Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-t8hqh Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-25T07:17:34.187Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Neopatrimonialism” and Agricultural Development in Africa: Contributions and Limitations of a Contested Concept

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 October 2013

Abstract:

The “neopatrimonial” character of African states has increasingly been invoked to explain the politics of agricultural stagnation across the continent. This article summarizes the literature on neopatrimonialism, reviewing how analysts have applied the concept in studies of food and agricultural policies in Africa. It then draws out some of the key contributions of such an approach, and describes limitations, both methodological and substantive. Finally, it asks how and why the concept has been deployed, and recommends greater circumspection, research, and refinement.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © African Studies Association 2008

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Allen, Chris. 1995. “Understanding African Politics.” Review of African Political Economy 62: 301–20.Google Scholar
Amundsen, Inge. 2001. “The Limits of Clientelism: Multi-Party Politics in Sub-Saharan Africa.” Forum for Development Studies 1: 4357.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Andreasson, Stefan. 2005. “Orientalism and African Development Studies: The ‘Reductive Repetition’ Motif in Theories of African Underdevelopment.” Third World Quarterly 26 (6): 971–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arthiabah, Peter B., and Mbiah, Harry Tham. 1995. Half a Century of Toil, Trouble and Progress: The History of the Trades Union Congress of Ghana, 1939–1995. Accra: Gold-Type Publications.Google Scholar
Asiamah, Alfred E. A. 2000. The Mass Factor in Rural Politics: The Case of the Asafo Revolution in Kwahu Political History. Accra: Ghana University Press.Google Scholar
Bassett, Thomas J. 2001. Peasant Cotton Revolution in West Africa: Revolution in West Africa, Côte D'Ivoire, 1880–1995. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Bayart, Jean-François. 1993. The State in Africa: The Politics of the Belly. London: Longman.Google Scholar
Bayart, Jean-François. 1979. L'État au Cameroun. Paris: Presses de la Fondation Nationale des Sciences Politiques.Google Scholar
Bayart, Jean-Francois, Ellis, Stephen, and Hibou, Beatrice. 1999. The Criminalization of the State in Africa. Oxford: The International African Institute.Google Scholar
Beck, Linda J. 2003Democratization and the Hidden Public: The Impact of Patronage Networks on Senegalese Women.” Comparative Politics 35 (2): 147–69.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berman, Bruce. 1974. “Clientelism and Neocolonialism: Center-Periphery Relations and Political Development in African States.” Studies in Comparative International Development 9 (2): 325.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berry, Sara. 1993. No Condition Is Permanent: The Social Dynamics of Agrarian Change in Sub-Saharan Africa. Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press.Google Scholar
Berry, Sara. 2000. Chiefs Know Their Boundaries: Essays on Property, Power and the Past in Asante, 1896–1996. Oxford: James Currey.Google Scholar
Binswanger, Hans P., and McIntire, John. 1987. “Behavioural and Material Determinants of Production Relations in Land-Abundant Tropical Agriculture.” Economic Development and Cultural Change 36 (1): 7399.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bird, Kate, Booth, David, and Pratt, Nicole. 2003. Food Security Crisis in Southern Africa: The Political Background to Policy Failure. London: Forum for Food Security in Southern Africa.Google Scholar
Blundo, Giorgio, et al., eds. 2006. Everyday Corruption and the State: Citizens and Public Officials in Africa. London: Zed.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boone, Catherine. 2003. Political Topographies of the African State: Territorial Authority and Institutional Choice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Booth, David. 2005. What Are the Drivers of Change in Ghana? Policy Brief No. 1. Accra: Centre for Democratic Development.Google Scholar
