Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-hc48f Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-22T11:02:16.239Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

New World Disorder: Black Hawk Down and the Eclipse of U.S. Military Humanitarianism in Africa

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 October 2013

Abstract:

This article argues that Ridley Scott's film Black Hawk Down (2001) may be seen with the benefit of historical hindsight as a portrait of the fear of imperial overreach and failure as written through the psyche of elite U.S. soldiers. In Black Hawk Down, Mogadishu and its denizens are made to stand in for the worst fears of the American military and the civilian policymaking establishment: the city, and, by extension, urban Africa, is represented as a feral zone in which the U.S. military's unmatched firepower and technology are overwhelmed in densely populated slums. The Mog, as the film's Special Forces troops call the city, is a ramshackle megacity whose residents are armed to the teeth with the military detritus of the Cold War. Mogadishu thus embodies the new Heart of Darkness, a stateless urban world of vicious Hobbesian war of all against all. This view of Africa as the vanguard of anarchy is shared by a significant segment of the elite in the global North, who see the criminalization of the state in Africa as a direct threat to U.S. interests. If, as these analysts hold, it is from such feral zones that future threats to American society are likely to originate, then potent new weapons systems must be developed to deal with this racialized new world disorder. This article unpacks the ahistorical character of such selfserving representations of urban Africa, underlining the extent to which policies pursued during the Cold War and neoliberal era by powers such as the U.S. have helped to create the conditions that Black Hawk Down represents in such spectacular excess.

Résumé:

Résumé:

Cet essai soutient que le film de Ridley Scott Black Hawk Down (2001) peut être considéré, grâce à un recul historique à propos, comme un portrait de la crainte de l'ambition et de la défaite impériale percue au travers de la psychologie de l'élite militaire américaine. Dans le film Black Hawk Down, Mogadishu et ses habitants sont destinés à incarner les pires craintes de l'armée américaine et de l'establishment politique civil. Par extension, l'Afrique urbaine est représentée comme une zone sauvage dans laquelle la puissance militaire et technologique a priori inégalée des américains est submergée dans les bidonvilles surpeuplés. Dans le film, la ville ou le “Mog” comme l'appellent les troupes des forces spéciales, est une méga cité délabrée dont les résidents sont armés jusqu'aux dents avec les détritus militaires de la Guerre Froide. Mogadishu incarne ainsi le nouveau “Coeur des Ténèbres,” un monde urbain apatride en guerre à la Thomas Hobbes, de “tons contre tous.” Cette perception de l'Afrique comme avant-garde anarchique est partagée par une partie importante de l'élite des pays du Nord, qui considèrent la criminalisation de l'état en Afrique comme une menace directe contre les intérêts américains. Si, comme l'indiquent ces analystes, les futures menaces contre la société américaine sont censées provenir de ces zones sauvages, alors de nouveaux systèmes d'armement doivent être conçus pour faire face au désordre racialisé de ce nouveau monde. Get essai dévoile le détail des aspects non historiques de ces représentations partiales de l'Afrique urbaine, soulignant de quelle manière les mesures prises pendant la Guerre Froide et la période néolibérale par une puissance telle que les Etats Unis ont participé à créer les conditions représentées avec un excés si spectaculaire dans le film Black Hawk Down.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © African Studies Association 2011

