African Studies 9/2: 139–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bozzoli, Belinda. 1983b Town and Countryside in the Transvaal. Johannesburg: Ravan Press.Google Scholar
Bozzoli, Belinda. 1987 Class, Community and Conflict. Johannesburg: Ravan Press.Google Scholar
Bozzoli, Belinda. 1987 Conversations and Consciousness: Life Stories of Women of Phokeng. Portsmouth: Heinemann. Forthcoming.Google Scholar
Bradbury, R. E. 1964 “The Historical Uses of Comparative Ethnography with Special Reference to Benin and Yoruba.” In The Historian in Tropical Africa, edited by Vansina, Jan, et al, 145–64. London: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Bradford, Helen. 1983 “A Taste of Freedom: Capitalist Development and Response to the ICU in the Transvaal Countryside.” In Town and Countryside in the Transvaal, edited by Bozzoli, Belinda, 128–50. Johannesburg: Ravan Press.Google Scholar
Bradford, Helen. 1987 A Taste of Freedom: The ICU in Rural South Africa 1926-1930. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Bragança, Aquino de, and Wallerstein, Immanuel, eds. 1982 The African Liberation Reader, vol. 2: The National Liberation Movements. London: Zed Press.Google Scholar
Brantley, Cynthia. 1981 The Giriama and Colonial Resistance in Kenya, 1800-1920. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Braudel, Fernand. 1972 The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II, 2 vols. New York: Harper and Row.Google Scholar
Braudel, Fernand. 1973 Capitalism and Material Life, 1400-1800. New York: Harper and Row.Google Scholar
Brenner, Robert. 1977 “The Origins of Capitalist Development: A Critique of Neo-Smithian Marxism,” New Left Review 104:25–92.Google Scholar
Brenner, Robert. 1986 “The Social Basis of Economic Development.” In Analytical Marxism, edited by Roemer, John, 23–53. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Brett, E. A. 1973 Colonialism and Underdevelopment in East Africa. London: Heinemann.Google Scholar
Brooks, George E. 1975 “Peanuts and Colonialism: Consequences of the Commercialization of Peanuts in West Africa, 1830-1870,” Journal of African History 16/1: 29–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brunschwig, H. 1974 “De la Resistance Africalne à l'Imperialisme européen,” Journal of African History 15/1: 47–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bryceson, Deborah Fahy. 1980a “The Proletarianization of Women in Tanzania,” Review of African Political Economy 17:4–27.Google Scholar
Bryceson, Deborah Fahy. 1980b “Changes in Peasant Food Production and Food Supply in Relation to the Historical Development of Commodity Production in Pre-Colonial and Colonial Tanganyika,” Journal of Peasant Studies 7/3: 281–311.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bryceson, Deborah Fahy. 1982a “Peasant Commodity Production in Post-Colonial Tanzania,” African Affairs 81: 547–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bryceson, Deborah Fahy. 1982b “‘The Tepid Backwater”: Bagamoyo District and Its Marginal Commodity Production Within the Tanganyika Colonial Economy, 1919-1961,” Transafrican Journal of History 11:1–25.Google Scholar
Bryceson, Deborah Fahy and Mbilinyi, Marjorie. 1978 “The Changing Role of Tanzanian Women in Production: From Peasants to Proletarians,” Bralup Service Paper. University of Dar-es-Salaam.Google Scholar
Buch-Hansen, Mogens and Marcussen, Henrick Secher. 1982 “Contract Farming and the Peasantry: Cases From Western Kenya,” Review of African Political Economy 23:9–36.Google Scholar
Buijtenhuijs, Robert. 1971 Le mouvement “Mau-Mau”: Une révolte paysanne et anti-coloniale en Afrique Noire. The Hague: Mouton.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Buijtenhuijs, Robert. 1978 Le Fronlinat et les révoltes populaires du Tchad, 1965-1976. The Hague: Mouton.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bukh, J. 1979 The Village Women in Ghana. Uppsala: Scandinavian Institute of African Studies.Google Scholar
Bullock, R. A. 1974 “Subsistence to Cash: Economic Change in Rural Kiambu,” Cahiers d'Etudes Africaines 56: 699–714.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bundy, Colin. 1972 “The Emergence and Decline of a South African Peasantry,” African Affairs 71: 369–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bundy, Colin. 1977 “The Transkei Peasantry, c. 1890-1914: ‘Passing Through a Period of Stress’.” In The Roots of Rural Poverty in Central and Southern Africa, edited by Palmer, and Parsons, , 201–220. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Bundy, Colin. 1979 The Rise and Fall of the South African Peasantry. Los Angeles: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Bundy, Colin. 1984 “Land and Liberation: The South African National Liberation Movements and the Agrarian Question, 1920s-1960s,” Review of African Political Economy 29:14–29.Google Scholar
Bunker, Stephen. 1982 “Property, Protest and Politics in Bugisu, Uganda.” Paper presented at Symposium on Rebellion and Social Protest, University of Illinois, Urbana.Google Scholar
Bunker, Stephen. 1986 “Property, Protest and Politics in Bugisu, Uganda.” In Banditry, Rebellion and Social Protest in Africa, edited by Crummey, Donald, 271–291. Portsmouth: Heinemann.Google Scholar
Burawoy, Michael. 1979 Manufacturing Consent: Changes in the Labor Process Under Monopoly Capitalism. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Burawoy, Michael. 1985 The Politics of Production: Factory Regimes Under Capitalism and Socialism. London: Verso.Google Scholar
Burnham, Philip and Christensen, Thomas. 1983 “Karnu's Message and the ‘War of the Hoe Handle’: Interpreting a Central African Resistance Movement,” Africa 53/4:3–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cabral, Amilcar. 1974a Return to the Source: Selected Speeches. New York: Monthly Review Press.Google Scholar
Cabral, Amilcar. 1974b Revolution in Guinea: An African People's Struggle. London: Stage 1.Google Scholar
Cabral, Amilcar. 1980 Unity and Struggle: Speeches and Writings. London: Heinemann.Google Scholar
Campbell, Gwyn. 1988 “Slavery and Fanompoana: The Structure of Forced Labour in Imerina (Madascar), 1790-1861,” Journal of African History 29/3: 463–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cardoso, Ciro. 1979 “A Brecha Camponesa no Sistema Escravita,” Agricultura, Escrividao e Capitalismo. Petropolis.Google Scholar
Carlsen, John. 1980 Economic and Social Transformation in Rural Kenya. Uppsala: Scandinavian Institute of African Studies.Google Scholar
Carney, Judith. 1988a “Struggles Over Land and Crops in an Irrigated Rice Scheme.” In Agriculture, Women and Land: The African Experience, edited by Davison, Jean, 59–78. Boulder: Westview Press.Google Scholar
Carney, Judith. 1988b “Struggles Over Crop Rights and Labour Within Contract Farming Households in a Gambian Irrigated Rice Project,” Journal of Peasant Studies 15/3: 334–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Caulk, Richard. 1984 “Bad Men of the Borders: Shum and Shefta in Northern Ethiopia in the Nineteenth Century.” International Journal of African Historical Studies 17: 201–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Centro de Estudos Africanos, Oficina de Historia. 1983 “Editorial,” Nao Vamos Esquercer 1:3–5.Google Scholar
Chabal, Patrick. 1983 Amilcar Cabral: Revolutionary Leadership and People's War. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Chaliand, Gerard. 1969 Armed Struggle in Africa. New York: Monthly Review Press.Google Scholar
Chaliand, Gerard. 1978 Revolution in the Third World: Myths and Prospects. New York: Penguin.Google Scholar
Chanock, Martin. 1982 “Making Customary Law: Men, Women and Courts in Northern Rhodesia.” In African Women and the Law, edited by Hay, Margaret Jean and Wright, Marcia, 53–67. Boston: Boston University Press.Google Scholar
Chanock, Martin. 1985 Law, Custom and Social Order: The Colonial Experience in Malawi and Zambia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Chauveau, Jean-Pierre. 1980 “Agricultural Production and Social Formation: The Baule Region of Toumodi-Kakumbo in Historical Perspective.” In Peasants in Africa, edited by Klein, Martin A., 143–76. Beverly Hills: Sage.Google Scholar
Chayanov, A. V. 1966 The Theory of Peasant Economy. Homeward: Irwin.Google Scholar
Chesneaux, Jean. 1973 Peasant Revolts in China, 1940-1949. London: Thames and Hudson.Google Scholar
Chilcote, Ronald, ed. 1972 Protest and Resistance in Angola and Brazil. Los Angeles: University of California Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chipungu, Samuel. 1981 “African Production in Mazabuka District: The Development of Subordination, 1900-1953,” Zambian Land and Labour Studies: 32–43.Google Scholar
Chipungu, Samuel. 1982 “Class Formation and Class Stuggle in Mazabuka District, Colonial Rule [sic],” unpublished paper.Google Scholar
Chipungu, Samuel. 1986 “Locusts, Peasants, Settlers and the State in Northern Rhodesia (Zambia), 1929-1940,” Transafrican Journal of History 15:54–80.Google Scholar
Chipungu, Samuel. 1987 “The State, Technology and Peasant Differentiation in Zambia,” Ph.D. diss., University of Minnesota.Google Scholar
Chodak, Szymon. 1969 African Peasantry: A Sociological Concept. Dar-es-Salaam: University College.Google Scholar
Chodak, Szymon. 1971 “The Birth of an African Peasantry,” Canadian Journal of African Studies 5: 327–47.Google Scholar
Chrétien, Jean Pierre. 1972 “La Révolte de Ndungutse (1912) forces traditionnelles et pression coloniale au Rwanda allemand,” Revue française d'histoire d'Outre-Mer 59/4: 645–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clarence-Smith, W. G. 1979a “Slaves, Commoners and Landlords in Bulozi c. 1875-1906,” Journal of African History 20/2: 219–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clarence-Smith, W. G. 1979b Slaves, Peasants and Capitalists in Southern Angola, 1840-1926. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Clarence-Smith, W. G. 1985 “Thou Shalt Not Articulate Modes of Production.” In Modes of Production: The Challenge to Africa, edited by Jewsiewicki, B. and Letourneau, J., 19–22. Quebec: ACGA.Google Scholar
Clarence-Smith, W. G. and Moorsom, R. 1975 “Underdevelopment and Class Formation in Ovamboland, 1845-1915,” Journal of African History 16: 365–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clarke, Julian. 1980 “Peasantization and Landholding: A Nigerian Case Study.” In Peasants in Africa, edited by Klein, Martin A., 177–200. Beverly Hills; Sage.Google Scholar
Clarke, Julian. 1981 “Households and the Political Economy of Small-Scale Cash Crop Production in South-Western Nigeria,” Africa 51/3: 807–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cliffe, Lionel. 1972 “Nationalism and the Reaction of Enforced Agricultural Change In Tanganyika During the Colonial Period.” In Socialism in Tanzania, edited by Cliffe, Lionel and Saul, John, 17–24. Dar-es-Salaam: East African Printing House.Google Scholar
Cliffe, Lionel. 1976 “Rural Political Economy of Africa.” In The Political Economy of Contemporary Africa, edited by Gutkind, P. and Wallerstein, I., 112–30. Beverly Hills: Sage.Google Scholar
Cliffe, Lionel. 1977 “Rural Class Formation in East Africa,” Journal of Peasant Studies 4/2: 195–224.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cliffe, Lionel. 1978 Labour Migration and Peasant Differentiation: The Zambian Experiences,” Journal of Peasant Studies 5: 326–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cliffe, Lionel and Moorsom, Richard. 1979 “Rural Class Formation and Ecological Collapse in Botswana,” Review of African Political Economy 15/16: 35–52.Google Scholar
Cliffe, Lionel, Luttrell, W. L., and Moore, J. E. 1975 “The Development Crises in the Western Usambaras.” In Rural Cooperation in Tanzania, edited by Cliffe, Lionel, et al, 145–73. Dar-es-Salam; Tanzania Publishing House.Google Scholar
Clifford, James. 1987 The Predicament of Culture: Twentieth-Century Ethnography, Literature and Art. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Cloud, Kathleen. 1986 “Sex Roles in Food Production and Distribution Systems in the Sahel.” In Women Farmers in Africa, edited by Creevey, Lucy, 19–51. Syracuse: Syracuse University Press.Google Scholar
Coatsworth, J. n.d. “Patterns of Rural Rebellion in Latin America: Mexico in Comparative Perspective,” unpublished manuscript.Google Scholar
Cock, J. 1984 Maids and Madams: A Study in the Politics of Exploitation. Johannesburg: Ravan.Google Scholar
Cohen, Abner. 1969 Custom and Politics in Urban Africa: A Study of Hausa Migrants in Yoruba Towns. Berkeley: University of California Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cohen, David. 1972 The Historical Tradition of Busoga, Mukatia and Kintu. London: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Cohen, David and Atieno-Odhiambo, E. S. 1989 Siaya: The Historical Anthropology of an African Landscape. London: James Currey.Google Scholar
Cohen, John. 1974 “Ethiopia: A Survey on the Existence of a Feudal Peasantry,” Journal of Modern African Studies 12/4: 665–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cohen, John and Weintraub, Dov. 1975 Land and Peasants in Imperial Ethiopia, Assen: Van Gorcum and Co.Google Scholar
Cohen, Robin. 1976 “From Peasants to Workers in Africa.” In The Political Economy of Contemporary Africa, edited by Gutkind, P. and Wallerstein, I., 155–68. Beverly Hills: Sage.Google Scholar
Cohen, Robin. 1980 “Resistance and Hidden Forms of Consciousness Among African Workers,” Review of African Political Economy 19: 8–22.Google Scholar
Coleman, James S. 1958 Nigeria: Background to Nationalism. Berkeley: University of California Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Comaroff, Jean. 1985 Body of Power, Spirit of Resistance: The Culture and History of a South African People. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Comaroff, John, ed. 1980a Meaning of Marriage Payments. New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Comaroff, John. 1978 “Rules and Rulers. Political Processes in a Tswana Chiefdom,” Man 13/1:1–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Comaroff, John. 1980b “Class and Culture in a Peasant Economy: The Transformation of Land Tenure in Barolong,” Journal of African Law 24: 85–113.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Comaroff, John. 1982 “Dialectical Systems, History and Anthropology: Units of Study and Questions of Theory,” Journal of African Studies 8: 143–72.Google Scholar
Comaroff, John. 1984 “The Closed Society and Its Critics: Historical Transformations in African Ethnography,” American Ethnologist 11/3: 571–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Comaroff, John. 1987 “Sui Genderis: Feminism, Kinship Theory and Structural ‘Domains’.” In Gender and Kinship Theory, edited by Collier, J. and Yanagisako, S., 53–85. Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Comaroff, John and Comaroff, Jean. 1987 “The Madman and the Migrant: Work and Labor in the Historical Consciousness of a South African People,” American Ethnologist 14/2: 191–209.Google Scholar