Booth, David, et al. 2006. Drivers of Change and Development in Malawi. Working Paper No. 261. London: Overseas Development Institute.Google Scholar
Bratton, Michael. 1994. “Civil Society and Political Transition in Africa.” IDR Report 11 (6).Google Scholar
Bratton, Michael, and van de Walle, Nicolas. 1994. “Neopatrimonial Regimes and Political Transitions in Africa.” World Politics 46 (4): 453–89.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bratton, Michael, and van de Walle, Nicolas. 1997. Democratic Experiments in Africa: Regime Transitions in Comparative Perspective. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Callaghy, Thomas M. 1984. The State-Society Struggle: Zaire in Comparative Perspective. New York: Columbia University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Callaghy, Thomas M. 1988. “The State and Development of Capitalism in Africa: Theoretical, Historical, and Comparative Reflections.” In The Precarious Balance: State and Society in Africa, edited by Rothchild, Donald and Chazan, Naomi, 6799. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press.Google Scholar
Cammack, Diane, et al. 2003. Malawi. Draft Food Security Issues Paper. London: Forum for Food Security in Southern Africa.Google Scholar
Chabal, Patrick. 1998. “A Few Considerations on Democracy in Africa.” International Affairs 74 (2): 289303.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chabal, Patrick, and Daloz, Jean-Pascal. 1999. Africa Works: Disorder as Political Instrument. Oxford: James Curry.Google Scholar
Chaumba, Joseph, Scoones, Ian, and Wolmer, William. 2003. “From Jambanja to Planning: The Reassertion of Technocracy Inland Reform in South-Eastem Zimbabwe?Journal of Modern African Studies 41 (4): 533–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cliffe, Lionel. 2006. Politics and the Feasibility of Initiatives on Hunger and Vulnerability. Wahenga Brief No. 4. Johannesburg: Regional Hunger and Vulnerability Programme.Google Scholar
Comaroff, John L. 1987. “Of Totemism and Ethnicity: Consciousness, Practice, and the Signs of Inequality.” Ethnos 52 (3–4): 301–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cooksey, Brian. 2003. “Marketing Reform? The Rise and Fall of Agricultural Liberalisation in Tanzania.” Development Policy Review 21 (1): 6790.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cornwall, Andrea, and Brock, Karen. 2005. “What Do Buzzwords Do for Development Policy? A Critical Look at ‘Participation’, ‘Empowerment’ and ‘Poverty Reduction.’Third World Quarterly 26 (7): 1043–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cromwell, Elizabeth, and Chintedza, Allan. 2005. “Neo-patrimonialism and Policy Processes: Lessons from the Southern African Food Crisis.” IDS Bulletin 36 (2): 103–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Daannaa, Henry Seidu. 1994. “The Acephalous Society and the Indirect Rule System in Africa: British Colonial Administrative Policy in Retrospect.” Journal of Legal Pluralism and Unofficial Law 34: 6185.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
deGrassi, Aaron. 2006. “Hands that Feed: Power, Accountability, and the Democratic Deficit in African Agricultural Policy Processes.” Report submitted to the International Institute for Environment and Development, London.Google Scholar
Diamond, Larry. 2004. “Promoting Democratic Governance.” In Foreign Aid in the National Interest: Promoting Freedom, Security, and Opportunity, 3353. Washington, D.C.: United States Agency for International Development.Google Scholar
Docking, Timothy W. 1999. International Influence on Civil Society in Mali: The Case of the Cotton Farmers' Union, SYCOV. Ph.D. diss., Boston University.Google Scholar
Dunn, Kevin C. 2003. Imagining the Congo: The International Relations of Identity. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
East African Standard. 2006. “Kenya: VP Risks Citizens' Arrest for Refusing to Quit." February 22.Google Scholar
Edelman, Marc. 2003. “Transnational Peasant and Farmer Movements and Networks.” In Global Civil Society 2003, edited by Kaldor, Mary, Anheier, Helmut, and Glasius, Marlies, 185220. London: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Eisenstadt, Samuel N. 1973. Traditional Patrimonialism and Modern Neopatrimonialism. Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage Publications.Google Scholar