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Barkawi, Tarak. 2004. “Globalization, Media, and War: On the Popular Mediation of “Small Wars.” Cultural Critique 58 (Fall): 115–47.Google Scholar
Bayart, Jean-François, Ellis, Stephen, and Hibou, Béatrice. 1999. The Criminalization of the State in Africa. Oxford: James Currey.Google Scholar
Bhabha, Homi. 1993. The Location of Culture. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Black Hawk Down. 2001. Directed by Scott, Ridley. Columbia Pictures Google Scholar
Burlas, Joe. 2002. “‘Black Hawk Down’ Reflects Army Values.” Army LINK News, January 16. www.dtic.mil/armylink/news.Google Scholar
Chabal, Patrick, and Daloz, Jean-Pascal. 1999. Africa Works: Disorder as Political Instrument. Oxford: James Currey.Google Scholar
Cohen, Mitchel. 1999. “Somalia and the New World Order: You Provide the Collateral, We'll Provide the Damage.” http://archives.econ.utah.edu.Google Scholar
Dahbour, Omar. 2007. “Hegemony and Rights: On the Liberal Justification for Empire.” In Exceptional State: Contemporary U.S. Culture and the New Imperialism, edited by Dawson, Ashley and Schueller, Malini Johar, 105–32. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Davis, Mike. 1997. Planet of Slums. New York: Verso.Google Scholar
Dawson, Ashley. 2007. “Combat in Hell: Cities as the Achilles Heel of U.S. Imperial Hegemony.” Social Text 91: 169–80.Google Scholar
Dawson, Ashley, and Schueller, Malini Johar. 2007. “Introduction.” In Exceptional State: Contemporary US Culture and the New Imperialism, edited by Dawson, Ashley and Schueller, Malini Johar, 136. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Der Derian, James. 2001. Virtuous War: Mapping the Military-Industrial-Media-Entertainment Network. Boulder, Colo.: Westview.Google Scholar
Elder, Robert K. 2002. “The War Stories of Black Hawk Down.” www.metromix.com/movies.Google Scholar
Ferguson, James. 2006. Global Shadows: Africa in the Neoliberal World Order. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Fukuyama, Francis. 1992. The End of History and the Last Man. New York: Free Press.Google Scholar
Glenn, Russell, Steeb, R., and Matsumura, J.. 2001. Corralling the Trojan Horse: A Proposal for Improving US Urban Operations Preparedness in the Period 2000–2005. Santa Monica, Calif.: RAND Arroyo Center.Google Scholar
Graham, Stephen. 2005. “War and Peace: Redesigning the U.S. Military–Controlling Global South Cities,” Z Magazine online 18.9 (September), www.zmag.org.Google Scholar
Hahn, Robert F. II, and Jezior, Bonnie. 1999. “Urban Warfare and the Urban Fighter of 2025.” Parameters 29 (2): 7486.Google Scholar
Harvey, David. 2003. The New Imperialism. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Jeffords, Susan. 1989. The Remasculinizalion of American Culture. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
Kaplan, Robert. 2001. The, Coming Anarchy: Shattering the Dreams of the Post Cold War. New York: Vintage.Google Scholar
Klien, Stephen A. 2005. “Public Character and Simulacrum: The Construction of the Soldier Patriot and Citizen Agency in Black Hawk Down .” Critical Studies in Media Communication 22. 5 (December): 427–49.Google Scholar
Liotta, P. H., and Merkel, J. F.. 2004. “Redrawing the Map of the Future.” World Policy Journal (March), www.worldpolicy.org.Google Scholar
Luttwak, Edward. 2007. “Dead End: Counterinsurgency Warfare as Military Malpractice.” Harper's Magazine (February), 3342.Google Scholar
Medovoi, Leerom. 2007. “Global Society Must Be Defended: Biopolitics Without Boundaries.” Social Text 91: 5379.Google Scholar
Midnight Notes Collective. 1993. Midnight Oil: Work, Energy, War (1973–1990). New York: Autonomedia.Google Scholar
Miller, Christopher. 1986. Blank Darkness: Africanist Discourse in French. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Monbiot, George. 2002. “Both Saviour and Victim: Black Hawk Down Creates a New and Dangerous Myth of American Nationhood.” The Guardian, January 29. www.guardian.co.uk.Google Scholar
Simone, AbdulMaliq. 2004. For the City Yet to Come: Changing African Life in Four Cities. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Slotkin, Richard. 1973. Regeneration Through Violence: The Mythology of the American Frontier, 1600–1860. Middletown, Conn.: Wesleyan University Press.Google Scholar
Walton, John, and Seddon, David. 1994. Free Markets and Food Riots: The Politics of Global Adjustment. Oxford: Blackwell.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Warren, Robert. 2004. “City Streets: The War Zones of Globalization.” In Cities, Wars, and Terrorism: Toward an Urban Geopolitics, edited by Graham, Stephen, 214–30. New York: Wiley-Blackwell.Google Scholar
Winant, Howard. 2001. The World Is a Ghetto: Race and Democracy since World War II. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Young, Marilyn B. 2003. “In the Combat Zone.” Radical History Review 85: 253–64.Google Scholar
Zartman, I. William. 1995. Collapsed States: The Disintegration and Restoration of Legitimate Authority. Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Reinner.CrossRefGoogle Scholar