Comaroff, John and Comaroff, Jean. 1989 “The Colonization of Consciousness in South Africa,” Economy and Society 18/3: 267–95.Google Scholar
Connah, Graham. 1987 African Civilizations, Pre-Colonial Cities and States in Tropical Africa: An Archaeological Perspective. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Cooper, Frederick. 1977 Plantation Slavery on the East Coast of Africa. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Cooper, Frederick. 1979 “The Problem of Slavery In African Studies,” Journal of African History 20/1: 103–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cooper, Frederick. 1980 From Slaves to Squatters: Plantation Labor and Agriculture in Zanzibar and Coastal Kenya, 1890-1925. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Cooper, Frederick. 1981a “Africa and the World Economy,” African Studies Review 24/3: 1–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cooper, Frederick. 1981b “Peasants, Capitalists and Historians,” Journal of Southern African Studies 7/2: 284–314.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cooper, Frederick. 1988 “Mau-Mau and the Discourses of Decolonization,” Journal of African History 29/2: 313–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Copans, Jean. 1978 “Paysannerie et politique au Sénégal,” Cahiers d'études africaines 18: 241–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Copans, Jean. 1980 “From Senegambia to Senegal: The Evolution of Peasantries.” In Peasants in Africa, edited by Klein, Martin A., 77–104. Beverly Hills: Sage.Google Scholar
Coplan, David. 1987 “Eloquent Knowledge: Lesotho Migrants' Songs and the Anthropology of Experience,” American Ethnologist 14/3: 413–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coquery-Vidrovitch, Catherine, ed. 1980b Sociétés Paysannes du Tiers Monde. Lille: Presses Universitaires de Lille.Google Scholar
Coquery-Vidrovitch, Catherine. 1972a Le Congo au temps des grandes compagnies concessionaires, 1898-1900. Paris: Mouton and Co.Google Scholar
Coquery-Vidrovitch, Catherine. 1972b “Research on an African Mode of Production.” In Perspectives on the African Past, edited by Klein, M. and Johnson, G., 33–51. Boston: Little, Brown.Google Scholar
Coquery-Vidrovitch, Catherine. 1976a “Changes in African Studies in France.” In African Studies Since 1945, edited by Fyfe, Christopher. London: Longman.Google Scholar
Coquery-Vidrovitch, Catherine. 1976b “The Political Economy of the African Peasantry and Modes of Production.” In The Political Economy of Contemporary Africa, edited by Gutkind, P. and Wallerstein, I., 90–111. Beverly Hills: Sage.Google Scholar
Coquery-Vidrovitch, Catherine. 1980a “Les Paysans Africains: Permanences et Mutations.” In Sociétés Paysannes du Tiers Monde, edited by Coqery-Vidrovitch, Catherine, 25–40. Lille: Presses Universitaires de Lille.Google Scholar
Coquery-Vidrovitch, Catherine. 1985 Afrique Noire: Permanences et Ruptures. Paris: Editions Payot.Google Scholar
Coquery-Vidrovitch, Catherine. 1988 Africa: Endurance and Change South of the Sahara. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Coquery-Vidrovitch, Catherine. 1989 “Process of Urbanization in Africa.” ACLS-SSRC commissioned paper presented at the 1989 African Studies Association, Atlanta.Google Scholar
Cordell, Dennis. 1985 Dar al Kuti: Slave Raiding and the Last Years of the Trans-Saharan Slave Trade. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.Google Scholar
Cordell, Dennis and Gregory, Joel. 1982 “Labour Reservoirs and Population: French Colonial Strategies in Koudougo, Upper Volta, 1914-1939,” Journal of African History 23/2: 205–244.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cournanel, Alain. 1984 “Economie Politique de la Guinea (1958-1981).” In Contradictions of Accumulation in Africa, edited by Bernstein, Henry and Campbell, Bonnie K., 207–48. Beverly Hills: Sage.Google Scholar
Cowen, M. 1981 “Commodity Production in Kenya's Central Province.” In Rural Development in Tropical Africa, edited by Heyer, J., Roberts, P. and Williams, G., 121–42. New York: St. Martin's Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fernyhough, Terry. 1986 “Social Mobility and Dissident Elites In Northern Ethiopia: The Role of Banditry.” In Banditry, Rebellion and Social Protest in Africa, edited by Crummey, Donald, 151–72. Portsmouth: Heinemann.Google Scholar
Fields, Karen. 1985 Revival and Rebellion in Colonial Central Africa. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
First, Ruth. 1983 Black Gold: The Mozambican Miner, Proletarian and Peasant. New York: St. Martin's Press.Google Scholar
Firth, R. 1954 “Social Organization and Social Change,” Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 84: 1–20.Google Scholar
Fogg, C. Davis. 1971 “Smallholder Agriculture in Eastern Nigeria.” In Economic Development and Social Change, edited by Dalton, George. Garden City: Natural History Press.Google Scholar
Folbre, Nancy. 1986 “Hearts and Spades: Paradigms of Household Economies,” World Development 14/2: 245–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ford, John. 1971 The Role of Trypanosomiases in African Ecology: A Study of the TseTse Fly Problem. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Forrest, Joshua B. 1982 “Defining African Peasants,” Peasant Studies 9/4: 242–49.Google Scholar
Fortes, Meyer. 1945 The Dynamics of Clanship Among the Tallensi. London: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Fortes, Meyer. 1953 “The Structure of Unilineal Descent Groups,” American Anthropologist 55/1:17–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fortes, Meyer and Evans-Pritchard, E. E. 1940 African Political Systems. London: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Fox, Renée C., de Craemer, Willy and Ribeaucurt, Jean-Marie. 1965 “‘The Second Independence’: A Case Study of the Kwilu Rebellion in the Congo,” Comparative Studies in Society and History 8/1: 78–110.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Freund, Bill. 1984a “Labor and Labor History in Africa: A Review of the Literature,” African Studies Review 27/2: 1–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Freund, Bill. 1984b The Making of Contemporary Africa. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Freund, Bill. 1986 “Theft and Social Protest Among Tin Miners of Northern Nigeria.” In Banditry, Rebellion and Social Protest in Africa, edited by Crummey, Donald, 48–61. Portsmouth: Heinemann.Google Scholar
Freund, Bill and Shenton, R. W. 1977 “‘Vent-For-Surplus’ Theory and the Economic History of West Africa,” Savanna 6/2: 191–96.Google Scholar
Freyhold, Michaela von. 1979 Ujamaa Villages in Tanzania. New York: Monthly Review Press.Google Scholar
Friedmann, Harriet. 1980 “Household Production and the National Economy: Concepts of the Analysis of Agrarian Formations,” Journal of Peasant Studies 7/2: 158–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fuglestad, Finn. 1983 A History of Niger 1850-1960. London: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Furedi, Frank. 1974 “The Social Composition of the Mau Mau Movement in the White Highlands,” Journal of Peasant Studies 1/4: 486–505.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gahama, Joseph. 1983 Le Burundi sous l'administration Belge: La periode du Mandat. Paris: Karathalag.Google Scholar
Gamst, F. C. 1970 “Peasantries and Elites Without Urbanism. The Civilization of Ethiopia,” Comparative Studies in Society and History 12/4: 373–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Garcia, Luc. 1970 “Les Mouvements de Résistance au Dahomey (1914-1917),” Cahiers d'Etudes Africaines 37:144–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Garlake, Peter. 1978 “Pastoralism and Zimbabwe,” Journal of African History 19/4: 479–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Geertz, C. 1963 Agricultural Involution: The Process of Ecological Change in Indonesia. Berkeley: University of California Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Geiger, Susan. 1982 “Umoja Wa Wanawake Wa Tanzania and the Needs of the Rural Poor,” African Studies Review 25/2/3: 45–65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Geiger, Susan. 1986 “Women's Life Histories, Method and Content,” Signs 11/2: 334–51.Google Scholar
Geiger, Susan. 1987 “Women in Nationalist Struggles: TANU Activists in Dar-es-Salaam,” International Journal of African Historical Studies 20/1: 1–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Genovese, Eugene. 1974 Roll, Jordan Roll. New York: Vintage.Google Scholar
Gibbon, Peter and Neocosmos, Michael. 1984 “Some Problems in the Political Economy of ‘African Socialism’” In Contradictions of Accumulation in Africa, edited by Bernstein, H. and Campbell, B., 153–206. Beverly Hills: Sage.Google Scholar
Giddens, A. 1979 Central Problems in Social Theory: Action Structure, and Contradiction in Social Analysis. Berkeley: University of California Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Giddens, A. 1981 A Contemporary Critique of Historical Materialism, 2 vols. Berkeley: University of California Press,CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gluckman, Max. 1940 “Analysis of a Social Situation in Zululand,” Bantu Studies 14: 1-30, 147–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gluckman, Max. 1942 “Some Process of Social Change Illustrated from Zululand Data,” African Studies 1/4: 243–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gluckman, Max. 1954 Rituals of Rebellion in Southeast Africa. Manchester: Manchester University Press.Google Scholar
Gluckman, Max. 1956 Custom and Conflict in Africa. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.Google Scholar
Godelier, M. 1973 “Structure and Contradiction in Capital.” In Ideology and Social Science Reading in Critical Social Theory, edited by Blackburn, R. London: Fontana.Google Scholar
Godelier, M. 1975 “Modes of Production, Kinship and Demographic Structures.” In Marxist Analysis and Social Anthropology, edited by Black, , 3–28. London: Malay Press.Google Scholar
Godelier, M. 1977 Perspectives in Marxist Anthropology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Goody, Jack. 1958 The Developmental Cycle in Domestic Groups. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Goody, Jack. 1971 Technology, Tradition and the State in Africa. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Gottlieb, M. 1972 “The Process of Differentiation in Tanzanian Agriculture and Rural Society,” Economic Research Bureau, University of Dar-es-Salaam.Google Scholar
Gourou, Pierre. 1975 Man and Land in the Far East. London: Longman.Google Scholar
Gray, Richard and Birmingham, D. 1970 Pre-Colonial African Trade. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Gregg, D. and Williams, E. 1948 “The Dismal Science of Functionalism,” American Anthropologist 50:594–611.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gregory, Joel W. and Piche, Victor. 1983 “African Return Migration: Past, Present and Future,” Contemporary Marxism 7: 169–83.Google Scholar
Gramsci, A. 1971 Selections from the Prison Notebooks. New York: International Publishers, edited and translated by Hoare, Quintin and Smith, Geoffrey Nowell. New York: International Press.Google Scholar
Groff, David. 1980 “When the Knees Began Wearing the Hat: Commercial Agriculture and Social Transformation in Asikasso, Ivory Coast, ca. 1880-1940,” unpublished manuscript.Google Scholar
Gutto, S. B. O. 1981 “Law, Rangelands, Peasantry and Social Classes in Kenya,” Review of African Political Economy 20:41–56.Google Scholar
Guy, Jeff. 1982 “The Destruction and Reconstruction of Zulu Society.” In Industrialisation and Social Change in South Africa, edited by Marks, S. and Rathbone, R., 167–94. London: Longman.Google Scholar
Guyer, Jane I. 1978 “Women's Work in the Food Economy of the Cocoa Belt: A Comparison,” African Studies Working Paper No. 7. Boston University.Google Scholar
Guyer, Jane I. 1980a “Female Farming and the Evolution of Food Production Patterns Amongst the Beti of South-Central Cameroon,” Africa 50/4: 341–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guyer, Jane I. 1980b “Food, Cocoa and the Division of Labor by Sex in Two West African Societies,” Comparative Studies in Society and History 22/3: 355–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guyer, Jane I. 1981a “The Raw, the Cooked and the Half-Baked: A Note on the Division of Labor by Sex,” African Studies Center Working Paper No. 48, Boston University.Google Scholar
Guyer, Jane I. 1981b “Household and Community in African Studies,” African Studies Review 24/2/3: 87–137.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guyer, Jane I. 1984a Family and Farm in Southern Cameroon. Boston: African Studies Center, Boston University.Google Scholar
Guyer, Jane I. 1984b “Women in the Rural Economy, Contemporary Variations.” In African Women South of the Sahara, edited by Hay, Margaret Jean and Stichter, Sharon, 19–32. London: Longman.Google Scholar
Guyer, Jane I. 1984c “Naturalism in Models of African Production,” Man 19/'3: 371–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guyer, Jane I. 1988 “The Multiplication of Labor: Historical Methods in the Study of Gender and Agricultural Change in Modern Africa,” Current Anthropology 29/2: 247–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guyer, Jane I. and Peters, Pauline, eds. 1987 “Introduction to Conceptualizing the Household: Issues of Theory and Policy in Africa,” Development and Change 18/2: 197–213.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hall, Martin. 1987a “Archaeology and Modes of Production in Pre-Colonial Southern Africa,” Journal of Southern African Studies 14/1: 1–17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hall, Martin. 1987b The Changing Past: Farmers, Kings and Traders in Southern Africa 200-1860. Capetown: David Philip.Google Scholar
Hamilton, C. A. 1987 “Ideology and Oral Traditions: Listening to the Voices ‘From Below’,” History in Africa 14:67–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harms, Robert. n.d. “Production and Power in African History: African Peasants in Comparative Perspective,” unpublished manuscript.Google Scholar
Harries, Patrick. 1981 “Slavery, Social Incorporation and Surplus Extraction; the Nature of Free and Unfree Labor in South-East Africa,” Journal of African History 22/3: 309–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harris, Marvin. 1968 The Rise of Anthropological Theory. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Hart, Keith. 1982 The Political Economy of West African Agriculture. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hay, Margaret Jean. 1972 “Economic Change in Luoland: Kowe, 1890-1945,” Ph.D. diss., University of Wisconsin.Google Scholar