Englund, Harri. 1998. “Culture, Environment and the Enemies of Complexity.” Review of African Political Economy 25 (76): 179–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Erdmann, Gero, and Engel, Ulf. 2006. Neopatrimonialism Revisited: Beyond a Catch-All Concept. Working Paper No. 16. Hamburg: German Institute of Global and Area Studies.Google Scholar
Erdmann, Gero, and Engel, Ulf. 2007. “Neopatrimonialism Reconsidered: Critical Review and Elaboration of an Elusive Concept.” Commonwealth and Comparative Politics 45 (1): 95119.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Flemming, Lucy. 2004. “Sierra Leone's Music Crusader.” BBC News Online, October 26. http://news.bbc.co.Uk/2/hi/africa/3945201.stm.Google Scholar
Fukuyama, Francis. 1992. The End of History and the Last Man. New York: Free Press.Google Scholar
Gabriel, Jürg M. 1999. “Cameroon's Neopatrimonial Dilemma.” Journal of Contemporary African Studies 17 (2): 173–96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Giddens, Anthony. 1977. “Functionalism: Apres la Lutte.” In Studies in Social and Political Theory, edited by Giddens, Anthony, 98129. London: Hutchinson.Google Scholar
Gore, Charles, and Pratten, David. 2003. “The Politics of Plunder: The Rhetorics of Order and Disorder in Southern Nigeria.” African Affairs 102 (407): 211–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Graf, William D. 1984. “Personal Rule in Black-Africa: Prince, Autocrat, Prophet, Tyrant.” International Journal of African Historical Studies 17 (1): 165–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guyer, Jane I. 1981. “Household and Community in African Studies.” African Studies Review 24: 87137.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hagberg, Sten. 2002. “‘Enough is Enough’: An Ethnography of the Struggle against Impunity in Burkina Faso.” Journal of Modern African Studies 40 (2): 217–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hagos, Asegede. 2000. Hardened Images: The Western Media and the Marginalization of Africa. Trenton, N.J.: Africa World Press.Google Scholar
Hall, Anthony. 1974. “Patron-Client Relations.” Journal of Peasant Studies 1(4): 506–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hart, Gillian. 1991. “Engendering Everyday Resistance: Gender, Patronage and Production Politics in Rural Malaysia”. Journal of Peasant Studies 19 (1): 93121.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hempel, Carl G. 1959. “The Logic of Functional Analysis.” In Symposium in Sociological Theory, edited by Gross, Llewellyn, 271307. New York: Harper and Row.Google Scholar
Hickey, Dennis, and Wylie, Kenneth C.. 1993. An Enchanting Darkness: The American Vision of Africa in the Twentieth Century. East Lansing: Michigan State University Press.Google Scholar
Holmén, Hans. 2005. “The State and Agricultural Intensification in Sub-Saharan Africa.” In The African Food Crisis: Lessons from the Asian Green Revolution, edited by Djurfeld, Goran et al., 87112. London: CABI.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hull, Galen. 1979. “Zaire in the World System: In Search of Sovereignty.” In Zaire: The Political Economy of Under-Development, edited by Gran, Guy, 263–83. New York: Praeger.Google Scholar
Hyden, Goran. 1983. No Shortcuts to Progress: African Development Management in Perspective. London: Heinemann.Google Scholar
Ikpe, U. B. 2000. “Patrimonialism and Military Regimes in Nigeria.” African Journal of Political Science 5 (1): 146–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Isaacman, Allen. 1993. “Peasants and Rural Social Protest in Africa.” In Confronting Historical Paradigms: Peasants, Labor, and the Capitalist World System in Africa and Latin America, edited by Cooper, Frederick et al., 205317. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.Google Scholar
Jackson, Robert, and Rosberg, Carl. 1982. Personal Rule in Black Africa. Los Angeles: University of California Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johnson-Hanks, Jennifer. 2005. “When the Future Decides: Uncertainty and Intentional Action in Contemporary Cameroon.” Current Anthropology 46 (3): 363–85CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kassa, Jeannôt Mokili Danga. 1998. Politiques agricoles et promotion rurale Au Congo-Zaïre (1885-1997). Paris: L'Harmattan.Google Scholar