Hay, Margaret Jean. 1974 “The Relevance of Peasant Analysis for African Economic History,” unpublished paper presented at summer seminar in African Economic History, University of Wisconsin, Madison.Google Scholar
Hay, Margaret Jean. 1976 “Luo Women and Economic Change During the Colonial Period.” In Women in Africa, edited by Hafkin, Nancy J. and Bay, Edna G., 87–109. Stanford: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Hay, Margaret Jean. 1979 “‘Peasants’ in Modern East African Studies,” Peasant Studies 8/1: 17–29.Google Scholar
Hay, Margaret Jean. 1982 “Women as Owners, Occupants and Managers of Property in Colonial Western Kenya.” In African Women and the Law: Historical Perspectives, edited by Hay, Margaret Jean and Wright, Marcia, 110–124. Boston: Boston University Papers on Africa, No. 7.Google Scholar
Hebert, Jean. 1970 “Révoltes en Haute-Volte de 1914 à 1918,” Notes et Documents Voltaiques 3/4: 3–54.Google Scholar
Helleiner, G. 1966 Peasant Agriculture, Government and Economic Growth in Nigeria. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Henige, David. 1982 Oral Historiograhy. London: Longman.Google Scholar
Henn, Jeanne K. 1984 “Women in the Rural Economy: Past, Present and Future.” In African Women South of the Sahara, edited by Hay, Margaret Jean and Stichter, Sharon, 1–18. London: Longman.Google Scholar
Henriksen, Thomas. 1976 “People's War in Angola, Mozambique and Guinea-Bissau,” Journal of Modern African Studies 14: 377–99.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Henriksen, Thomas. 1983 Revolution and Counterrevolution: Mozambique's War of Independence, 1964-1974. Westport: Greenwood Press.Google Scholar
Herskovits, Melville. 1962 The Human Factor in Changing Africa. New York: Vintage.Google Scholar
Herskovits, Melville and Harwitz, M., eds. 1964 Economic Transition in Africa. Evanston: Northwestern University Press.Google Scholar
Heyer, J. 1972 “Peasant Farm Production Under Conditions of Uncertainty,” Journal of Agricultural Economics 23 135–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hill, P. 1970 Studies in Rural Capitalism in West Africa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Hill, P. 1972 Rural Hausa: A Village and a Setting. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hill, P. 1976 “From Slavery to Freedom: The Case of Farm-Slavery in Nigerian Hausaland,” Comparative Studies in Society and History 18/3: 395–426.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hill, P. 1977 Population. Prosperity and Poverty: Rural Kano. 1900-1970. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Hill, Polly. 1963 The Migrant Cocoa Farmers of Southern Ghana: A Study in Rural Capitalism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Hilton, Anne. 1981 “The Jaga Reconsidered,” Journal of African History 22/2: 191–202.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hilton, Anne. 1985 The Kingdom of Kongo. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Hilton, R. H. 1973 Bond Men Made Free; Medieval Peasant Movements and the English Rising of 1381. London: Temple Smith.Google Scholar
Hilton, R. H. 1974 “Peasant Society, Peasant Movements and Feudalism in Medieval Europe.” In Rural Protest: Peasant Movements and Social Change, edited by Landsberger, Henry, 67–94. London: Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hilton, R. H. 1975 The English Peasantry in the Later Middle Ages. London: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Hindess, B. and Hirst, P. Q. 1975 Pre-Capitalist Modes of Production. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.Google Scholar
Hirschmann, David and Vaughan, Megan. 1983 “Food Production and Income Generation in a Matrilineal Society: Rural Women in Zomba, Malawi,” Journal of Southern African Studies 10/1:86–99.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hoben, Allan. 1970 “Social Stratification in Traditional Amhara Society.” In Social Stratification in Africa, edited by Tuden, Arthur and Plotnicov, Leonard. New York: The Free Press.Google Scholar
Hoben, Allan. 1973 Land Tenure Among the Amhara of Ethiopia: The Dynamics of Cognitive Descent. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Hobsbawm, E. J., ed. 1965 Primitive Rebels. New York: W. W. Norton.Google Scholar
Hobsbawm, E. J. 1969 Bandits. New York: Delacorte Press.Google Scholar
Hobsbawm, E. J. 1973 “Peasants and Politics,” Journal of Peasant Studies 1/1: 3–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hobsbawm, E. J. 1980 Peasants in History: Essays in Honour of Daniel Thorner. London: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Hodgkin, Thomas L. 1957 Nationalism in Colonial Africa. New York: New York University Press.Google Scholar
Hogendorn, J. S. 1976 “The Vent-for-Surplus Model and African Cash Agriculture to 1914,” Savanna 5/1: 15–28.Google Scholar
Hogendorn, J. S. 1977 “The Economics of Slave Use on Two ‘Plantations’ in the Zaria Emirate of the Sokoto Caliphate,” International Journal of African Historical Studies 10: 369–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hogendorn, J. S. 1978 Nigerian Groundnut Exports: Origins and Early Development. Zaria: Ahmadu Bello University Press.Google Scholar
Hogendorn, J. S. and Lovejoy, Paul. “Revolutionary Mahdism and Resistance to Colonial Rule in the Sokoto Caliphate.” Forthcoming.Google Scholar
Holmquist, Frank. 1979 “Class Structure, Peasant Participation and Rural Self-Help.” In Politics and Public Policy in Kenya and Tanzania, edited by Barkan, Joel and Okumu, John J. New York: Praeger.Google Scholar
Holmquist, Frank. 1980 “Defending Peasant Political Space in Independent Africa,” Canadian Journal of African Studies 14/1: 157–67.Google Scholar
Holmquist, Frank. 1984 “Self-Help: The State and Peasant Leverage in Kenya,” Africa 54/3: 72–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hopkins, Anthony G. 1973 An Economic History of West Africa. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Howard, Rhoda. 1976 “Differential Class Participation in an African Protest Movement: The Ghana Cocoa Boycott of 1937-38,” Canadian Journal of African Studies 10/3: 469–80.Google Scholar
Howard, Rhoda. 1980 “Formation and Stratification of the Peasantry in Colonial Ghana,” Journal of Peasant Studies 8/1: 61–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Humbaraci, Arslan. 1966 Algeria: A Revolution That Failed. London: Pall Mall.Google Scholar
Hunt, Lynn. 1989 The New Cultural History. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Hunter, Guy. 1969 Modernising Peasant Societies: A Comparative Study in Asia and Africa. London: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Hutton, C., and Cohen, R. 1975 “African Peasants and Resistance to Change.” In Beyond the Sociology of Development: Economy and Society in Latin America and Africa, edited by Oxaal, I. London: Routledge & Paul.Google Scholar
Hyden, Goran. 1980 Beyond Ujamaa in Tanzania: Underdevelopment and an Uncaptured Peasantry. Los Angeles: University of California Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ifeka-Moller, Caroline. 1975 “Female Militancy and Colonial Revolt: The Women's War of 1929, Eastern Nigeria.” In Perceiving Women, edited by Ardener, Shirley. New York: Wiley.Google Scholar
Iliffe, John. 1967 “The Organization of the Maji Maji Rebellion,” Journal of African History 8/3: 495–512.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Iliffe, John. 1979 A Modern History of Tanganyika. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Iliffe, John. 1983 Emergence of African Capitalism. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Iliffe, John. 1987 The African Poor: A History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Isaacman, Allen. 1972 Mozambique: The Africanization of a European Institution, The Zambesi Prazos 1750-1902. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.Google Scholar
Isaacman, Allen. 1976 The Tradition of Resistance in Mozambique: Anti-Colonial Activity in the Zambesi Vallev 1850-1921. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Isaacman, Allen. 1977 “Social Banditry in Zimbabwe (Rhodesia) and Mozambique, 1894-1907: An Expression of Early Peasant Protest,” Journal of Southern African Studies 4:1–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Isaacman, Allen. 1982 “The Mozambican Cotton Cooperative; The Creation of a Grassroots Alternative to Forced Commodity Production,” African Studies Review 25/2/3: 5–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Isaacman, Allen. 1984 “The Role of Women in the Liberation of Mozambique,” Ufahamu 13:128–85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Isaacman, Allen. 1985 “Chiefs, Rural Differentiation and Peasant Protest: The Mozambican Forced Cotton Regime, 1938-1961,” African Economic History 14:15–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Isaacman, Allen. 1988 “Colonial Mozambique, An Inside View: The Life History of Raul Honwana,” Cahiers d'Etudes Africaines 109:59–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Isaacman, Allen. 1989 “Peasants, Social Protest and Africanists,” Journal of Social History 22:745–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Isaacman, Allen and Isaacman, Barbara. 1977 “Resistance and Collaboration in Southern and Central Africa, ca. 1850-1920,” International Journal of African Historical Studies 10/1: 31–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Isaacman, Allen and Isaacman, Barbara. 1983 Mozambique: From Colonialism to Revolution 1900-1982. Boulder: Westview Press.Google Scholar
Isaacman, Allen and Isaacman, Barbara. 1984 “The Role of Women in the Liberation of Mozambique,” Ufahamu 13/2–3: 128–85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Isaacman, Allen and Isaacman, Barbara. 1985 “Chiefs, Rural Differentiation and Peasant Protest: The Mozambican Forced Cotton Regime, 1938-1961.” African Economic History 14:15–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Isaacman, Allen and Isaacman, Barbara. 1988 “Colonial Mozambique, an Inside View: The Life History of Raul Honwana,” Cahiers d'études africaines 109:59–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Isaacman, Allen, Stephen, Michael, Adam, Yussuf, Homen, Joro, Maria, Macamo, Eugenio, and Pililao, Augustinho. 1980 “Cotton as the Motor of Poverty: Peasant Resistance to Forced Cotton Production in Mozambique, 1938-1961,” The International Journal of African Historical Studies 13:581–615.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Isaacman, Barbara and Stephen, J. 1980 Mozambique: Women, the Law and Agrarian Reform. Addis Ababa: United Nations Economic Commission for Africa.Google Scholar
Izard, Wendy. 1985 “Migrants and Mothers: Case Studies from Botswana,” Journal of Southern African Studies 11:258–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jacoby, Erich. 1961 Agrarian Unrest in Southeast Asia, 2nd ed. London: Asia Publishing House.Google Scholar
Jewsiewicki, B. 1972 “Notes sur l'histoire socio-économique du Congo, 1880-1960,” Etudes d'histoire africaine 3:200–41.Google Scholar
Jewsiewicki, B. 1980a “Political Consciousness Among African Peasants in the Belgian Congo,” Review of African Political Economy 19:23–32.Google Scholar
Jewsiewicki, B. 1980b “African Peasants in the Totalitarian Colonial Society of the Belgian Congo.” In Peasants in Africa, edited by Klein, Martin A., 45–76. Beverly Hills: Sage.Google Scholar
Jewsiewicki, B. 1981 “Lineage Mode of Production: Social Inequalities in Equatorial Central Africa.” In Modes of Production in Africa, edited by Crummey, D. and Stewart, C. Beverly Hills: Sage.Google Scholar
Jewsiewicki, B. 1983 “Modernisation ou destruction du village Africaine: L'économie politique de la ‘Modernisation Agricole’ au Congo Belge,” Les Cahiers du CEDAF 5:1–86.Google Scholar
Jewsiewicki, B. 1987 “African Historical Studies as Academic Knowledge, Radica Scholarship and Usable Past.” Paper commissioned by ACLS-SSRC Africa Committee, and presented at African Studies Association Meeting, Denver.Google Scholar
Jewsiewicki, B. and Letourneau, J. 1985 Mode of Production: The Challenge of Africa. Ste-Foy: SAFI.Google Scholar
Joseph, Richard A. 1977 Radical Nationalism in Cameroun: Social Origins of the U.P.C. Rebellion. London: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Kandawire, J. A. K. 1977 “Thangata In Pre-Colonial and Colonial Systems of Land Tenure in Southern Malawi With Special Reference to Chingale,” Africa 17/2: 185–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kanogo, Tabitha. 1987 Squatters and the Roots of Mau Mau. Athens: Ohio University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Karp, Ivan. 1978 Fields of Change Among the Iteso of Kenya. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.Google Scholar
Karp, Ivan. 1986 “Agency and Social Theory: A Review of Three Books by Anthony Giddens,” American Ethnologist 3:131–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Karp, Ivan. 1988 “Laughter at Marriage: Subversion in Performance,” Journal of Folklore Research 25:35–52.Google Scholar
Kartodirdjo, Sartono. 1973 Protest Movements in Rural Java: A Study of Agrarian Unrest in the Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries. Singapore: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Katz, F. n.d. “Rural Uprisings in Mexico,” unpublished manuscript.Google Scholar
Kay, Geoffrey. 1975 Development and Underdevelopment: A Marxist Analysis. New York: St. Martin's Press.Google Scholar
Kea, R. 1982 Settlements Trade and Politics in the Seventeenth-Century Gold Coast. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Kea, R. 1986 “I Am Here to Plunder on the General Road: Bandits and Banditry in the Pre-Ninteenth Century Gold Coast.” In Banditry, Rebellion and Social Protest in Africa, edited by Crummey, Donald, 109–32. Portsmouth: Heincmann.Google Scholar
Keatinge, Richard. 1988 Peruvian Prehistory: An Overview of Pre-Inca and Inca Society. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Keegan, Tim. 1979 “The Restructuring of Agrarian Class Relations in a Colonial Economy: The Orange River Colony, 1902-1910,” Journal of Southern African Studies 5/2: 234–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Keegan, Tim. 1982 “The Sharecropping Economy, African Class Formation and the Natives Land Act of 1913 in the Highveld Maize Belt.” In Industrialisation and Social Change in South Africa, edited by Marks, S. and Rathbone, R., 195–211. London: Longman.Google Scholar
Keegan, Tim. 1983 “The Sharecropping Economy and the South African High Highveld in the Early Twentieth Century,” Journal of Peasant Studies 10/2: 201–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Keegan, Tim. 1986 “The Dynamics of Rural Accumulation in South Africa: Comparative and Historical Perspectives,” Comparative Studies in Society and History 29:628–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Keegan, Tim. 1988 Facing the Storm: Portraits of Black Lives in Rural South Africa. Athens: Ohio University Press.Google Scholar
Keller, E. J. 1973 “A Twentieth-Century Model: The Mau-Mau Transformation From Social Banditry to Social Rebellion,” Kenyan Historical Review 1:189–205.Google Scholar
Kielstra, Nico. 1978 “Was the Algerian Revolution a Peasant War?” Peasant Studies 7/3: 172–86.Google Scholar
Killingray, David. 1978 “Repercussions of World War I in the Gold Coast,” Journal of African History 19/1: 39–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kimble, J. 1982 “Labour Migration in Basutoland, c. 1870-1885.” In Industrialization and Social Change in Southern Africa, edited by Marks, S. and Rathbone, R., 119–141. London: Longman.Google Scholar
Kimble, J. 1985 “Clinging to the Chiefs: Some Contradictions of Colonial Rule in Basutoland, c. 1890-1930.” In Contradictions of Accumulation in Africa, edited by Bernstein, Henry and Campbell, Bonnie, 25–69. Beverly Hills: Sage Publications.Google Scholar
Kinsman, Margaret. 1983 “‘Beasts of Burden’: The Subordination of Southern Tswana Women, ca. 1800-1840,” Journal of Southern African Studies 10:39–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kinyatti, Maina-Wa. 1983 “Mau Mau: The Peak of African Political Organization and Struggle for Liberation in Colonial Kenya,” Ufahamu 12:90–123.Google Scholar
Kitching, Gavin. 1980 Class and Economic Change in Kenya: The Making of an African Petite Bourgeoisie 1905-1970. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Klein, Martin. 1980 Peasants in Africa: Historical and Contemporary Perspectives. Beverly Hills: Sage.Google Scholar
Knauss, Peter. 1978 “Algeria's ‘Agrarian Revolution’: Peasant Control or Control of Peasants.” In Peasants in Africa, edited by Smith, Alan and Welch, Claude, 65–78. Waltham: Crossroads Press.Google Scholar
Kobishchanov, Yuri. 1979 Axum. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press.Google Scholar
Koehn, Peter. 1979 “Ethiopia: Famine, Food Production and Changes in the Legal Order,” African Studies Review 22/1: 51–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kofi, Tetteh A. 1978 “Peasants and Economic Development: Populist Lessons for Africa.” In Peasants in Africa, edited by Smith, Alan and Welch, Claude. Waltham: Crossroads Press.Google Scholar
Kopytoff, Igor. 1987 The African Frontier The Reproduction of Traditional African Societies. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
Koslow, Jules. 1972 The Despised and the Damned: The Russian Peasant Through the Ages. London: Macmillan.Google Scholar
Kottak, Conrad Phillip. 1980 The Past in the Present: History, Ecology and Cultural Variation in Highland Madagascar. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.Google Scholar
Kriger, Norma. 1988 “The Zimbabwean War of Liberation: Struggles Within the Struggle,” Journal of Southern African Studies 14:304–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kroeber, Alfred Louis. 1948 Anthropology. New York: Harcourt Brace.Google Scholar
Kuper, Hilda. 1961 An African Aristocracy: Rank Among the Swazi. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Kuper, Hilda. 1974 The Uniform of Colour: A Study of White Black Relationships in Swaziland. Johannesburg: Witwatersrand University Press.Google Scholar
Kursany, Ibrahim. 1983 “Peasants of the Nuba Mountains Region,” Review of African Political Economy 26: 35–44.Google Scholar
La Guma, Alex. 1979 Time of the Butcherbird. London: Heinemann.Google Scholar
Labouret, H. 1941 Paysans d'Afrique occidentale. Paris: Gallimard.Google Scholar
Lamb, G. 1974 Peasant Politics: Conflict and Development in Murang'a. New York: St. Martin's Press.Google Scholar
Lan, David. 1985 Guns and Rain: Guerrillas and Spirit Mediums in Zimbabwe. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Lancaster, Chet. 1976 “Women, Horticulture, and Society in Sub-Saharan Africa,” American Anthropologist 78/3: 539–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Landsberger, Henry, ed. 1969 Latin American Peasant Movements. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Landsberger, Henry, ed. 1974 Rural Protest: Peasant Movements and Social Change. London: Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Larson, Brooke. 1983 “Shifting Views of Colonialism and Resistance,” Radical History Review 27: 3–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Larson, Pierre. 1985 “Toward a Rural Social History of Imerina: The Nineteenth Century,” M.A. thesis, University of Wisconsin.Google Scholar
Laslett, Barbara and Brenner, Johanna. 1989 “Gender and Social Reproduction: Historical Perspectives,” Annual Review of Sociology 15: 381–404.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Last, Murray. 1970 “Aspects of Administration and Dissent in Hausaland, 1800-1968,” Africa 40/4: 345–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Last, Murray. 1974 “Reform In West Africa: The Jihad Movement of the Nineteenth Century.” In History of West Africa, 2 vols., edited by Ajayi, J. F. Ade and Crowder, Michael, 2: 129. London: Longman.Google Scholar
Latour-Dejean, Elaine de. 1980 “Shadows Nourished by the Sun: Rural Social Differentiation Among the Mwari of Niger.” In Peasants in Africa, edited by Klein, Martin A., 55–102. Beverly Hills: Sage.Google Scholar
Launay, Michel. 1963 Paysans algériens: La terre. La viyne et les hommes. Paris.Google Scholar
Lawson, Fred. 1981 “Rural Revolt and Provincial Society in Egypt 1820-1824,” International Journal of Middle Eastern Studies 13/2: 131–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lee, Richard. 1979 The IKung San: Men Women and Work in a Foraging Society. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Lemarchand, René. 1962 Political Awakening in the Belgian Congo. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Lemarchand, René. 1968 “Revolutionary Phenomena in Stratified Societies: Rwanda and Zanzibar,” Civilisations 18: 16–51.Google Scholar
Lemarchand, René. 1970 Rwanda and Burundi. New York: Praeger.Google Scholar
Lenin, V. I. 1960 The Development of Capitalism in Russia: Collected Works, vol. 3/2. Moscow: Progress Publishers.Google Scholar
Lennihan, Louise. 1982 “Rights in Men and Rights in Land: Slavery, Labor, and Smallholder Agriculture in Northern Nigeria,” Slavery and Abolition 3/2: 111–139.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leo, Christopher. 1978 “The Failure of the ‘Progressive Farmer’ In Kenya's Million-Acre Settlement Scheme,” Journal of Modem African Studies 16/4: 619–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lerner, Daniel. 1958 The Passing of Traditional Society: Modernizing the Middle East. Glencoe: Free Press.Google Scholar
LeRoy Ladurie, Emmanuel. 1974 The Peasants of Languedoc. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.Google Scholar
LeRoy Ladurie, Emmanuel. 1987 The French Peasantry, 1450-1660. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Levin, Michael D. 1980 “Export Crops and Peasantization: The Bakosi of Cameroun.” In Peasants in Africa, edited by Klein, Martin A., 221–42. Beverly Hills: Sage.Google Scholar
Levin, Richard and Neocosmos, Michael. 1989 “The Agrarian Question and Class Contradictions in South Africa: Some Theoretical Considerations,” Journal of Peasant Studies 16: 230–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Levine, Donald. 1965 Wax and Gold: Tradition and Innovation in Ethiopian Culture. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Lewin, L. 1979 “The Oligarchical Limitations of Social Banditry in Brazil: The Case of the ‘Good’ Thief, Antonio Silvino,” Past and Present 82: 116–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lewis, Jack. 1984 “The Rise and Fall of the South African Peasantry: A Critique and Reassessment,” Journal of Southern African Studies 11: 1–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lewis, John Wilson, ed. 1974 Peasant Rebellion and Communist Revolution in Asia. Stanford: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Leys, Colin. 1971 “Politics in Kenya: The Development of Peasant Society,” British Journal of Political Science 1/3: 307–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leys, Colin. 1975 Underdevelopment in Kenya: The Political Economy of Neo-Colonialism, 1964-1971. London: Heinemann.Google Scholar
Likaka, Osumaka. “Forced Cotton Cultivation in the Congo,” Ph.D. diss., University of Minnesota. Forthcoming.Google Scholar
Lincoln, Bruce. 1987 “Ritual, Rebellion, Resistance: Once More the Swazi Ncwala,” Man 22/1: 13–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Little, Marilyn. 1987 “Natwe Development and Chronic Malnutrition in Sukumaland, Tanganyika, 1925-1945,” Ph.D. diss., University of Minnesota.Google Scholar
Lodge, Tom. 1983 Black Politics in South Africa Since 1945. Johannesburg: Ravan Press.Google Scholar
Lodge, Tom. 1984 “Insurrection in South Africa: The Pan-Africanist Congress and the Pogo Movement, 1939-1945,” Ph.D. diss., University of York.Google Scholar
Lodge, Tom. 1986 “The Pogo Insurrection, 1961-1968.” In Resistance and Ideology in Settler Societies, edited by Lodge, Tom. Johannesburg: Ravan Press.Google Scholar
Lonsdale, John. 1968 “Some Origins of Nationalism in East Africa,” Journal of African History 9/1: 119–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lonsdale, John. 1981 “State and Peasantry in Colonial Africa.” In People's History and Socialist Theory, edited by Samuel, R., 106–118. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.Google Scholar
Lonsdale, John. 1985 “States and Social Processes in Africa: A Historiographical Survey,” African Studies Review 24/2–3: 139–225.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lonsdale, John. 1988 “Wealth, Poverty and Civic Virtue in Kikuyu Political Thought,” unpublished paper presented at Stirling Commonwealth seminar, London.Google Scholar
Lonsdale, John and Berman, Bruce. 1979 “Coping With the Contradictions: The Development of the Colonial State in Kenya, 1895-1914,” Journal of African History 20/4: 487–505.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lovejoy, Paul. 1978 “Plantations in the Economy of the Sokoto Caliphate,” Journal of African History 19/3: 341–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lovejoy, Paul. 1979 “The Characteristics of Plantations in the Nineteenth Century Sokoto Caliphate,” American Historical Review 84/5: 1267–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lovejoy, Paul. 1983 Transformations in Slavery: A History of Slavery in Africa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Lovejoy, Paul. 1986a “Fugitive Slaves: Resistance to Slavery in the Sokoto Caliphate.” In Resistance: Studies in African, Caribbean, and Afro-American History, edited by Oklhiro, Gary, 71–95. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press.Google Scholar
Lovejoy, Paul. 1986b Salt of the Desert Sun: A History of Salt Production and Trade in the Central Sudan. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Lovens, Maurice. 1975 “La révolte de Masisi-Lubutu (Congo Belge Janvier-Mai 1944),” Les cahiers du CEDAF 3–4.Google Scholar
MacGaffey, W. 1977 “Cultural Roots of Kongo Prophetism,” History of Religion 17/2: 177–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MacGaffey, W. 1981 “African Ideology and Belief: A Survey,” African Studies Review 24: 227–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MacGaffey, W. 1983 Modern Kongo Prophets. Religion in a Plural Society. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
Mack, Beverly. 1988 “A Royal Hausa Woman.” In Life Histories of African Women, edited by Romero, Patricia, 48–78. N.P: Ashfield Press.Google Scholar
Mahadi, Abdullah. 1982 “The State and the Economy: The Sarauta System and Its Roles in Shaping the Society and Economy of Kano With Particular Reference to the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries,” Ph.D. diss., Ahmadu Bello University.Google Scholar
Mafeye, A. 1971 “The Farmers: Economic and Social Differentiation.” In Subsistence to Commercial Farming in Present-Day Buganda, edited by Richards, A.I., Sturrock, F., and Fortt, J. M., 198–231. London: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Mafeye, A. 1971 “The Ideology of ‘Tribalism,’” Journal of Modern African Studies 9/2: 253–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Malinowski, B. 1929 “Practical Anthropology,” Africa 2: 22–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mamdani, Mahmood. 1982 “Karamoja: Colonial Roots of Famine in North-East Uganda,” Review of African Political Economy 25: 66–73.Google Scholar
Mamdani, Mahmood. 1985 “A Great Leap Backward: A Review of Goran Hyden's No Shortcut to Progress ,” Ufuhamu 14/2: 178–94.Google Scholar
Mandala, Ellas. 1982 “Peasant Cotton Agriculture, Gender and Inter-Generational Relationships: The Lower Tchiri (Shire) Valley of Malawi, 1906-1940,” African Studies 25/2–3: 27–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mandala, Ellas. 1983 “Gold-Seekers, Prazo-Holders and Capitalists in Mozambique: A Review,” Canadian Journal of African Studies, 18: 545–47.Google Scholar
Mandala, Ellas. 1984 “Capitalism, Kinship and Gender in the Lower Tchiri (Shire) Valley of Malawi, 1850-1960: An Alternative Theoretical Framework,” African Economic History 13: 137–69.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mandala, Ellas. 1990 Work and Control in a Peasant Economy. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.Google Scholar
Maquet, Jacques J. P. 1961 The Premise of Inequality in Rwanda: A Study of Political Relations in a Central African Kingdom. London: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Maquet, Jacques J. P. 1964. “La participation de la classe paysanne au mouvement d'indépendence du Rwanda,” Cahiers d'études africaines 16: 552–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marcum, John. 1969, 1978 The Angolan Revolution, 2 vols. Cambridge: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Marks, Shula. 1970 Reluctant Rebellion: The 1906-1908 Disturbances in Natal. London: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Marks, Shula. 1987 Not Either an Experiental Doll: The Separate Worlds of Three South African Women. Bloomington: University of Indiana Press.Google Scholar
Marks, Shula and Atmore, Anthony. 1980 Economy and Society in Pre-Industrial South Africa. London: Longman.Google Scholar
Marks, Shula and Trapido, Stanley. 1987 The Politics of Race, Class and Nationalism in Twentieth-Century South Africa. London: Longman.Google Scholar