Kaufman, Robert R. 1974. “The Patron-Client Concept and Macro-Politics: Prospects and Problems.” Comparative Studies in Society and History 16 (3): 284308.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Keefer, Philip. 2005. Democratization and Clientalism: Why Are Young Democracies Badly Governed? Policy Research Working Paper No. 3594. Washington, D.C.: World Bank.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kelsall, Timothy. 2003Political Legitimacy in Middle Africa: Father, Family, Food.” African Affairs 102 (409): 667–69.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kjaer, A. M. 2004‘Old Brooms Can Sweep Too!’: An Overview of Rulers and Public Sector Reforms in Uganda, Tanzania and Kenya.” Journal of Modern African Studies 42 (3): 389413.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Korovkin, Tanya. 2000. “Weak Weapons, Strong Weapons? Hidden Resistance and Political Protest in Rural Ecuador”. Journal of Peasant Studies 27 (3): 129.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lemarchand, René. 1972. “Political Clientelism and Ethnicity in Tropical Africa: Competing Solidarities in Nation-Building.” American Political Science Review 65 (1): 6890.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lemarchand, René. 1988. “The State, the Parallel Economy, and the Changing Structure of Patronage Systems.” In The Precarious Balance: State and Society in Africa, edited by Rothchild, Donald and Chazan, Naomi, 149–70. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press.Google Scholar
Lemarchand, René, and Legg, K.. 1972. “Political Clientalism and Development: A Preliminary Analysis.” Comparative Politics 4 (2): 149–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lentz, Carola. 1995. “‘Tribalism’ and Ethnicity in Africa: A Review of Four Decades of Anglophone Research.” Cahiers des Sciences Humaines 31 (2): 303–28.Google Scholar
Levine, Victor T. 1971. The Cameroon Federal Republic. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Levine, Victor T. 1980. “African Patrimonial Regimes in Comparative Perspective.” Journal of Modern African Studies 18 (4): 657–73.Google Scholar
Leys, Colin. 1975. “The Politics of Redistribution with Growth.” IDS Bulletin 7 (2): 48.Google Scholar
Lockwood, Matthew. 2005a. The State They're In: An Agenda for International Action on Poverty in Africa. Bourton-on-Dunsmore: ITDG Publishing.Google Scholar
Lockwood, Matthew. 2005b. “Will a Marshall Plan for Africa Make Poverty History?Journal of International Development 17 (6): 775–89.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lonsdale, John. 2005. “African Studies, Europe and Africa.” Paper presented at the AEGIS Conference on African Studies, School of Oriental and African Studies, London, June 30.Google Scholar
Mamdani, Mahmood. 1996. Citizen and Subject: Contemporary Africa and the Legacy of Late Colonialism. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Mann, Susan A. 1989. “Common Grounds and Crossroads: Slavery, Sharecropping and Sexual Inequality.” Signs 14 (4): 774–98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marquette, Heather, and Scott, Zoe. 2005. “Getting to Grips with Politics: Political Analysis at the World Bank and DfID.” International Development Department, University of Birmingham, October.Google Scholar
Martin, Guy. 2001. “Criminalization of the State and Africa Works.” Africa Today 47 (3–4): 177–81.Google Scholar
Martin, William G., and West, Michael O., eds. 1999. Out of One, Many Africas: Reconstructing the Study and Meaning of Africa. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.Google Scholar
Mbembe, Achille. 2000. “At the Edge of the World: Boundaries, Territoriality, and Sovereignty in Africa.” Public Culture 12: 259–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McAdam, Douglas, Tarrow, Sidney, and Tilly, Charles. 1997. “Towards an Integrated Perspective on Social Movements.” In Comparative Politics, edited by Lichbach, Mark I. and Zuckerman, Alan S., 142–73. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