Martin, Jean. 1973 “Les débuts du Protectorat et la révolte servile de 1891 dans l'ile d'Anjouan,” Revue française d'Outre Mer 60/1: 45–85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Martin, Susan. 1984 “Gender and Innovation: Farming, Cooking, and Palm Processing in the Ngwa Region, South-Eastern Nigeria, 1900-1930,” Journal of African History 25/4: 411–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marx, Karl. 1926 The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte. New York: International Publishers.Google Scholar
Mason, Michael. 1973 “Captive and Client Labour and the Economy of the Bida Emirate, 1857-1901,” Journal of African History 14/3: 453–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maxon, Robert. 1986 “A Kenya Petite Bourgeoisie Enters Local Politics: The Kisii Union, 1945-1949,” International Journal of African Historical Studies 19/3: 451–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mayer, Philip. 1980 Black Villagers in an Industrial Society: Anthropological Perspectives on Labour Migration in South Africa. Capetown: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Mbeki, Govan. 1964 South Africa: The Peasants' Revolt. Baltimore: Penguin.Google Scholar
Mbeki, Govan. 1984 South Africa: The Peasants’ Revolt. N.P.: Penguin Africa Library.Google Scholar
Mbilinyi, Marjorie. 1977 “Women: Producers and Reproducers in Peasant Production,” Economic Research Bureau Occasional Paper No. 77.3, University of Dar-es-Salaam.Google Scholar
Mbilinyi, Marjorie. 1982 “Wife, Slave and Subject of the King: The Oppression of Women in the Shambala Kingdom,” Tanzania Notes and Records 88–89: 1–13.Google Scholar
Mbilinyi, Marjorie. 1985 “‘City and Countryside’ in Colonial Tanganyika,” Economic and Political Weekly, Review of Women's Studies: 88–96.Google Scholar
Mbilinyi, Marjorie. 1988 “Runaway Wives in Colonial Tanganyika: Forced Labour and Forced Marriage in Rungwe District, 1919-1961,” International Journal of Sociology of Law 16: 1–29.Google Scholar
McAdam, Doug, McCarthy, John, and Zald, Myer. 1988 “The Dynamics of Social Movements.” In Handbook of Sociology, edited by Smelser, Neil, 695–738. Newbury Park: Sage.Google Scholar
McAllister, P. A. 1989 “Resistance to ‘Betterment’ in the Transkei: A Case Study from Willowvale District,” Journal of Southern African Studies 15: 346–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McCann, James. 1985 “The Political Economy of Rural Rebellion in Ethiopia: Northern Resistance to Imperial Expansion, 1928-1935,” International Journal of African Historical Studies 18/4: 601–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McCann, James. 1987 From Poverty to Famine in Northeast Ethiopia: A Rural History, 1900-1935. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McCarthy, D. M. P. 1982 Colonial Bureaucracy and Creating Underdevelopment: Tanganyika, 1919-1940. Ames: Iowa State University Press.Google Scholar
McCaskie, T. C. 1980 “Office, Land and Subjects in the History of the Manwere Fekuo of Kumase,” Journal of African History 21/2: 189–208.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McClellan, Charles. 1984 “State Transformation and Social Reconstitution in Ethiopia: The Allure of the South,” International Journal of African Historical Studies 17/4: 657–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McClelland, David Clarence. 1961 The Achieving Society. Princeton: Van Nostrand Company.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McCracken, John. 1983 “Planters, Peasants and the Colonial State: The Impact of the Native Tobacco Board in the Central Province of Malawi,” Journal of Southern African Studies 9: 179–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meillassoux, Claude. 1964 Anthropologie économique des Gouro d'Ivoire. Paris: Mouton.Google Scholar
Meillassoux, Claude. 1972 “From Reproduction to Production,” Economy and Society 1/1: 93–105.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meillassoux, Claude. 1973 “The Social Organization of the Peasantry: The Economic Basis of Kinship,” Journal of Peasant Studies 1/1: 81–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meillassoux, Claude. 1975 L'esclavage en Afrique pré-coloniale. Paris: Maspero.Google Scholar
Meillassoux, Claude. 1981 Maidens, Meal and Money: Capitalism and the Domestic Community. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Meillassoux, Claude. 1986 Anthropologie de l'esclavage: le ventre de fer, et d'argent. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.Google Scholar
Miers, Suzanne and Roberts, Richard. 1988 The End of Slavery in Africa. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.Google Scholar
Migdal, Joseph. 1974 Peasants, Politics and Revolution: Pressures towards Political and Social Change in the Third World. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Miller, Joseph, ed. 1980 The African Past Speaks: Essays on Oral Tradition and History. Folkestone: Archon.Google Scholar
Miller, Joseph. 1976 Kings and Kinsmen: Early Mbundu States in Angola. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Miller, Joseph. 1982 “The Significance of Drought, Disease and Famine in the Agriculturally Marginal Zones of West-Central Africa,” Journal of African History 23/1: 17–61.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Miller, Joseph. 1988 Way of Death: Merchant Capitalism and the Angolan Slave Trade, 1730-1830. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.Google Scholar
Miller, Norman and Aya, Roderick. 1971 National Liberation: Revolution in the Third World. New York: The Free Press.Google Scholar
Mintz, S. W. 1973 “A Note on the Definition of Peasantries,” Journal of Peasant Studies 1/1: 91–106.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mintz, S. W. 1974 Caribbean Transformation. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Mintz, S. W. 1979 “Slavery and the Rise of Peasantries,” Historical Reflections 6/1: 213–53.Google Scholar
Mintz, S. W. 1982 “Afterword: Peasantries and the Rural Sector: Notes on Discovery.” In Power and Protest in the Countryside: Studies of Rural Unrest in Asia Europe and Latin America, edited by Weller, Robert and Guggenheim, Scott, 180–88. Durham: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Mlntz, Sidney W. 1961 “The Question of Caribbean Peasantries: A Comment,” Caribbean Studies 1/3: 31–34.Google Scholar
Mitchell, J. C. 1956 The Kalela Dance: Aspects of Social Relationships Among Urban Africans in Northern Rhodesia. Rhodes-Livingstone Paper No. 27. Manchester: Manchester University Press.Google Scholar
Momba, Jotham C. 1985 “Peasant Differentiation and Rural Party Politics in Colonial Zambia,” Journal of Southern African Studies 11: 281–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mondlane, Eduardo. 1969 The Struggle for Mozambique. Baltimore: Penguin.Google Scholar
Monod, Theodore, ed. 1972 Pastoralism in Tropical Africa. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Moore, Barrington Jr., 1966 Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy: Lord and Peasant in the Making of the Modern World. Boston: Beacon Press.Google Scholar
Moore, Don and Roberts, Richard, et al 1989 “Listen for Silences: What We Can Learn and What Is Not Knowable About African Social History.” Roundtable paper presented at Joint Stanford-Berkeley African Studies Conference, 04 22.Google Scholar
Moore, Henrietta. 1988 Feminism and Anthropology. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.Google Scholar
Moore, Mick. 1972 “On Not Defining Peasants,” Peasant Studies Newsletter 1/1: 156–58.Google Scholar
Moore, Sally Falk. 1986 Social Facts and Fabrications: “Customary” Law on Kilimanjaro, 1880-1980. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Morris, Mike. 1976 “The Development of Capitalism in South African Agriculture: Class Struggle in the Countryside,” Economy and Society 5/5: 292–343.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morris, Mike. 1987 “Social History and the Transition to Capitalism in the South African Countryside,” African Perspective 5–6: 7–24.Google Scholar
Moscardi, E. and de Janvry, A. 1977 “Attitudes Toward Risk Among Peasants: An Econometric Approach,” American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 59/4: 710–16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mousnier, Roland. 1970 Peasant Uprisings in Seventeenth-Century France. Russia and China. New York: Harper and Row.Google Scholar
Mtetwa, Richard. 1976 “The Political and Economic History of the Duma People of Southeastern Rhodesia From the Early Eighteenth Century to 1915,” Ph.D. diss., University of Rhodesia.Google Scholar
Mulambu-Mvuluya, Faustin. 1970 “Introduction á l'étude du rôle des paysans dans les changements politiques,” Cahiers économiques et sociaux 8: 435–450.Google Scholar
Mulambu-Mvuluya, Faustin. 1974 “Cultures obligatoires et colonisation dans l'ex-Congo Belge,” Les cahiers du CEDAF 6–7: 1–99.Google Scholar
Mullin, Gerald. 1972 Flight and Rebellion: Slave Resistance in Eighteenth-Century Virginia. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Munro, J. Forbes. 1976 Africa and the International Economy. London: Aldine House.Google Scholar
Munslow, Barry. 1983 Mozambique: The Revolution and Its Origins. London: Longman.Google Scholar
Muntemba, Maud. 1978 “Expectations Unfulfilled: The Underdevelopment of Peasant Agriculture in Zambia: The Case of Kabwe Rural District, 1964-1970,” Journal of Southern African Studies 5: 59–85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Muntemba, Maud. 1980 “Regional and Social Differentiation in Broken Hill Rural District, Northern Rhodesia, 1930-1964.” In Peasants in Africa, edited by Klein, Martin A., 243–70. Beverly Hills: Sage.Google Scholar
Muntemba, Maud. 1982 “Women and Agricultural Change in the Railway Region of Zambia: Dispossession and Counterstrategies.” In Women and Work in Africa, edited by Bay, Edna, 83–103. Boulder: Westview Press.Google Scholar
Muriithi, J. Kiboi and Ndoria, Peter. 1971 War in the Forest: The Autobiography of a Mau Mau Leader. Nairobi: East African Publishing House.Google Scholar
Murray, Colin. 1976 “Marital Strategy in Lesotho: The Redistribution of Migrant Earnings,” African Studies 35/2: 99–122.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Murray, Colin. 1977 “High Bridewealth, Migrant Labour and the Position of Women in Lesotho,” Journal of African Law 21: 79–96.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Murray, Colin. 1980 “Migrant Labor and Changing Family Structure in the Rural Periphery of Southern Africa,” Journal of Southern African Studies 6/2: 139–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Murray, Colin. 1981 Families Divided: The Impact of Migrant Labour in Lesotho. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Murray, Martin. 1988a “The Triumph of Marxist Approaches in African Social and Labour History,” Journal of Asian and African Studies 23: 79–101.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Murray, Martin. 1988b “‘Burning the Wheat Stacks’: Land Clearances and Agrarian Unrest Along the Northern Middleburg Frontier, c. 1918-1926,” Journal of Southern African Studies 15/1: 74–95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Murray, Martin. 1989 “The Agrarian Question in South Africa,” unpublished manuscript.Google Scholar
Musambachime, M. C. 1988 “Protest Migrations in Mweru-Luapula, 1900-1940,” African Studies 47/1: 19–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
N'daou, Mohamed Saidou. 1988 “French Marxist Theory and the Question of Social Differentiation in Sangalan Pre-Colonial Society,” unpublished paper.Google Scholar
Nadel, S. F. 1942 A Black Byzantium: The Kingdom of Nupe in Nigeria. London: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Nayenga, Peter. 1979 “Chiefs and the ‘Land Question’ in Busoga District, Uganda, 1895-1936,” International Journal of African Historical Studies 12/2: 183–209.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nayenga, Peter. 1981 “Commercial Cotton Growing in Busoga District, Uganda, 1905-1923,” African Economic History 10: 175–95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Newbury, Catherine M. 1980 “‘Ubureetwa and Thangata’: Catalysts to Peasant Political Consciousness in Rwanda and Malawi,” Canadian Journal of African Studies 14/1: 97–111.Google Scholar
Newbury, Catherine M. 1983 “Colonialism, Ethnicity, and Rural Political Protest: Rwanda and Zanzibar in Comparative Perspective,” Comparative Politics 15/3: 253–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Newbury, Catherine M. 1988 The Cohesion of Oppression: Clientship and Ethnicity in Colonial Kinyaga (Rwanda) 1860-1960. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Newitt, M. D. D. 1973 Portuguese Settlement on the Zambesi: Exploration, Land Tenure. and Colonial Rule in East Africa. New York: Africana Publishing Corporation.Google Scholar
Newitt, M. D. D. 1988 “Drought in Mozambique, 1823-1831,” Journal of Southern African Studies 15/1: 15–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ng'ang'a, D. Mukaru. 1981 “What Is Happening to the Kenyan Peasantry?” Review of African Political Economy 20:7–16.Google Scholar
Ng'ang'a, D. Mukaru. 1977 “Mau-Mau Loyalists and Politics in Murang'a,” Kenya Historical Review 5/2: 365–84.Google Scholar
Ngugi, Wa Thiong'o. 1967 A Grain of Wheat. London: Heinemann.Google Scholar
Ngugi, Wa Thiong'o. 1967 Weep Not Child. London: Heinemann.Google Scholar
Ngugi, Wa Thiong'o. 1978 Petals of Blood. New York: Dutton.Google Scholar
Ngugi, Wa Thiong'o. 1982 Devil on the Cross. London: Heinemann.Google Scholar
Nkadimeng, Malete, and Reilly, Georgina. 1984 “Kas Maine: The Story of a Black South African Agriculturalist.” In Town and Countryside in the Transvaal, edited by Bozzoli, Belinda, 90–127. Johannesburg: Ravan Press.Google Scholar
Nkemdirim, Bernard A. 1977 “Reflections on Political Conflict, Rebellion and Revolution in Africa,” Journal of Modern African Studies 15/1: 75–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nurse, G. T. 1975 “Seasonal Hunger Among the Ngoni and Ntumba of Central Malawi,” Africa 45/1: 1–11.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nzula, Albert, et al 1979 Forced Labour in Colonial Africa. London: Zed Press.Google Scholar
O'Ballance, Edgar. 1967 The Algerian Insurrection, 1954-1962. London: Faber and Faber.Google Scholar
O'Brien, Donald Cruise. 1971 “Co-Operators and Bureaucrats: Class Formation in a Senegalese Peasant Society,” Africa 41/4: 263–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
O'Brien, Donald Cruise. 1979 “Ruling Class and Peasantry in Senegal, 1960-1976: The Politics of a Monocrop Economy.” In The Political Economy of Underdevelopment: Dependence in Senegal, edited by O'Brien, Rita Cruise, 209–27. Beverly Hills: Sage.Google Scholar
O'Brien, Jay. 1983 “The Formulation of the Agricultural Labour Force in Sudan,” Review of African Political Economy 26:15–34.Google Scholar
O'Laughlin, Bridgit. 1973 “Mbum Beer Parties: Structure of Production and Exchange in African Social Formation,” Ph.D. diss., Yale University.Google Scholar