McKeon, Nora. 2002. “Farmers' Organizations and National Development: The Experience of the National Council for Rural Peoples' Dialogue and Cooperation in Senegal.”Google Scholar
Medard, Jean-Francois. 1979. “L'État Sous-Dévellopé au Cameroun.” Année Africaine: 3584.Google Scholar
Médard, Jean-Francois. 1982. “The Underdeveloped State in Tropical Africa: Political Clientalism or Neo-patrimonialism?” In Private Patronage and Public Power: Political Clientalism in the Modem State, edited by Clapham, Christopher, 162–92. London: Frances Pinter.Google Scholar
Médard, Jean-Francois. 1990. “L'État Patrimonialisé.” Politique Africaine 39: 2536.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Medard, Jean-Francois. 1992. “L'État Postcolonial En Afrique Noire: L'Interprétation Néo-Patrimoniale De L'État.” Studia Africana 3: 125–33.Google Scholar
Medard, Jean-Francois. 1996. “Patrimonialism, Neo-Patrimonialism and the Study of the Post-colonial State in Sub-Saharan Africa.” In Improved Natural Resource Management: The Role of Formal Organisations and Informal Networks and Institutions, edited by Marcussen, H. S., 7697. Roskilde: International Development Studies, Roskild University.Google Scholar
Medard, Jean-Francois. 1998. “La Crise De L'Etat Neo-Patrialmonial Et L'Evolution De La Corruption En Afrique Subsahararienne.” Mondes en Developpement 26 (102): 55–67.Google Scholar
Mehler, Andreas. 1998. “Cameroun and the Politics of Patronage.” In History of Central Africa: The Contemporary Years Since 1960, edited by Birmingham, David and Martin, P., 4265. London: Longman.Google Scholar
Mercer, Claire, Mohan, Giles, and Power, Michael. 2003. “Towards a Critical Political Geography of African Development.” Geoforum 34 (4): 419–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mkandawire, Thandika. 2001. “Thinking about Developmental States in Africa.” Cambridge Journal of Economics 25 (3): 289314.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Molina, Oscar, and Rhodes, M.. 2002. “Corporatism: The Past, Present, and Future of a Concept.” Annual Review of Political Science 5: 305–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Monroe, Kristen R. 2005. Perestroika! The Raucous Rebellion in Political Science. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Moore, Donald S. 1999. “The Crucible of Cultural Politics: Reworking ‘Development’ in Zimbabwe's Eastern Highlands.” American Ethnologist 26 (3): 654–89.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mustapha, Abdul Raufu. 2002. “States, Predation and Violence: Reconceptualizing Political Action and Political Community in Africa.” Paper presented at the 10th General Assembly of CODESRIA, “State, Political Identity and Political Violence,” Kampala, December 8–12. www.codesria.org.Google Scholar
Nugent, Paul. 1995. Big Men, Small Boys and Politics in Ghana: Power, Ideology, and the Burden of History, 1982–1994. London: Pinter.Google Scholar
ODI. 2005. “Scaling Up versus Absorptive Capacity: Challenges and Opportunities for Reaching the MDGs in Africa.” London: Overseas Development Institute.Google Scholar
Parpart, Jane L., and Staudt, Kathleen, eds. 1989. Women and the State in Africa. Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Peet, Richard. 1985. “The Social Origins of Environmental Determinism.” Annals of the Association of American Geographers 75 (3): 309–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Phillips, Lucie Colvin. 1999. “The Political Economy of Policy Making in Africa.” African Economic Policy Discussion Paper No. 4. Washington, D.C.: USAID/EAGER.Google Scholar
Ponte, Stefano. 2004. “The Politics of Ownership: Tanzanian Coffee Policy in the Age of Liberal Reformism.” African Affairs 103 (413): 615–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Powell, John Duncan. 1970. “Peasant Society and Clientelist Politics.” American Political Science Review 64 (2): 411–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ranger, Terence. 1983. “The Invention of Tradition in Colonial Africa.” In The Invention of Tradition, edited by Hobsbawm, Eric and Ranger, Terence, 211–62. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Rathbone, Richard. 1984. “Personal Rule in Black-Africa.” International Journal of African Historical Studies 17 (1): 140–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Richards, Paul, and Bah, Khadija. 2005. “Peace Through Agrarian Justice.” IDS Bulletin 36 (2): 139–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Robinson, James A. 2003. “Politician-Proof Policy.” Working Paper, Report No. 26945. Washington, D.C.: World Bank.Google ScholarPubMed