O'Laughlin, Bridgit. 1977 “Production and Reproduction: Meillassoux's Femmes greniers et capitaux ,” Critique of Anthropology 2:3–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
O'Mally, Pat. 1979 “Social Bandits, Modern Capitalism and the Traditional Peasantry: A Critique of Hobsbawm,” Journal of Peasant Studies 6/4: 489–501.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
O'Toole, Thomas. 1984 “The 1928-1931 Gbaya Insurrection in Ubangui-Shari: Messianic Movement or Village Self-Defense?” Canadian Journal of African Studies 18/2: 329–44.Google Scholar
Ogbu, John U. 1973 “Seasonal Hunger in Tropical Africa as a Cultural Phenomenon,” Africa 43/4: 317–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ohadike, D. C. 1981 “The Influenza Pandemic of 1918-19 and the Spread of Cassava Cultivation on the Lower Niger,” Journal of African History 22/5: 379–91.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Okihiro, Gary. 1984. “Pre-Colonial Economic Change Among the Tlhaping, c. 1795-1817,” International Journal of African Historical Studies 17/1: 59–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Olivier de Sardan, Jean-Pierre. 1984 Les sociétés Songhay-Zarma (Niger-Mali): Chiefs, guerriers, esclaves, paysans. Paris: Karthala.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Packard, Randy. 1980 “Social Change and the History of Misfortune Among the Bashu of Eastern Zaire.” In Exploration in African Systems of Thought, edited by Karp, I. and Bird, C., 237–67. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
Packard, Randy. 1984 “Maize, Cattle and Mosquitoes: The Political Economy of Malaria Epidemics in Colonial Swaziland,” Journal of African History 25/2: 189–212.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Packard, Randy. 1989 White Plague, Black Labor. Tuberculosis and the Political Economy of Health and Disease in South Africa. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Page, Melvin. 1978 “The War of Thangata: Nyasaland and the East African Campaign, 1914-1918,” Journal of African History 19/1: 87–100.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Paige, Jeffrey. 1975 Agrarian Revolution: Social Movements and Export Agriculture in the Underdeveloped World. New York: Free Press.Google Scholar
Pala, Achola. 1980 “Daughters of the Lakes and Rivers: Colonization and the Land Rights of Luo Women.” In Women and Colonization:: Anthropological Perspectives, edited by Etienne, M. and Leacock, E., 186–213. New York: Praeger.Google Scholar
Palmer, Robin. 1986 “Working Conditions and Worker Responses on Nyasaland Tea Estates, 1930-1953,” Journal of African History 27/1: 105–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Palmer, Robin and Parsons, Neil. 1977 The Roots of Rural Poverty in Central and Southern Africa. London: Heinemann.Google Scholar
Pankhurst, Richard. 1967 “Tribute, Taxation and Government Revenues in Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Century Ethiopia,” Journal of Ethiopian Studies 5: 37–87.Google Scholar
Parkin, David, ed. 1975 Town and Country in Central and Eastern Africa. London: International African Institute.Google Scholar
Parkin, David. 1972 Palms, Wine and Witnesses: Public Spirit and Private Gain in an African Farming Community. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Pelissier, Paul. 1966 Les paysans du Sénégal: Les civilisations agraires du Cayor à la Casamance. Saint-Yrieix: lmprimerie Fabregue.Google Scholar
Pelissier, René. 1977 Les guerres grises: Résistance et révoltes en Angola, 1845-1941. Orgeval: Pelissier.Google Scholar
Pelissier, René. 1978 La colonie du Minotaure: Nationalismes et révoltes en Angola 1926-1961. Orgeval: Pelissier.Google Scholar
Pelissier, René. 1984 Naissance du Mozambique: Résistance et révoltes anticoloniales (1854-1918). Orgeval: Pelissier.Google Scholar
Perinbaum, B. Marie. 1973 “Fanon and the Revolutionary Peasantry-The Algerian Case,” Journal of Modern African Studies 11/3: 427–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Peters, Pauline. 1983 “Gender, Development Cycles and Historical Process: A Critique of Recent Research on Women in Botswana,” Journal of Southern African Studies 10/1: 100–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Phimister, I. R. 1974 “Peasant Production and Underdevelopment in Southern Rhodesia, 1890-1914,” African Affairs 73:217–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Phimister, I. R. 1986 “Commodity Relations and Class Formation in the Zimbabwean Countryside, 1898-1920,” Journal of Peasant Studies 13/4: 240–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Phimister, I. R. 1987 “Zimbabwe: The Combined and Contradictory Inheritance of the Struggle Against Colonialism,” Transformation 5:51–59.Google Scholar
Polanah, Luis. 1981 The Saga of a Cotton Capulana. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.Google Scholar
Popkin, Samuel L. 1979 The Rational Peasant: The Political Economy of Rural Society in Vietnam. Los Angeles: University of California Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Post, Ken. 1970 On “Peasantization” and Rural Class Differentiation in Western Africa. The Hague: Institute of Social Studies, Occasional Papers.Google Scholar
Post, Ken. 1972 “‘Peasantization’ and Rural Political Movements in Western Africa,” European Journal of Sociology 13: 223–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Post, Ken. 1977 “Peasantization in West Africa.” In African Social Studies: A Radical Reader, edited by Gutkind, P. and Waterman, R., 241–50. New York: Monthly Review Press.Google Scholar
Post, Ken. 1979 “The Alliance of Peasants and Workers: Some Problems Concerning the Articulation of Classes (Algeria and China).” In Peasants and Proletarians: The Struggles of Third World Workers, edited by Cohen, Robin et al, 265–85. New York: Monthly Review Press.Google Scholar
Poulantzas, Nicos. 1978 Classes in Contemporary Capitalism. London: Verso.Google Scholar
Presley, Cora Ann. 1986 “Kikuyu Women in the Mau-Mau Rebellion.” In In Resistance, edited by Okihiro, G. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press.Google Scholar
Price, Richard, ed. 1973 Maroon Societies: Rebel Slave Communities in the Americas. New York: Anchor Press.Google Scholar
Prochaska, David. 1986 “Fire on the Mountains: Resisting Colonialism in Algiers.” In Banditry, Rebellion and Social Protest in Africa, edited by Crummey, Donald. Portsmouth: Heinemann.Google Scholar
Quandt, William B. 1969 Revolution and Political Leadership: Algeria, 1954-1968. Cambridge: M.I.T. Press.Google Scholar
Quirin, James. 1977 “The Beta Israel (Falasha) in Ethiopian History: Caste Formation and Culture Change, 1270-1868,” Ph.D. diss., University of Minnesota.Google Scholar
Quirin, James. 1984 “A Preliminary Analysis of New Archival Sources on Daily Life in Historical Highland Ethiopia.” In Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Ethiopian Studies, edited by Rubenson, Sven, 393–410. Uppsala, Addis Ababa, East Lansing.Google Scholar
Quirin, James. 1984 “The Ayhud and Beta Esra'el-Falasha in Fifteenth-Century Ethiopia: Oral and Written Traditions,” Northeast African Studies. Forthcoming.Google Scholar
Radcliffe-Brown, A. R. 1952 Structure and Function in Primitive Society. London: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Radcliffe-Brown, A. R. and Forde, D. 1980 African Systems of Kinship and Marriage. London: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Raikes, P. 1978 “Rural Differentiation and Class Formation in Tanzania,” Journal of Peasant Studies 5/3: 285–325.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ranger, T. O. 1967 Revolt in Southern Rhodesia 1896-7: A Study in African Resistance. London: Heinemann.Google Scholar
Ranger, T. O. 1968a “Connections Between ‘Primary Resistance’ Movements and Modern Mass Nationalism in East and Central Africa,” Journal of African History 9/3: 437–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ranger, T. O. 1968b Emerging Themes in African History. Nairobi: East African Publishing House.Google Scholar
Ranger, T. O. 1977 “The People in African Resistance,” Journal of Southern African Studies 4/1: 123–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ranger, T. O. 1978 “Reflections on Peasant Research in Central and Southern Africa,” Journal of Southern African Studies 5/1:99–133.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ranger, T. O. 1985 Peasant Consciousness and Guerrilla War in Zimbabwe. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Ranger, T. O. 1986a “Religious Movements and Politics in Sub-Saharan Africa,” African Studies Review 29/2: 1–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ranger, T. O. 1986b “Resistance in Africa: From Nationalist Revolt to Agrarian Protest.” In In Resistance, edited by Okihiro, Gary. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press.Google Scholar
Ranger, T. O. 1988 “Chingaira Makoni's Head: Myth, History and the Colonial Experience,” Hans Wolf Memorial Lecture, African Studies Program, Indiana University.Google Scholar
Rathbone, Richard. 1978 “World War I and Africa: Introduction,” Journal of African History 19/1: 1–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Redfield, Robert. 1956 Peasant Society and Culture: An Anthropological Approach to Civilization. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Reining, P. 1970 “Social Factors and Food Production in an East African Peasant Society: The Hava.” In African Food Production Systems, edited by McLaughlin, P. F. M. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Rennie, J. K. 1978 “White Farmers, Black Tenants and Landlord Legislation: Southern Rhodesia, 1890-1930,” Journal of Southern African Studies 5:86–98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rey, P. P. 1973 Les alliances des classes: Sur l'articulation des modes de production. Paris: F. Maspero.Google Scholar
Rey, P. P. 1974 “Class Contradictions in Lineage Societies,” Critique of Anthropology 2: 13–14.Google Scholar
Rey, P. P. 1975 “The Lineage Mode of Production,” Critique of Anthropology 3: 27–29.Google Scholar
Reyna, Stephen. 1975 “Making Do When the Rains Stop: Adjustment of Domestic Structure to Climatic Variation Among the Barma,” Ethnology 14/4: 405–17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reyna, Stephen. 1977 “Marriage Payments, Household Structure, and Domestic Labour Supply Among the Barma of Chad,” Africa 47:81–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Richards, Audrey. 1932 Hunger and Work in a Savage Tribe: A Functional Study of Nutrition Among the Southern Bantu. London: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Richards, Audrey. 1939 Land, Labour and Diet in Northern Rhodesia: An Economic Study of the Bemba Tribe. London: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Richards, Audrey. 1954 Economic Development and Tribal Change: A Study of Immigrant Labour in Present-Day Buganda: An Economic and Anthropological Survey. Cambridge: Heffer, for the East African Institute of Social Research.Google Scholar
Richards, Audrey I., Sturrock, F., and Fortt, J. M. 1973 Subsistence to Commercial Farming in Buganda. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Richards, Paul. 1983 “Ecological Change and the Politics of African Land Use,” African Studies Review 26/2: 1–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Robert, Richard. 1987 Warriors, Merchants and Slaves: The State and the Economy in the Middle Niger Valley, 1700-1914. Stanford: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Robert, Richard and Klein, Martin. 1980 “The Banamba Slave Exodus of 1905 and the Decline of Slavery in the Western Sudan,” Journal of African History 21/3: 375–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roberts, Andrew. 1973 A History of the Bemba: Political Growth and Change in North-Eastern Zambia Before 1900. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.Google Scholar
Roberts, Penelope. 1988 “Rural Women's Access to Labor in West Africa.” In Patriarchy and Class, edited by Stichter, Sharon and Parpart, Jane, 97–114. Boulder: Westview Press.Google Scholar
Roberts, Richard and Miers, Suzanne, eds. 1988 The End of Slavery in Africa. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.Google Scholar
Robertson, A. F. 1987 The Dynamics of Productive Relationships: African Share Contracts in Comparative Perspective. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Robertson, Claire. 1987 “Developing Economic Awareness: Changing Perspectives in Studies of African Women, 1976-1985,” Feminist Studies 13/1: 97–135.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Robertson, Claire and Berger, Iris. 1986 Women and Class in Africa. New York: Holmes and Meier.Google Scholar
Robinson, David. 1985 The Holy War of Umar Tal: The Western Sudan in the Mid-Nineteenth Century. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Roche, Christian. 1976 Conquête et résistance des peuples de Casamance. Dakar: Les Nouvelles Editions Africaines.Google Scholar
Rodegem, Francis. 1974 “Une forme d'humeur contestataire au Burundi: Les Wellerismes,” Cahiers d'études africaines 14: 521–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rodney, Walter. 1968 “Jihad and Social Revolution,” Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria 4/2: 269–84.Google Scholar
Rodney, Walter. 1972 How Europe Underdeveloped Africa. London: Bogle-l'Ouverture Publications.Google Scholar
Susan, Rogers (Geiger). 1973 “Search for Political Focus on Kilimanjaro: A History of Chagga Politics, 1916-1952, with Special Reference to the Cooperative Movement and Indirect Rule,” Ph.D. diss., University of Dar-es-Salaam.Google Scholar
Susan, Rogers (Geiger). 1980 “Anti-colonial Protest in Africa: A Female Strategy,” Heresies 3:222–25.Google Scholar
Rogers, Barbara. 1979 The Domestication of Women: Discrimination in Developing Societies. New York: St. Martin's Press.Google Scholar
Romero, Patricia, ed. 1988 Life Histories of African Women. New Jersey: Ashfield Press.Google Scholar
Rosberg, Carl and Nottingham, John. 1966 The Myth of “Mau-Mau” Nationalists in Kenya. Nairobi: East African Publishing House.Google Scholar
Roseberry, W. 1978 “Peasants as Proletarians,” Critique of Anthropology 11:3–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rostow, Walter. 1960 The Stages of Economic Growth: A Non-Communist Manifesto. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Rotberg, R. I. and Mazrui, A., eds. 1970 Protest and Power in Black Africa. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Rotenhan, D. von. 1968 “Cotton Farming in Sukumaland: Cash Cropping and Its Implications.” In Smallholder Farming and Smallholder Development in Tanzania, edited by Ruthenberg, Hans, 53–85. Munich: Weltforum Verlag.Google Scholar