Rosenzweig, Mark R. 1988. “Risk, Implicit Contracts and the Family in Rural Areas of Low-Income Countries.” Economic Journal 98 (393): 1148–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roth, Guenther. 1968. “Personal Rulership, Patrimonialism, and Empire-Building in the New States.” World Politics 20 (2): 194206.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sahley, Caroline, et al. 2005. “The Governance Dimensions of Food Security in Malawi.” Lilongwe: United States Agency for International Development-Malawi.Google Scholar
Said, Edward W. 1989. “Representing the Colonized.” Critical Inquiry 15: 205–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sandbrook, Richard. 1986. “The State and Economic Stagnation in Tropical Africa.” World Development 14 (3): 319–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sandbrook, Richard. 2005. “Africa's Great Transformation?Journal of Development Studies 41 (6): 1118–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schatzberg, Michael G. 1988. The Dialectics of Oppression in Zaire. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
Schatzberg, Michael G. 2001. Political Legitimacy in Middle Africa: Father, Family, Food. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
Scott, James C. 1972. “Patron-Client Politics and Political Change.” American Political Science Review 66: 91113.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scott, James C. 1985. Weapons of the Weak: Everyday Forms of Peasant Resistance. New Haven: Yale Universtiy Press.Google Scholar
Scott, James C. 1990. Domination and the Art of Resistance: Hidden Transcripts. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Shapiro, David, and Tollens, Eric. 1992. Agricultural Development in Zaire. Aldershot: Avebury.Google Scholar
Shaw, Timonth M., and Nyang'oro, J. E.. 1988. Corporatism in Africa: Comparative Analyses and Practice. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press.Google Scholar
Sidaway, James D. 2003. “Sovereign Excesses? Portraying Postcolonial Sovereigntyscapes.” Political Geography 22 (2): 157–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, Lawrence D., Stephen Jones, and Karuga, Stanley. 2004. “Agriculture in Kenya: What Shapes the Policy Environment?” Department of International Development, Project No. PASS AG0150. Oxford: Oxford Policy Management.Google Scholar
Sorenson, John. 1993. Imagining Ethiopia: Struggles for History and Identity in the Horn of Africa. New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press.Google Scholar
Sumich, Jason. 2008. “Politics after the Time of Hunger: A Critique of Neo-patrimonial Interpretation of African Elites.” Journal of Southern African Studies 34 (1): 111–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Szeftel, Morris. 2000. “Between Governance and Underdevelopment: Accumulation and Africa's ‘Catastrophic Corruption.’Review of African Political Economy 27 (84): 287306.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Theobald, Robin. 1982. “Patrimonialism.” World Politics 34 (4): 548–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Theobald, Robin. 1999. “So What Really Is the Problem about Corruption?Third World Quarterly 20 (3): 491502.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Therkildsen, O. 2005. “Understanding Public Management through Neopatrimonialism: A Paradigm for All African Seasons?” In Understanding the African Exception, edited by Engel, Ulf and Olsen, Gero R., 3552. Aldershot: Ashgate.Google Scholar
Toulmin, Camilla, and Gueye, Bara. 2003. “Transformations in West African Agriculture and the Role of Family Farms.” Report No. SAH/D (2003) 541. Paris: Club du Sahel et de l'Afrique de l'Ouest.Google Scholar