Rudé, George F. E. 1964 The Crowd in History: A Study of Popular Disturbances in France and England. 1730-1848. New York: Wiley.Google Scholar
Santilli, Kathy. 1977 “Kikuyu Women in the Mau Mau Revolt: A Closer Look,” Ufamahu 8/1: 143–59.Google Scholar
Saul, J. and Woods, R. 1971 “African Peasantries.” In Peasants and Peasant Societies, edited by Shanin, T. London: Penguin.Google Scholar
Saul, John S. 1973 “Marketing Cooperatives in a Developing Country: The Tanzanian Case.” In Socialism in Tanzania, edited by Cliffe, Lionel and Saul, John, 141–52. Dar-es-Salaam: East African Printing House.Google Scholar
Saul, John S. 1975 “The Role of the Cooperative Movement.” In Rural Cooperation in Tanzania, edited by Cliffe, Lionel, et al, 206–11. Dar-es-Salaam: Tanzania Publishing House.Google Scholar
Saul, John S. 1979 “African Peasantries and Revolution.” In The State and Revolution in Eastern Africa, Essays by John Saul, 297–338. New York: Monthly Review Press.Google Scholar
Schele, Linda, and Miller, Mary Ellen. 1986 The Blood of Kings: Dvnasty and Ritual in Maya Art. Fort Worth: Kimball Art Museum.Google Scholar
Scheub, Harold. 1985 “A Review of African Oral Traditions and Literature,” African Studies Review 28/2–3: 1–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scheub, Harold. 1987 “The Autobiography of Nongenile Masithatu Zenani,” in Life Histories of African Women, edited by Romero, Patricia, 7–46. New Jersey: Ashfield Press.Google Scholar
Schildkrout, Enid. 1988 “Notes on the Life History of a Hausa Woman.” In Life Histories of African Women, edited by Romero, Patricia, 78–98. New Jersey: Ashfield Press.Google Scholar
Schmidt, Elizabeth. 1987 “Ideology, Economics and the Role of Shona Women in Southern Rhodesia, 1850-1939,” Ph.D. diss., University of Wisconsin.Google Scholar
Schmidt, Elizabeth. 1988 “Farmers, Hunters and Gold-Washers: A Reevaluation of Women's Roles in Precolonial and Colonial Zimbabwe,” African Economic History 17:45–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schmidt, Elizabeth. 1988 “Patriarchy, Capitalism and the Colonial State: An Alliance to Control African Women in Southern Rhodesia, 1890-1939,” special issue of Signs on “Women, Family, State and Economy in Africa.” Forthcoming.Google Scholar
Schoepf, Brooke Grundfest. 1987 “Social Structure, Women's Status and Sex Differential Nutrition in the Zairean Copperbelt,” Urban Anthropology 16:73–102.Google Scholar
Schoffeleers, M. 1985 “Oral History and the Retrieval of the Distant Past.” In Theoretical Explorations in African Religion, edited by van Binsbergen, Wim and Schoffeleers, M., 164–88. London: Kegan Paul.Google Scholar
Schroeder, Richard. 1989 “Seasonality and Gender Conflict in Irrigated Agriculture: Mandinka Rice and Vegetable Production in the Gambia,” unpublished paper.Google Scholar
Scott, James C. 1976a “Exploitation in Rural Class Relations: A Victim's Perspective,” Comparative Politics 714:489–532.Google Scholar
Scott, James C. 1976b The Moral Economy of the Peasant: Rebellion and Subsistence in Southeast Asia. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Scott, James C. 1977 “Hegemony and the Peasantry,” Politics and Society 7:267–96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scott, James C. 1977 “Peasant Revolution: A Dismal Science,” Cooperative Politics 9/2: 231–48.Google Scholar
Scott, James C. 1982 “Normal Exploitation, Normal Resistance.” Unpublished paper presented at the Seminar on Everyday Forms of Peasant Resistance in Southeast Asia, The Hague.Google Scholar
Scott, James C. 1985 Weapons of the Weak: Everyday Forms of Peasant Resistance. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Scott, James C. n.d. “Political Analysis and the Hidden Transcript of Subordinate Groups,” unpublished manuscript.Google Scholar
Scott, Joan. 1986 “Gender: A Useful Category of Historical Analysis,” American Historical Review 91/5: 1053–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scott, Joan. 1987 “On Language, Gender and Working Class History,” International Labor and Working Class History 31:1–13.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Searing, James. 1988 “Aristocrats, Slaves and Peasants: Power and Dependency in the Wolof States, 1700-1850,” International Journal of African Historical Studies 21/3: 475–504.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Seddons, David. 1978 Relations of Production: Marxist Approaches to Economic Anthropology. New Jersey: Frank Cass.Google Scholar
Seddons, David. 1981 Moroccan Peasants: A Century of Change in the Eastern Rif, 1870-1970. Kent: William Dawson and Sons.Google Scholar
Seleti, Yonal. 1987 “Finance Capital and the Coffee Industry of Angola, 1865-1895,” Transafrican Journal of History 16:63–77.Google Scholar
Sewell, W. 1985 “Ideologies and Social Revolution: Reflections on the French Case,” Journal of Modern History 57/1: 57–85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shanin, Teodor. 1971a “Peasantry: Delineation of a Sociological Concept and a Field of Study,” European Journal of Sociology 12:289–300.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shanin, Teodor. 1971b Peasants and Peasant Society. Hammondsworth: Penguin.Google Scholar
Shanin, Teodor. 1972 The Awkward Class: Political Sociology of Peasantry in a Developing Society: Russia, 1910-1925. London: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Shanin, Teodor. 1973 “The Nature and Logic of the Peasant Economy,” Journal of Peasant Studies 1/1: 63–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shanin, Teodor. 1979 “Defining Peasants: Conceptualizations and De-Conceptualizations: Old and New in a Marxist Debate,” Peasant Studies 8/4: 38–60.Google Scholar
Shenton, R. W. 1986 The Development of Capitalism in Northern Nigeria. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.Google Scholar
Shenton, R. W. and Lennihan, Louise. 1981 “Capital and Class: Peasant Differentiation in Northern Nigeria,” Journal of Peasant Studies 9/1: 47–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shepperson, G. and Price, T. 1958 Independent African: John Chilembwe and the Origins, Setting and Significance of the Nyasaland Native Rising of 1915. Edinburg University Press.Google Scholar
Sheriff, Abdul. 1987 Slaves Spices and Ivory in Zanzibar. London: James Curry.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shivji, Issa. 1975 “Peasants and Class Alliances,” Review of African Political Economy 3:10–18.Google Scholar
Sikitele, Gize. 1973 “Les Racine de la révoke Pende de 1971,” Etudes d'histoire africaine 5:99–153.Google Scholar
Silberfein, Marilyn. 1978 “The African Cultivator: A Geographic Overview.” In Peasants in Africa, edited by Smith, Alan and Welch, Claude, 7–23. Waltham: Crossroads Press.Google Scholar
Silvestre, Victor. 1974 “Differenciations socio-economiques dans une société à vocation égalitaire: Masaka dans le paysannat de l'Icyanya,” Cahiers d'études africaines 53:104–69.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Simensen, Jarle. 1974 “Rural Mass Action in the Context of Anti-Colonial Protest: The Asafo Movement of Akim Abuakwa, Ghana,” Canadian Journal of African Studies 8/1: 25–41.Google Scholar
Sklar, Richard. 1963 Nigerian Political Parties. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Skocpol, T. 1979 States and Social Revolutions: A Comparative Analysis of France, Russia and China. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Skocpol, T. 1982 “What Makes Peasants Revolutionary.” In Power and Protest in the Countryside, edited by Weller, Robert P. and Guggenheim, Scott, 156–79. Durham: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Slater, H. 1977 “Peasantries and Primitive Accumulation in Southern Africa,” Centre for Southern African Studies, Collected Papers No. 2, University of York.Google Scholar
Smith, M. G. 1954 “Slavery and Emancipation in Two Societies,” Social and Economic Studies 3–4: 239–280.Google Scholar
Smith, M. G. 1960 Government in Zazzau 1800-1950. London: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Smith, Robert. 1976 “L'administration coloniale et les villageois, les Vansi du nord de Bulungu, 1920-1940 (Zaire),” Les cahiers du CEDAF 3: 1–32.Google Scholar
Sorrenson, M. P. K. 1967 Land Reform in the Kikuyu Country: A Study in Government Policy. Nairobi and London: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Spaulding, Jay. 1982 “Slavery, Land Tenure and Social Class in Northern Turkish Sudan,” Journal of African Historical Studies 15/1: 1–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spiegel, Andrew. 1980 “Rural Differentiation and the Diffusion of Migrant Labor Remittances in Lesotho.” In Black Villagers in an Industrial Society, edited by Mayer, P., 109–68. Capetown: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Spittler, G. 1979 “Peasant and the State in Niger,” Peasant Studies 8/1: 30–47.Google Scholar
Starner, F. L. 1961 Magsaysay and the Philippine Peasantry: The Agrarian Impact of Philippines Politics, 1953-1956. Los Angeles: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Staudt, Kathleen. 1985 “Rewriting Agricultural History: Women Farmers at the Center.” Paper presented at the African Studies Association, New Orleans.Google Scholar
Staudt, Kathleen. 1986 “Stratification Implication for Women's Politics.” In Women and Class in Africa, edited by Robertson, Claire and Berger, Iris, 197–215. New York: Holmes and Meier.Google Scholar
Staudt, Kathleen. 1987 “Uncaptured or Unmotivated? Women and the Food Crisis in Africa,” Rural Sociology 52/1: 37–55.Google Scholar
Stedman-Jones, Gareth. 1983 Languages of Class. Studies in English Working-Class History, 1832-1982. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Steinhart, E. 1977 Conflict and Collaboration: The Kingdoms of Western Uganda, 1890-1907. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Stenning, D. 1959 Savannah Nomads. London: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Stern, Steven. 1987 Resistance, Rebellion and Consciousness in the Andean Peasant World, Eighteenth to Twentieth Centuries. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.Google Scholar
Stern, Steven J. 1983 “The Struggle for Solidarity: Class, Culture and Community in Highland America.” Radical History 27:21–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stichter, Sharon. 1975 “Women and the Labor Force in Kenya, 1895-1964,” Rural Africa 29:45–67.Google Scholar
Stichter, Sharon. 1982 Migrant Labor in Kenya: Capitalism and African Response, 1895-1975. London: Longman.Google Scholar
Stichter, Sharon. 1985 Migrant Labourers. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Stoler, Ann. 1986 “Plantation Politics and Protest on Sumatra's Coast,” Journal of Peasant Studies 13/2: 124–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Strauder, Jack. 1974 “The Relevance of Anthropology to Colonialism and Imperialism,” Race and Class 16:29–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Strobel, Margaret. 1982 “African Women: A Review,” Signs 8/1: 109–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sturzinger, Ulrich. 1983 “The Introduction of Cotton Cultivation in Chad: The Role of the Administration,” African Economic History 12:213–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sutton, Inez. 1983 “Labour and Commercial Agriculture in Ghana in the Late Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries,” Journal of African History 24/4: 461–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Swai, Bonaventure. 1982 “Colonial Rural Development Policy and Agrarian Protest in Tanganyika Territory: The Usambara Case, 1820-1920,” Transafrican Journal of African Studies 2:153–71.Google Scholar
Swantz, Marja-Liisa. 1977 Strain and Strength Among Peasant Women in Tanganyika. Dar-es-Salaam: University of Dar-es-Salaam, Bureau of Resource Assessment and Land Use Planning, Research Paper 49.Google Scholar
Swindell, Kenneth. 1984 “Farmers, Traders and Labourers: Dry Season Migration From North-West Nigeria, 1900-1933,” Africa 54/1: 3–19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tamrat, Taddesse. 1972 Church and State in Ethiopia, 1270-1527. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Tareke, Gebru. 1984 “Peasant Resistance in Ethiopia: The Case of Weyane,” Journal of African History 25/1:77–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tarrow, Sidney. 1988 “National Politics and Collective Action: Recent Theory and Research in Western Europe and the United States,” Annual Review of Sociology 14:421–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Temu, A. and Swai, B. 1981 Historians and Africanist History: A Critique. London: Zed Press.Google Scholar
Terray, E. 1972 Marxism and “Primitive Societies.” New York: Monthly Review.Google Scholar
Terray, E. 1974 “Long-Distance Exchange and the Formation of the State,” Economy and Society 3/3: 315–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Terray, E. 1985a “Societes segmentaires, chefferies etats: Acquis et problemes,” Canadian Journal of African History 19/1: 106–15.Google Scholar
Terray, E. 1985b “Une histoire du royaume Abron de Gyiaman des origines à la fin du xixe siécle,” Thése d'Etat, Université Paris, V.Google Scholar
Tetzlaff, Rainer. 1970 Koloniale Entwicklung und Ausbeutung Wirtschafts-und Sozialgeschichte Deutsch Ostrafrikas 1885-1919. Berlin: Duncker und Humblot.Google Scholar
Thelen, David. 1989 “Memory and American History,” Journal of American History 75:117–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thiele, G. 1984 “State Intervention and Commodity Production in Ugogo: A Historical Perspective,” Africa 54/3: 92–107.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thomas, Roger. 1983 “The 1916 Bongo Riots,” Journal of African History 24/1: 57–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thornton, John. 1983 The Kingdom of Kongo: Civil War and Transition, 1641-1718. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.Google Scholar
Throup, David. 1985 “The Origins of Mau Mau,” African Affairs 84: 399–434.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Throup, David. 1987 Economic and Social Origins of Mau-Mau, 1945-53. Athens: Ohio University Press.Google Scholar
Tilly, Charles. 1978 From Mobilization to Revolution. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.Google Scholar
Tilly, Charles. 1982 “Routing Conflicts and Peasant Rebellions in Seventeenth-Century France.” In Power and Protest in the Countryside, edited by Weller, Robert P. and Guggenheim, Scott E., 13–41. Durham: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Tosh, John. 1978 “Lango Agriculture During the Early Colonial Period: Land and Labour in a Cash-Crop Economy,” Journal of African History 19/3: 415–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tosh, John. 1980 “The Cash-Crop Revolution in Tropical Africa: An Agricultural Reappraisal,” African Affairs 79:79–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Trapido, S. 1978 “Landlord and Tenant in a Colonial Economy: The Transvaal, 1880-1910,” Journal of Southern African Studies 5/1: 26–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Trapido, S. 1980 “The Friends of the Natives': Merchants, Peasants and the Political and Ideological Structure of Liberalism in the Cape, 1854-1910.” In Economy and Society in Pre-Industrial South Africa, edited by Atmore, A. and Marks, S., 247–74. London: Longman.Google Scholar