Tripp, Aili M. 2001. “Women's Movements and Challenges to Neopatrimonial Rule: Preliminary Observations from Africa.” Development and Change 32 (1): 3354.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Udvardy, M. 1988. “Women's Groups Near the Kenyan Coast: Patron-Clientship in the Development Arena.” In Anthropology of Development and Change in East Africa, edited by Brokensha, David W. and Little, Peter D., 217–35. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press.Google Scholar
van de Walle, Nicolas. 1989. “Rice Politics in Cameroon: State Commitment, Capacity, and Urban Bias.” Journal of Modern African Studies 22 (4): 579–99.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
van de Walle, Nicolas. 1990. The Political Economy of Agricultural Reform in Cameroon. Ph.D. diss., Princeton University.Google Scholar
van de Walle, Nicolas. 1993. “The Politics of Nonreform in Cameroon.” In Hemmed In: Responses to Africa's Economic Decline, edited by Callaghy, Thomas M. and Ravenhill, John, 357–97. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
van de Walle, Nicolas. 1994. “Neopatrimonialism and Democracy in Africa, with an Illustration from Cameroon.” In Economic Change and Political Liberalization in Sub-Saharan Africa, edited by Widner, Jennifer A., 129–57. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
van de Walle, Nicolas. 2001a. African Economies and the Politics of Permanent Crisis, 1979–1999. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
van de Walle, Nicolas. 2001b. “Rejoinder to Inge Amundsen and Stein Sundstol Eriksen.” Forum for Development Studies 28 (1): 6973.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
van de Walle, Nicolas. 2002. “Africa's Range of Regimes.” Journal of Democracy 13 (2): 6680.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
van de Walle, Nicolas. 2006. “Meet the New Boss, Same as the Old Boss? The Evolution of Political Clientelism in Africa.” In Patrons, Clients and Policies: Patterns of Democratic Accountability and Political Competition, edited by Kitsschelt, Herbert and Wilkinson, Steven I.. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Van Donge, Jan Kees. 2002. “The Fate of an African ‘Chaebol’: Malawi's Press Corporation After Democratisation.” Journal of Modern African Studies 40 (4): 651–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
van Onselen, Charles. 1992. “The Social and Economic Underpinning of Paternalism and Violence on the Maize Farms of the South-Western Transvaal, 1900-1950.” Journal of Historical Sociology 5 (2): 127–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Villalon, Leonardo. 1995. Islamic Society and State Power in Senegal. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wantchekon, Leonard. 2003. “Clientelism and Voting Behavior: Evidence from a Field Experiment in Benin.” World Politics 55 (3): 399422.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weber, Max. 1968. Economy and Society: An Outline of Interpretive Sociology. Edited by Roth, G. and Wittich, C.. New York: Bedminster Press.Google Scholar
Wiggins, Steve. 2000. “Interpreting Changes from the 1970s to the 1990s in African Agriculture through Village Studies.” World Development 28 (4): 631–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wiseman, John A. 1999. “Criminalization of the State and Africa Works.” Journal of Modern African Studies 37 (3): 560–62.Google Scholar
Willame, Jean-Claude. 1972. Patrimonialism and Political Change in the Congo. Stanford: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Williams, Gavin. 1987. “Primitive Accumulation: The Way to Progress?Development and Change 18 (4): 637–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilmsen, Edwin. 1996. “Introduction: Premises of Power in Ethnic Politics.” In The Politics of Difference: Ethnic Premise in a World of Power, edited by Wilmsen, Edwin and McAllister, Patrick, 124. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Worby, Eric. 1998. “Tyranny, Parody, and Ethnic Polarity: Ritual Engagements with the State in Northwestern Zimbabwe.” Journal of Southern African Studies 24 (3): 561–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bank, World. 2005. Tools for Institutional, Political, and Social Analysis: A Source Book for Poverty and Social Impact Analysis, London: Department for International Development.Google Scholar
Yeager, Rodger. 1988. “Democratic Pluralism and Ecological Crisis in Botswana.” Journal of Developing Areas 23 (3): 385404.Google Scholar