Trapido, S. 1986 “Putting a Plough to the Ground: A History of Tenant Production on the Vereeneging Estates, 1896-1920.” In Putting a Plough to the Ground, edited by Beinart, William, Delius, Peter, and Trapido, Stanley, 336–72. Johannesburg: Ravan Press.Google Scholar
Traugott, Mark. 1978 “Reconceiving Social Movements” Social Problems 26/1: 38–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tronchon, Jacques. 1974 L'insurrection malagache de 1947. Paris: Maspero.Google Scholar
Trouillot, Michel-Rolph. 1988 Peasants and Capital: Dominica in the World Economy. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Tuden, Arthur and Plotnicov, Leonard. 1970 Social Stratification in Africa. New York: Free Press.Google Scholar
Turner, Victor. 1957 Schism and Continuity in an African Society: A Study of Ndembu Village Life. Manchester: University of Manchester Press.Google Scholar
Urdang, Stephanie. 1979 Fighting Two Colonialisms: Women in Guinea Bissau. New York: Monthly Review Press.Google Scholar
Usman, Yusufu Bala. 1981 The Transformation of Katsina (1400-1883). Zaria: Ahmadu Bello University Press.Google Scholar
Vail, David. 1972 A History of Agricultural Innovation and Development in Teso District Uganda. Syracuse: Syracuse University, East African Studies, VI.Google Scholar
Vail, Leroy, ed. 1989 The Creation of Tribalism in Southern Africa. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Vail, Leroy, 1977 “Ecology and History: The Example of Eastern Zambia,” Journal of Southern African Studies 3/2: 130–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vail, Leroy, 1980 Capitalism and Colonialism in Mozambique. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.Google Scholar
Vail, Leroy and White, Landeg. 1978 “‘Tawani Machamberol’ Forced Cotton and Rice Growing on the Zambezi,” Journal of African History 19/2: 239–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vail, Leroy and White, Landeg. 1983 “Forms of Resistance: Songs and Perception of Power in Colonial Mozambique,” American Historical Review 88/4: 883–919.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Valensi, Lucette. 1985 Tunisian Peasants in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Van Allen, Judith. 1976 “‘Aba Riots’ or Igbo ‘Women's War’? Ideology, Stratification and the Invisibility of Women.” In Women in Africa, edited by Hafkin, Nancy J. and Bay, Edna G., 59–85. Stanford: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Van Binsbirgen, W. M. J. 1981 Religious Changes in Zambia. London: Kegan Paul.Google Scholar
Van Onselen, Charles. 1990 “Race and Class in the South African Countryside: Cultural Osmosis and Social Relations in the Share-Cropping Economy of the South-Western Transvaal, 1900-1950,” American Historical Review 95:99–123.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vansina, Jan. 1962 “A Comparison of African Kingdoms,” Africa 32/4: 324–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vansina, Jan. 1966 Kingdoms of the Savanna. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.Google Scholar
Vansina, Jan. 1969 “Anthropologists and the Third Dimension,” Africa 39/1: 62–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vansina, Jan. 1978 Children of Woot: A History of the Kuba Peoples. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.Google Scholar
Vansina, Jan. 1985 Oral Tradition as History. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.Google Scholar
Vaughan, Megan. 1982 “Food Production and Family Labour in Southern Malawi: The Shire Highlands and Upper Shire Valley in the Early Colonial Period,” Journal of African History 23/1: 351–04.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vaughan, Megan. 1987 The Story of an African Famine: Gender and Famine in Twentieth Century Malawi. Oxord: Oxford UniversityPress.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vellenga, Dorothy Dee. 1986 “Matriliny, Patriliny and Class Formation Among Women Cocoa Farmers in Two Rural Areas of Ghana.” In Women and Class in Africa, edited by Robertson, Claire and Berger, Iris, 62–77. New York: Africana Publishing Corporation.Google Scholar
Vercruijsse, Emile. 1979 “Class Formation in the Peasant Economy of Southern Ghana,” Review of African Political Economy 15–16: 93–104.Google Scholar
Verhaegen, Benoit. 1966 Rebellions au Congo. Brussels: Centre de Recherche et d'Informatlon Socio-Politique.Google Scholar
Verhaegen, Benoit. 1967 “Les rebellions populaires au Congo en 1964,” Cahiers d'études africaines 26: 345–359.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Verhaegen, Benoit. 1986 “The Method of Histoire Immédiate .” In African Historiographies, edited by Jewsiewicki, B. and Newbury, D. Beverly Hills: Sage.Google Scholar
Vickery, Kenneth. 1986 Black and White in Southern Zambia. New York: Greenwood Press.Google Scholar
Vidal, Claudine. 1974 “Economie de la Société Féodale Rwandaise,” Cahiers d'études africaines 14: 52–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vincent, Joan. 1977 “Colonial Chiefs and the Marking of Class: A Case Study from Teso, Eastern Uganda,” Africa 47/2: 140–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vincent, Joan. 1981 Teso in Transformation: The Political Economy of Peasant and Class in Eastern Africa. Los Angeles: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Wallerstein, Immanuel. 1974, 1980 The Modern World System, vols, 1–3. New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Wallerstein, Immanuel. 1976 “The Three Stages of African Involvement in the World Economy.” In The Political Economy of Contemporary Africa, edited by Gutkind, P. and Wallerstein, I., 30–57. Beverly Hills: Sage.Google Scholar
Walton, John. 1983 Reluctant Rebels: Comparative Studies of Revolution and Underdevelopment. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Watson, William. 1958 Tribal Cohesion in a Money Economy: A Study of the Mambwe People of Northern Rhodesia. Manchester: Manchester University Press.Google Scholar
Watts, Michael. 1983a “The Political Economy of Climatic Hazards: A Village Perspective on Drought and Peasant Economy in a Semi-Arid Region of West Africa,” Cahier d'études africaines 89–90: 37–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Watts, Michael. 1983b Silent Violence: Food, Famine and Peasantry in Northern Nigeria. Los Angeles: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Watts, Michael. 1987a “Banditry, Rebellion and Social Protest in Africa: A Review,” African Economic History 16:1230–90.Google Scholar
Watts, Michael. 1987b “On Peasant Diffidence: Non-Revolt, Resistance, and Hidden Forms of Political Consciousness in Northern Nigeria, 1900-1945.” In Global Crises and Social Movements, edited by Burke, Edmund, 117–44. Boulder: Lynne Reinner.Google Scholar
Watts, Michael. 1988 “Struggles Over Land, Struggles Over Meaning.” In A Ground for a Common Search, edited by Golledge, Reginald, 31–51. Santa Barbara: University of Santa Barbara Press.Google Scholar
Watts, Michael. 1989 “Manufacturing Dissent: Culture and Production Politics in a Peasant Society,” paper presented at conference on “Political Economy and Popular Culture in Africa,” Stanford University.Google Scholar
Wauchope, R., ed. 1967–1976 The Handbook of Middle American Indians. 2 vols. Austin: University of Texas Press.Google Scholar
Weiner, Myron, ed. 1966 Modernization: The Dynamics of Growth. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Weinrich, A. 1975 African Farmers in Rhodesia: Old and New Peasant Communities in Karangaland. London: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Weiskel, Timothy. 1980 French Colonial Rule and the Baule Peoples: Resistance and Collaboration 1889-1911. London: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Weiss, Herbert F. 1967 Political Protest in the Congo. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Welch, Claude E. Jr., 1978a “Peasants as a Focus in African Studies.” In Peasants in Africa, edited by Smith, Alan and Welch, Claude, 1–5. Waltham: Crossroads Press.Google Scholar
Welch, Claude E. Jr., 1978b “Obstacles to ‘Peasant War’ in Africa.” In Peasants in Africa, edited by Smith, Alan and Welch, Claude, 121–30. Waltham: Crossroads Press.Google Scholar
White, Christine. 1983 “Mass Mobilisation and Ideological Transformation in the Vietnamese Land Reform Campaign,” Journal of Contemporary Asia 13/1: 74–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
White, Christine. 1986 “Everyday Resistance, Socialist Revolution, and Rural Development: The Vietnamese Case,” Journal of Peasant Studies 13/2: 49–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
White, Landeg. 1987 Magomero: Portrait of an African Village. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
White, Luise. 1983 “A Colonial State and an African Petty Bourgeoisie.” In Struggle for the City, edited by Cooper, Fred, 167–94. Beverly Hills: Sage.Google Scholar
White, Luise. 1988a “Domestic Labor in a Colonial City: Prostitution in Nairobi 1900-1952.” In Patriarchy and Class, edited by Stichter, Sharon and Papart, Jane, 139–61. Boulder: Westview Press.Google Scholar
White, Luise. 1990 “Separating the Men from the Boys: Colonial Constructions of Gender in Central Kenya,” International Journal of African Historical Studies 23/1: 1–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Whitehead, Ann. 1981 “‘I'm Hungry, Mum.’ The Politics of Domestic Budgeting.” In Of Marriage and the Market, edited by Young, Kate et al, 88–111. London: CSE Books..Google Scholar
Wilks, Ivor. 1976 “Land, Labor, Capital and the Forest of Asante: A Model of Early Change.” In The Evolution of Social Systems, edited by Friedman, J. and Rowlands, M. J., 487–533. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.Google Scholar
Williams, G. 1976 “Taking the Part of the Peasants: Rural Development in Nigeria and Tanzania.” In The Political Economy of Contemporary Africa, edited by Gutkind, P. and Wallerstein, I., 131–54. Beverly Hills: Sage.Google Scholar
Williams, Raymond. 1980 Problems in Materialism and Culture. London: Verso.Google Scholar
Wilmsen, E. 1983 “Iron Age Pastoralist Settlements in Botswana,” South African Journal of Science.Google Scholar
Wilmsen, E. 1983 “From Pastro-Forages to ‘Bushman’: Transformation in Property, Production and Labor Relations in the Kalahari.” In Herders Warriors and Traders: The Political Economy of African Pastoralism, edited by Galaty, J. and Bonte, P. Boulder: Westview Press. Forthcoming.Google Scholar
Monica, Wilson (Hunter). 1936 Reaction to Conquest. London: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Monica, Wilson (Hunter). 1951 Good Company: A Study of Nyakyusa Age Villages. London: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Monica, Wilson (Hunter). 1957 Rituals of Kinship Among the Myakua. London: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Monica, Wilson (Hunter). 1969 “The Growth of Peasant Communities.” In The Oxford History of South Africa, vol. 2: South Africa 1870-1966, edited by Wilson, Monica and Thompson, Leonard, 49–103. London: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Wipper, Audrey. 1977 Rural Rebels: A Study of Luo Protest Movements in Kenya. Nairobi: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Wolf, Eric. 1966 Peasants. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.Google Scholar
Wolf, Eric. 1969 “On Peasant Rebellions.” International Social Science Journal 21/2: 286–93.Google Scholar
Wolf, Eric. 1969 Peasant Wars of the Twentieth Century. New York: Harper and Row Publishers.Google Scholar
Wolf, Eric. 1971 “Peasant Rebellion and Revolution.” In National Liberation: Revolution in the Third World, edited by Miller, Norman and Aya, Roderick, 48–67. New York: Free Press.Google Scholar
Wolpe, H., ed. 1980 The Articulation of Modes of Production: Essays from Economy and Society. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.Google Scholar
Wolpe, H. 1972 “Capitalism and Cheap Labour Power in South Africa: From Segregation to Apartheid,” Economy and Society 1: 425–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Worsley, P. M. 1961 “The Analysis of Rebellion and Revolution in Modern British Social Anthropology,” Science and Society 21/5.1: 26–37.Google Scholar
Wright, Marcia. 1982 “Justices, Women and the Social Order in Abercorn, Northeastern Rhodesia, 1897-1903.” In African Women and the Law: Historical Perspectives, edited by Hay, Margaret Jean and Wright, Marcia. Boston: Boston University Press.Google Scholar
Wright, Marcia. 1983a “Bwanikwa: Consciousness and Protest Among Slave Women in Central Africa, 1886-1911.” In Women and Slavery in Africa, edited by Robertson, Claire and Klein, Martin, 246–67. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.Google Scholar
Wright, Marcia. 1983b “Technology, Marriage and Women's Work in the History of Maize Growers in Mazabuka Zambia: A Reconnaissance,” Journal of Southern African Studies 10/1: 71–85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wright, Marcia. 1984 Women in Peril: Life Stories of Four Captives. Lusaka: Institute for African Studies, University of Zambia.Google Scholar
Wrigley, C. C. 1959 Crops and Wealth in Uganda: A Short Agrarian History. Kampala: East African Google Scholar
Wrigley, C. C. 1971 “Historicism in Africa: Slavery and State Formation,” African Affairs 70:113–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wuyts, M. 1978 Peasants and Rural Economy in Mozambique. Maputo: Universidade Eduardo Mondlane.Google Scholar
Young, M. Crawford. 1965 Politics in the Congo: Decolonization and Independence. Princeton: Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Young, M. Crawford. 1986 “Nationalism, Ethnicity and Class in Africa: A Retrospective,” Cahiers d'études africaines 103:421–95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Young, S. 1977 “Fertility and Famine: Women's Agricultural History in Southern Mozambique.” In The Roots of Rural Poverty, edited by Palmer, Robin and Parsons, Neil, 66–81. Los Angeles: Unirversity of California Press.Google Scholar
Zolberg, A. R. 1964 One-Party Government in the Ivory Coast. Princeton: Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zwanenberg, R. van. 1974 “The Development of Peasant Commodity Production in Kenya, 1920-1940,” Economic History Review 27/3: 442–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar