Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-fscjk Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-22T10:38:31.941Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Labor and Labor History in Africa: A Review of the Literature

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  23 May 2014

Bill Freund
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

No subject has in recent years so intruded into the scholarly literature on Africa as the African worker. Labor has become a fundamental issue to those who seek to develop African economies or to revolutionize African polities. The elucidation and debate about the relationship of labor to historical and social issues is currently under way over an impressive range of places and in a number of languages. It is thus highly appropriate at this juncture to assemble some of the themes that emerge most sharply in contemporary writing on Africa.

A broad range of opinion would concede that the worker, when organized in the pursuit of specific objectives or as a class, necessarily takes on a special political importance. One aspect of the literature on African labor is thus political, studying in particular the organizations workers have created, their significance and direction. Whether or not such organization exists, labor has a fundamental economic role to play. In bourgeois economics, labor is generally categorized as a factor whose productivity, contribution, and wages need to be assessed to understand the broader picture. Marxist economics gives labor a fundamental position; it is from the surplus extracted from the worker that the ruling class ultimately lives while the form of extraction determines more than purely economic relationships. In particular, Marxists thus emphasize as well the broader social significance of labor. They have been responsible for introducing laborrelated questions to a broad range of historical and societal discussions typical of much recent literature on Africa.

Type
Articles
Information
African Studies Review , Volume 27 , Issue 2 , June 1984 , pp. 1 - 58
Copyright
Copyright © African Studies Association 1984

References

Abrahams, Peter. 1963. Mine Boy. London.Google Scholar
Akpala, Agwu. 1965. “Background of the Enugu Colliery Shooting Incident of 1949.” Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria 3: 335–64.Google Scholar
Allan, William. 1965. The African Husbandman. Manchester.Google Scholar
Allen, Christopher. 1970. “African Trade Unionism in Microcosm: The Gambian Labour Movement, 1939–67,” pp. 393–426 in Allen, C. and Johnson, R. W. (eds.) African Perspectives. Cambridge.Google Scholar
Allen, V. L. 1972. “The Meaning of the Working Class in Africa.” Journal of Modern African Studies 10: 169–89.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alpers, Edward. 1983. “Futa Benaadir: Continuity and change in the Traditional Cotton Textile Industry of Southern Somalia, c. 1840–1980,” in Coquery-Vidrovitch, C. (ed.) Entreprises et entrepreneurs en Afrique au XIXe et XXe siècles. Paris.Google Scholar
Alverson, Hoyt. 1978. Mind in the Heart of Darkness. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Amin, Samir (ed.). 1974. Modern Migrations in West Africa. London.Google Scholar
Amsden, Alice. 1971. International Firms and Labour in Kenya, 1945- 70. London.Google Scholar
Amselle, Jean-Luc. 1976. Les migrations africaines. Paris.Google Scholar
Ananaba, Wogu. 1969. The Trade Union Movement in Nigeria. London.Google Scholar
Ananaba, Wogu. 1969. The Trade Union Movement in Africa. London.Google Scholar
Andrews, W. H. 1941. Class Struggles in South Africa. Cape Town.Google Scholar
Anouma, René-Pierre. 1976. “Une modalité du travail forcé: la prestation en Côte d'Ivoire de 1912 à la veille de la Seconde Guerre Mondiale.” Université d'Abidjan. Annales, sér. 1 (histoire) 61–86.Google Scholar
Armah, Ayi Kwei. 1969. The Beautyful Ones are Not Yet Born. New York.Google Scholar
Arrighi, Giovanni. 1970. “International Corporations, Labor Aristocracies and Economic Development in Tropical Africa,” in Rhodes, R. I. (ed.) Imperialism and Underdevelopment. New York.Google Scholar
Arrighi, Giovanni. 1973. “Labour Supplies in Historical Perspective: A Study of the Proletarianization of the African Peasantry in Rhodesia,” in Arrighi, and Saul, John Essays on the Political Economy of Africa. New York.Google Scholar
Babassana, Hilaire. 1978. Travail forcé: expropriation et formation du salariat en Afrique noire. Grenoble.Google Scholar
Baer, Gabriel. 1964. Egyptian Guilds in Modern Times. Jerusalem.Google Scholar
Balandier, Georges. 1952. “Le développement industriel da la prolétarisation en Afrique noire.” Afrique et l'Asie 20: 45–53.Google Scholar
Baskin, Jeremy. 1982. “Farm Workers and the National Manpower Commission.” South African Labour Bulletin 8/2: 45–60.Google Scholar
Bates, Robert. 1971. Unions, Parties, and Political Development. New Haven.Google Scholar
Bay, Edna (ed.). 1983. Women and Work in Africa. Boulder.Google Scholar
Beinart, William. 1982. The Political Economy of Pondoland. Cambridge.Google Scholar
Belgaid-Hassine, Noureddine. 1967. “Motivations de la femme tunisienne au travail.” Revue tunisienne de sciences sociales 4: 86–90.Google Scholar
Beling, W. A. 1965. Modernization and African Labor: A Tunisian Case Study. New York.Google Scholar
Beling, W. A. (ed.). 1968. The Role of Labor in African Nation Building. New York.Google Scholar
Benson, Susan Porter. 1983. “The Customers Ain't God: The Work Culture of Department Store Saleswomen, 1890–1940,” in Frisch, Michael and Walkowitz, Daniel (eds.) Working Class America. Urbana.Google Scholar
Berg, Elliot J. 1961. “Backward-Sloping Supply Functions in Dual Economies: The African Case.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berg, Elliot J. 1965. “Development of a Labor Force in Sub-Saharan Africa.” Economic Development and Cultural Change 13: 394–412.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berg, Elliot J. 1969. “Urban Real Wages and the Nigerian Trade Union Movement.” Economic Development and Cultural Change 17: 604–17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berg, Elliot J. and Butler, Jeffrey. 1964. “Trade Unions,” in Coleman, James and Rosberg, Carl (eds.) Political Parties and National Integration in Tropical Africa. Berkeley.Google Scholar
Berger, Elena. 1974. Labour, Race, and Colonial Rule. London.Google Scholar
Berger, Iris. 1982. “Sources of Class Consciousness: The Experiences of Women Workers in South Africa, 1973–80.” Boston University African Studies Center Working Papers 55.Google Scholar
Bernard-Duguenet, Nicole. 1977. “Les débuts du syndicalisme au Sénégal au temps du Front Populaire.” Le mouvement social 11: 37–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bernstein, Henry. 1977. “Marxism and African History: Endre Sik and his Critics.” Kenya Historical Review 5: 1–21.Google Scholar
Bernstein, Henry. 1977. “Notes on Capital and Peasantry.” Review of African Political Economy 10: 60–73.Google Scholar
Bernstein, Henry. 1981. “Notes on Capital and Peasantry.” Review of African Political Economy 21: 44–62.Google Scholar
Berry, Sara S. 1975. Cocoa, Custom, and Socio-Economic Change in Rural Western Nigeria. Oxford.Google Scholar
Berry, Sara S. 1983. “From Peasant to Artisan: Motor Mechanics in a Nigerian Town,” in Coquery-Vidrovitch, (ed.) Entreprises et entrepreneurs en Afrique au XIXe et XXe siècles. Paris.Google Scholar
Bienefeld, Manfred. 1975. “The Informal Sector and Peripheral Capitalism” Bulletin of the Institute of Development Studies 4: 53–73. University of Sussex.Google Scholar
Biffot, L. 1963. Facteurs d'intégration et de désintégration du travailleur gabonais. Paris.Google Scholar
Blay, J. B. 1960. The Gold Coast Miners Employees Union.Google Scholar
Bloom, Harry. 1959. Transvaal Episode. Berlin.Google Scholar
Bokonga, C. 1967. Tendances fondamentales de l'évolution des relations entre travailleurs et gouvernements en Afrique. Louvain.Google Scholar
Bonis, Jean. 1973. “Syndicats et conflit collectif en Mauritanie.” Cultures et Développement 5: 20–50.Google Scholar
Bonner, Philip (ed.). 1981. Working Papers in Southern African Studies 2. Johannesburg.Google Scholar
Boserup, Ester. 1970. Women's Role in Economic Development. London.Google Scholar
Bourdieu, Pierre. 1966. Travail et travailleurs en Algérie. The Hague and Paris.Google Scholar
Bourdieu, Pierre. 1971. “Formes et degrés de la conscience du chômage dans l'Algérie coloniale.” Manpower and Unemployment Research in Africa 4: 36–41.Google Scholar
Bozzoli, Belinda. 1976. “Managerialism and the Mode of Production in South Africa.” South African Labour Bulletin 3/8: 6–49.Google Scholar
Bozzoli, Belinda. (ed.). 1979. Labour, Townships and Protest. Johannesburg.Google Scholar
Bozzoli, Belinda. 1983. “Marxism, Feminism and South African Studies.” Journal of Southern African Studies 9: 139–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brabcova-Chelli, Milena. 1977. “Guinée: action syndicale et politique avant janvier, 1956.” Archiv orientalni 45: 319–28. Prague.Google Scholar
Brand, C. M. 1971. “Politics and African Trade Unionism since Federation.” Rhodesian History 2: 89–110.Google Scholar
Braundi, E. R. and Lettieri, A.. 1964. “The General Strike in Nigeria.” International Socialist Journal 1: 598–609.Google Scholar
Brecht, Bertolt 1966. Mother Courage. New York.Google Scholar
Bryceson, Deborah. 1980. “Proletarianization of Women in Africa.” Review of African Political Economy 17; 4–27.Google Scholar
Buell, Leslie Raymond. 1928. The Native Problem in Africa. London.Google Scholar
Bujra, Janet. 1978/1979. “Proletarianization and the ‘Informal Economy’.” African Urban Studies 3: 47–66.Google Scholar
Bundy, Colin. 1975. “The Abolition of the Masters and Servants Act.” South African Labour Bulletin 2/1: 37–50.Google Scholar
Burawoy, Michael. 1972a. “Another Look at the Mineworker.” African Social Research 14: 239–87.Google Scholar
Burawoy, Michael. 1972b. The Colour of Class in the Copper Mines. Manchester.Google Scholar
Burawoy, Michael. 1982. “The Hidden Abode of Underdevelopment: Labor Process and the State in Zambia.” Politics and Society 123–66.Google Scholar
Callinicos, Luli. 1980. Gold and Workers, 1886–1924: People's History of South Africa, 1. Johannesburg.Google Scholar
Chanson-Jabeur, Ch. 1983. “Entreprises et travailleurs des transports en Tunisie au lendemain de la séconde guerre mondiale,” in Coquery-Vidrovitch, (ed.) Enterprises et entrepreneurs en Afrique au XIXe et XXe siècles. Paris.Google Scholar
Chaulet, Claudine. 1971. La Mitidja autogerée. Algiers.Google Scholar
Chauncey, George Jr. 1981. “The Locus of Reproduction: Women's Labour in the Zambian Copperbelt, 1927–53.” Journal of Southern African Studies 7: 135–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chavanduka, George. 1972. “Farm Labourers in Rhodesia.” Journal of Economics 6: 18–25.Google Scholar
Chinoy, Eli. 1955. Automobile Workers and the American Dream. New York.Google Scholar
Chrétien, J. P. 1978. “Des sedentaires devenu migrants: motifs des departs des burundais et des rwandais vers l'Uganda.” Cultures et Développement 10: 71–102.Google Scholar
Clack, Garfield. 1963. “Industrial Peace in South Africa.” British Journal of Industrial Relations 94–106.Google Scholar
Clarence-Smith, W. G. 1979a. “Slaves, Commoners and Landlord in Bulozi.” Journal of African History 20: 219–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clarence-Smith, W. G. 1979b. Slaves, Peasants and Capitalists in Southern Angola, 1840–1926. Cambridge.Google Scholar
Clarke, Duncan. 1974a. Contract Workers and Underdevelopment in Rhodesia. Gwelo.Google Scholar
Clarke, Duncan. 1974b. Domestic Workers in Rhodesia. Gwelo.Google Scholar
Clarke, Duncan. 1977a. Agricultural and Plantation Workers in Rhodesia. Gwelo.Google Scholar
Clarke, Duncan. 1977b. Unemployment and Economic Structure in Rhodesia. Gwelo.Google Scholar
Clayton, Anthony and Savage, D. C.. 1974. Government and Labour in Kenya, 1895–1963. London.Google Scholar
Cleave, John. 1974. African Farmers: Labor Use in the Development of Smallholder Agriculture. New York.Google Scholar
Clegg, Ian. 1971. Workers' Self-Management in Algeria. Harmondsworth.Google Scholar
Cock, Jacklyn. 1980. Maids and Madams. Johannesburg.Google Scholar
Cohen, Robin. 1971. “Further Comment on the Kilby/Weeks Debate.” Journal of Developing Areas 5: 155–64.Google Scholar
Cohen, Robin. 1974. Labour and Politics in Nigeria. London.Google Scholar
Cohen, Robin. 1976. “From Peasants to Workers,” in Gutkind, P. and Wallerstein, I. (eds.) The Political Economy of Africa. Beverly Hills.Google Scholar
Cohen, Robin. 1980. “Resistance and Hidden Forms of Consciousness among African Workers.” Review of African Political Economy 19: 8–22.Google Scholar
Cohen, Robin and Michael, D.. 1976. “The Revolutionary Potential of the African Lumpenproletariat: A Skeptical View.” Bulletin of the Institute of Development Studies 5: 31–42. University of Sussex.Google Scholar
Conti, Anna. 1979. “Capitalist Organisation of Production through Non-Capitalist Relations: Women's Role in a Pilot Resettlement in Upper Volta.” Review of African Political Economy 15/16: 75–92.Google Scholar
Conway, H. E. 1968. “Labour Protest Activity in Sierra Leone.” Labour History 15: 49–63. Canberra.Google Scholar
Cooper, Carole. 1979. “The Mineworkers' Strike.” South African Labour Bulletin 4: 4–29.Google Scholar
Cooper, Frederick. 1977. Plantation Slavery on the East Coast of Africa. New Haven.Google Scholar
Cooper, Frederick. 1979. “The Problem of Slavery in African Studies.” Journal of African History 20: 103–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cooper, Frederick. 1981a. From Slaves to Squatters. New Haven.Google Scholar
Cooper, Frederick. 1981b. “Peasants, Capitalists and Historians.” Journal of Southern African Studies 7: 284–314.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cooper, Frederick. 1982. “Urban Disorder and the Transformation of Work: The Docks of Mombasa, 1934–55.” Boston University African Studies Center seminar paper.Google Scholar
Cooper, Linda and Kaplan, Dave (eds.). 1982. Selected Research Papers on Aspects of Organisation in the Western Cape. Cape Town.Google Scholar
Copans, Jean. 1981. “Les Classes ouvrières d'Afrique noire: bibliographie selectionnée, classée, commentée.” Cahiers d'études africaine 22: 405–29.Google Scholar
Cope, R. K. 1940. Comrade Bill. Cape Town.Google Scholar
Coquery-Vidrovitch, Catherine. 1971. “De la traite des esclaves à l'exportation de l'huile de palme et des palmistes au Dahomey, XIXe siècle,” in Meillassoux, Claude (ed.) Development of Indigenous Trade and Markets in West Africa. London.Google Scholar
Cowan, E. A. 1961. The Evolution of Trade Unionism in Ghana. Accra.Google Scholar
Crisp, Jeff. 1978. “The Labouring Poor, Trade Unions and Political Change in Ghana.” Manpower and Unemployed Research 11: 93–100.Google Scholar
Crisp, Jeff. 1979. “Union Atrophy and Worker Revolt: Labour Protest at Tarkwa Goldflelds, Ghana, 1968–69.” Canadian Journal of African Studies 13: 265–94.Google Scholar
Crisp, Jeff. forthcoming. “Productivity and Protest: Scientific Management in the Ghanaian Gold Mines, 1947–56,” in Cooper, Frederick (ed.) Struggle for the City. Beverly Hills.Google Scholar
Cronje, Gillian and Suzanne, . 1979. The Workers of Namibia. London.Google Scholar
Cruise, O'Brien Rita (ed.). 1979. The Political Economy of Development: Dependence in Senegal. Beverly Hills.Google Scholar
Damachi, Ukandi. 1974. The Role of Trade Unions in the Development Process with a Case Study of Ghana. New York.Google Scholar
Davenport, T. R. H. 1970. “The Triumph of Colonel Stallard.” South African Historical Journal 2: 77–96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
David, Philippe. 1980. Les Navétanes. Dakar/Abidjan.Google Scholar
Davies, Ioan. 1966. African Trade Unions. Harmondsworth.Google Scholar
Davies, Robert. 1973. “The White Working Class in South Africa.” New Left Review 82: 40–59.Google Scholar
Davies, Robert. 1979. Capital, State and White Labour in South Africa, 1900–60. New York.Google Scholar
Davies, Robert and Lewis, David. 1976. “Industrial Relations Legislation: One of Capital's Defenses.” Review of African Political Economy 7: 56–68.Google Scholar
Dawley, Alan. 1976. Class and Community: The Industrial Revolution in Lynn. Cambridge, Mass.Google Scholar
deClercq, Francine. 1979. “Apartheid and the Organized Labour Movement.” Review of African Political Economy 14: 69–77.Google Scholar
de Jonge, Klaas. 1979. “Peasant Fishermen and Capitalist Development in Senegal.” Review of African Political Economy 15/16: 105–23.Google Scholar
DeKiewiet, C. W. 1941. A History of South Africa: Social and Economic. London.Google Scholar
Delia Monica, Madeleine. 1975. La classe ouvrière sous les pharaons. Paris.Google Scholar
DeMunter, Paul. 1972. “Structure de classes et luttes de classes dans le Congo colonial.” Contradictions 1: 67–109. Brussels.Google Scholar
Denoon, D. J. N. 1967. “The Transvaal Labour Crisis, 1901–06.” Journal of African History 481–94.Google Scholar
Derman, William. 1972. Serfs, Peasants and Socialists. Berkeley.Google Scholar
Desmond, Cosmas. 1971. The Discarded People. Harmondsworth.Google Scholar
Diop, Abdoulaye-Bara. 1965. Société Toucouleur et Migration. Dakar.Google Scholar
Diop, Abdoulaye-Bara. 1981. La société wolof. Paris.Google Scholar
Diouf, Made B. 1983. “Migration artisanale et solidarité villageoise: le cas de Kanèn Njob au Séńgal,” in Coquery-Vidrovitch, (ed.) Entreprises et entrepreneurs en Afrique au XIXe et XXe siècles. Paris.Google Scholar
Doucy, A. 1954. “Le rôle des influences coutumières sur les travailleurs du Congo.” Revue de l'Institut de Sociologie Solvay 27.Google Scholar
Doucy, A. and Feldheim, P.. 1952. Problêmes du travail et politique sociale au Congo belge. Brussels.Google Scholar
Doxey, G. V. 1961. The Industrial Colour Bar in South Africa.Google Scholar
Drake, St. Clair and Lacey, L. A.. 1966. “Government Versus the Unions: The Sekondi-Takoradi Strike of 1961,” in Carter, Gwendolen (ed.) Politics in Africa: Seven Cases. New York.Google Scholar
Dubow, Saul. 1982. Land, Labour and Merchant Capital: The Experience of the Graaff Reinet District in the Pre-Industrial Rural Economy of the Cape, 1852–72. University of Cape Town Centre for African Studies Communications 6.Google Scholar
Duffy, James. 1967. A Question of Slavery. Oxford.Google Scholar
Dumett, Raymond. 1979. “Precolonial Mining and the State in the Akan Region,” in Dalton, George (ed.) Research in Economic Anthropology 2: 37–68.Google Scholar
Durrani, L. H. 1976. “Employment of Women and Social Change,” in Stone, R. A. and Simmons, J. (eds.) Change in Tunisia.Google Scholar
DuToit, Bettie. 1978. Ukubamba Amadolo: Workers' Struggles in the South African Textile Industry. London.Google Scholar
Du Toit, Darcy. 1981. Capital and Labour in South Africa: Class Struggles in the 1970's. London.Google Scholar
Du Toit, M. A. 1976. South African Trade Unions. Johannesburg/New York.Google Scholar
Elkan, Walter, 1960. Migrants and Proletarians. London.Google Scholar
Elkan, Walter. 1976. “Is a Proletariat Emerging in Nairobi?” Economic Development and Cultural Change 14: 695–706.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Elkan, Walter. 1980. “Labour Migration from Botswana, Lesotho and Swaziland.” Economic Development and Cultural Change 28; 583–96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Emecheta, Buchi. 1979. The Joyrs of Motherhood. New York.Google Scholar
Epstein, A. L. 1958. Politics in an Urban African Community. Manchester.Google Scholar
Estudo sobre o absentismo e a instabilidade de Maõ-do-Obra Africana. 1960. Lisbon.Google Scholar
Etherington, Norman. 1979. “Labour Supply and the Genesis of South African Confederation in the 1870s.” Journal of African History 20: 134–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fall, Babacar. 1976/1977. “Le travail forcé au Sénégal.” Master's thesis, Université de Dakar.Google Scholar
Fall, Babacar. 1983. “Les enterprises agricoles privées au Soudan Francais: le cas de la Société Anonyme des Cultures de Diakandape,” in Coquery-Vidrovitch, (ed.) Entreprises et entrepreneurs en Afrique au XIXe et XXe siècles. Paris.Google Scholar
Fanon, Frantz. 1963. The Wretched of the Earth. New York.Google Scholar
Fapohunda, Olanrewaju and Lubell, Harold. 1978. Lagos: Urban Development and Employment. Geneva.Google Scholar
Fawzi, S. 1959. The Labour Movement in the Sudan. New York.Google Scholar
Feit, Edward. 1975. Workers Without Unions. Hamden, Conn.Google Scholar
Fetter, Bruce. 1973. “L'Union Minière du Haut-Katanga 1920–40: la naissance d'une sousculture totalitaire.” Cahiers du CEDAF 6.Google Scholar
Fetter, Bruce. 1976. The Creation of Elisabethville, 1910–40. Stanford.Google Scholar
Fetter, Bruce and Miracle, Marvin. 1970. “Backward Sloping Supply Functions and African Economic Development.” Economic Development and Cultural Change 18: 240–51.Google Scholar
Fine, Bob and Welch, Lawrence. 1982. A Question of Solidarity. London.Google Scholar
“Focus on Namibia.” 1978. South African Labour Bulletin 4: 1–2.Google Scholar
Foster, Joe. 1982. “The Workers' Struggle: Where Does FOSATU Stand?” Review of African Political Economy 24: 95–113.Google Scholar
Fraenkel, Merrin. 1964. Tribe and Class in Monrovia. London.Google Scholar
Freund, Bill. 1981a. Capital and Labour in the Nigerian Tin Mines. Harlow.Google Scholar
Freund, Bill. 1981b. “Labour Migration to the Northern Nigerian Tin Mines, 1903–45.” Journal of African History 22: 73–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Freund, Bill. 1982. “Theft and Social Protest Among the Tin Miners of Northern Nigeria.” Radical History Review 26: 66–88.Google Scholar
Freund, Bill. 1983. “Forced Resettlement and the Political Economy of South Africa.” Boston University Seminar Paper.Google Scholar
Freund, Bill and Shenton, Bob. 1977. “Vent-for-Surplus Theory and the Economic History of West Africa.” Savanna 6:191–96.Google Scholar
Friedland, William. 1967. “Co-operation, Conflict and Conscription: TANU–TFL Relations, 1956–64,” in Butler, Jeffrey and Castagno, A. A. (eds.) Boston Papers in African Studies. New York.Google Scholar
Friedland, William. 1969. Vuta Kamba: The Development of Trade Unions in Tanganyika. Stanford.Google Scholar
Friedland, William. 1974. “African Trade Union Studies: Analysis of Two Decades.” Cahiers des études africaines 14: 575–89.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Furedi, Frank. 1973. “The African Crowd in Nairobi.” Journal of African History 14: 75–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Furedi, Frank. 1976. “The Kikuyu Squatters in the Rift Valley,” in Ogot, B. (ed.) Hadith 5: 177–94.Google Scholar
Geiss, Immanuel. 1965. Gewerkschaften in Afrika. Hannover.Google Scholar
Gerritsen, Rolf. 1972. “Evolution of the Ghana TUC under the CPP: Towards a Reinterpretation.” Transactions of the Historical Society of Ghana 13: 229–44.Google Scholar
Glass, Yetta. 1960. The Black Industrial Worker. Johannesburg.Google Scholar
Goldberg, Melvin. 1981. “Formulating Worker Consciousness.” Social Dynamics 7: 32–41. Cape Town.Google Scholar
Golvin, Lucien. c. 1945. Artisans sfaxiens. Tunis.Google Scholar
Gordon, Robert. 1977. Mines, Masters and Migrants. Johannesburg.Google Scholar
Graves, Adrian and Richardson, Peter. 1980. “Plantations in the Political Economy of Colonial Sugar Production: Natal and Queensland, 1860–1914.” Journal of Southern African Studies 6: 214–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gray, Paul. 1981. Unions and Leaders in Ghana. Owerri/New York.Google Scholar
Grillo, Ralph. 1974a. African Railwaymen. Cambridge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grillo, Ralph. 1974b. Race, Class and Militancy: An African Trade Union, 1939–65.Google Scholar
Guérin, Daniel. 1964. “Au Ghana, syndicalisme et socialisme.” Présence Africaine 23: 16–25.Google Scholar
Gugler, J. “The Impact of Labour Migration on Society and Economy in Sub-Saharan Africa.” African Social Research 6: 465–86.Google Scholar
Gulliver, P. H. 1955. Labour Migration in a Rural Economy. Kampala.Google Scholar
Gutkind, Peter. 1974. “The Emerging African Urban Proletariat.” McGill University Centre for Developing Area Studies Occasional Papers 8.Google Scholar
Gutkind, Peter. 1975. “The View from Below: Political Consciousness of the Urban Poor in Ibadan.” Cahiers d'études africaines 15: 5–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gutkind, Peter, Cohen, Robin and Copans, Jean (eds.). 1979. African Labor History. Beverly Hills/London.Google Scholar
Gutman, Herbert. 1983. “Interview.” Radical History Review 27: 202–22.Google Scholar
Guyer, Jane. 1982. “Cultivation Systems and the Timing of Work.” Paper presented at Kinship and Capitalism Conference. Cambridge, Mass.Google Scholar
Hahlo, K. G. 1969. “A European-African Worker Relationship in South Africa.” Race 11: 13–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hamzaoui, Salah. 1976. “L'action ouvrière entre les deux guerres: les grèves de 1929 à 1938.” Revue tunisienne des sciences sociales 13: 67–100.Google Scholar
Harries-Jones, Peter. 1975. Freedom and Labour. Oxford.Google Scholar
Harris, Marvin. 1959. “Labour emigration among the Mozambique Thonga: Cultural and Political Factors.” Africa 29: 50–65, with a “Comment” by A. Rita Ferreira. 1960. Africa 30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harris, Peter. 1975. “Industrial Workers in Rhodesia, 1946–72.” Journal of Southern African Studies 1: 139–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harris, Peter. 1976. “In Defense of the Poverty Datum Line.” South African Labour Bulletin 2/7: 24–29.Google Scholar
Hart, Keith. 1973. “Informal Income Opportunities and Urban Employment in Ghana.” Journal of Modern African Studies 11: 141–69.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hart, Keith. 1976. “The Politics of Unemployment in Ghana.” African Affairs 75: 488–97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hauser, André. 1968. Les ouvriers de Dakar: étude psychosociologique. Paris.Google Scholar
Hellman, Ellen. 1948. Rooiyard. Rhodes-Livingstone Papers 13.Google Scholar
Hemson, David. 1977. “Dock Workers, Labour Circulation and Class Struggles in Durban, 1945–59.” Journal of Southern African Studies 4: 88–124.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hemson, David. 1978. “Trade Unionism and the Struggle for Liberation in South Africa.” Capital and Class 6: 1–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hemson, David. 1979. “Are Migrant Workers a Sub-proletariat? The Dockworkers of Durban.” University of Dar es Salaam Department of History seminar paper.Google Scholar
Henderson, Ian. 1973a. “Early African Leadership: The Copperbelt Disturbances of 1935 and 1940.” Journal of Southern African Studies 2: 83–97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Henderson, Ian. 1973b. “Wage Earners and Political Protest in Colonial Africa.” African Affairs 57: 288–99.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Henderson, Ian. 1974. “The Limits of Colonial Power: Race and Labour Problems in Colonial Zambia, 1900–53.” Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth Studies 2: 297–307.Google Scholar
Henn, Jeanne. 1982. “Production Theory and the Study of Rural Women's Work: Cases from Cameroon and Tanzania.” Paper presented at Kinship and Capitalist Conference. Cambridge, Mass.Google Scholar
Hepple, Alex. 1962. South Africa: Workers Under Apartheid. London.Google Scholar
Hermassi, A. 1966. “Sociologie du milieu docker.” Revue tunisienne des sciences sociales 3: 153–79.Google Scholar
Hill, Polly. 1963. The Migrant Cocoa Farmers of Southern Ghana. Cambridge.Google Scholar
Hinchliffe, Keith. 1973. “The Kaduna Textile Workers: Characteristics of an African Industrial Labour Force.” Savanna 2: 27–37.Google Scholar
Hinchliffe, Keith. 1974. “Labour Aristocracy: A Northern Nigeria Case Study.” Journal of Modern African Studies 12: 57–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hirsch, Alan. 1979. “An Introduction to Textile Workers Organisation in Natal.” South African Labour Bulletin 4/8: 3–42.Google Scholar
Hirson, Baruch. 1977. “Reorganisation of African Trade Unions in Johannesburg, 1936–42.” Institute of Commonwealth Studies (London). Collected Seminar Papers on the Societies of Southern Africa in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries 7.Google Scholar
Hobsbawm, Eric J. “Labour History and Ideology.” Journal of Social History 7: 371–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hochschild, Arlie. 1967. “Le travail des femmes en Tunisie.” Revue tunisienne des sciences sociales 4: 145–66.Google Scholar
Hogendorn, J. S. 1976. “The Vent-for-Surplus Model and African Cash Agriculture to 1914.” Savanna 5: 15–28.Google Scholar
Hogendorn, J. S. 1978. Nigerian Groundnut Exports. Zaria.Google Scholar
“Homeland” Tragedy: Function and Farce. 1982. DSG/SARS Information Publication 6. Johannesburg.Google Scholar
Hopkins, A. G. 1966. “The Lagos Strike of 1897.” Past and Present 35: 135–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hugon, Philippe. 1983. “Le développement des petites entreprises à Atananarivo: l'exemple d'un processus involuntif,” in Coquery-Vidrovitch, (ed.) Entreprises et entrepreneurs en Afrique au XIXe et XXe siècles. Paris.Google Scholar
Hutt, W. H. 1964. The Economics of the Colour Bar. London.Google Scholar
Hyden, Goran. 1980. Beyond Ujamaa in Tanzania. Heinemann.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Iliffe, John. 1980. “Wage Labour and Urbanisation,” in Kaniki, M. H. Y. (ed.) Tanzania under Colonial Rule. Harlow.Google Scholar
Imrie, Ruth. 1977. A Wealth of People: The Story of the Trade Union Council of South Africa. Johannesburg.Google Scholar
Institute for Industrial Education. 1973. The Durban Strikes, 1973. Johannesburg.Google Scholar
Isaacman, Allen and Barbara, , forthcoming. Mozambique: From Colonialism to Revolution, 1900–82.Google Scholar
Ivanov, Y. M. 1979. Agrarian Reforms and Hired Labor in Africa. Moscow.Google Scholar
Iyayi, Felix. 1979. Violence. London.Google Scholar
Jackson, Dudley. 1979. “The Disappearance of Strikes in Tanzania, Incomes Policy and Industrial Democracy.” Journal of Modern African Studies 219–51.Google Scholar
Jackson, Sam. 1978. “Hausa Women on Strike.” Review of African Political Economy 13: 21–36.Google Scholar
Jaggar, P. J. 1973. “Kano City Blacksmiths: Precolonial Distribution, Structure and organisation.” Savanna 2: 11–25.Google Scholar
Janmohamed, Karim. 1976. “African Labourers in Mombasa c. 1895–1940,” in Ogot, B. (ed.) Hadith 5: 154–76.Google Scholar
Jeeves, Alan. 1975. “The Control of Migratory Labour in the South African Gold Mines in the Era of Kruger and Milner.” Journal of Southern African Studies 2: 3–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jeeves, Alan. 1982. “Migrant Labor in the Political Economy of the Mines: The Struggle for the Labour Supply of the Eastern Cape, 1890–1910.” Paper presented at Canadian African Studies Association.Google Scholar
Jeffries, Richard. 1975. “The Labour Aristocracy? A Ghana Case Study.” Review of African Political Economy 3: 59–70.Google Scholar
Jeffries, Richard. 1978. Class, Ideology and Power in Africa: The Railwaymen of Sekondi. Cambridge.Google Scholar
Jewsiewicki, Bogumil, Lema, Kiloma and Vellut, Jean-Luc. 1973. “Documents pour servir à l'histoire sociale du Zaire: grèves dans le Bas-Congo (Bas-Zaïre) en 1945.” Etudes d'histoire africaine 5: 155–88.Google Scholar
Johns, Sheridan. 1967. “The Birth of Non-White Trade Unionism in South Africa.” Race 9: 173–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johnstone, Frederick. 1970. “White Supremacy and White Prosperity in South Africa Today.” African Affairs 69: 124–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johnstone, Frederick. 1976. Class, Race and Gold. London.Google Scholar
Joseph, Richard. 1974. “Settlers, Strikers, and Sans-Travail: The Douala Riots of September 1945.” Journal of African History 15: 669–87.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Joubert, Elsa. 1978. Die swerfjare van Poppie Nongena. Cape Town.Google Scholar
Joubert, Elsa. 1980. Poppie. London.Google Scholar
Kadalie, Clements. 1970. My Life and the ICU. London.Google Scholar
Kahn, Ellison. 1943. “The Right to Strike in South Africa.” South African Journal of Economics 11: 24–47.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kaijage, Fred. 1983. “Peasant Resistance to Proletarianization in Colonial Tanzania.” Boston University African Studies Center seminar paper.Google Scholar
Kane, Francine. 1977. “Femmes proletaires du Sénégal, à la ville et aux champs.” Cahiers d'etudes africaines 17: 77–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kapferer, Bruce. 1972. Strategy and Transaction in an African Factory. Manchester.Google Scholar
Kapferer, Bruce. 1976. “Conflict and Process in a Zambian Mine Community.” Political Anthropology 1: 50–79.Google Scholar
Karoui, Naima. 1976. “Famille et travail: les ouvrières de Menzel Bourguiba.” Revue tunisienne des sciences sociales 13: 75–98.Google Scholar
Kassab, Ahmed. 1971. “Trois types de quartiers populaires à Béjà.” Revue tunisienne des sciences sociales 8: 91–119.Google Scholar
Katz, Elaine. 1974. “White Workers' Grievances and the Industrial Colour Bar.” South African Journal of Economics 42: 127–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Keegan, Tim. 1978. “The Restructuring of Agrarian Class Relations in a Colonial Economy: The Orange River Colony, 1902–10.” Journal of Southern African Studies 5: 234–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kilby, Peter. 1967. “Industrial Relations and Wage Determination.” Journal of Developing Areas 1: 490–520, and reply in Journal of Developing Areas 3: 19–26.Google Scholar
King, Kenneth. 1977. The African Artisan: Education and the Informal Sector in Kenya. New York.Google Scholar
Kitching, Gavin. 1980. Class and Economic Change in Kenya. New Haven.Google Scholar
Kjekshus, Helge. 1977. Labour in Tanzania, introducer. University of Dar es Salaam Studies in Political Science 5.Google Scholar
Koll, Michael. 1969. Crafts and Cooperation in Western Nigeria. Bielefeld.Google Scholar
Komar, Y. I. 1974. Rabochie Zaira. Moscow.Google Scholar
Kraiem, Mustapha. 1975. “Le CGT et syndicalisme tunisien après la prise de Tunis par les Alliées, 1943–44.” Revue tunisienne des sciences sociales 12: 273–308.Google Scholar
Kraus, Jon. 1979. “Strikes and Labour Power in Ghana.” Development and Change 10: 159–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kriszan, L. 1970. Aspects of an Analysis of the Labor Structure of the Nigerian Working Class. Budapest.Google Scholar
Lacy, Marion. 1981. Working for Boroko: Origins of a Coercive Labour System in South Africa. Johannesburg.Google Scholar
Lachartre, Brigitte. 1977. Luttes ouvrières et libération en Afrique du Sud. Paris.Google Scholar
La Guma, Alex (ed.). 1972. Apartheid: A Collection of Writings on South African Racism by South Africans. London.Google Scholar
La Guma, Alex. 1974. The Stone Country. London.Google Scholar
Lakroum, Monique. 1983. Le travail inégal: paysans et salariés sénégalais face à la crise des années trente. Paris.Google Scholar
Laks, Monique. 1970. Autogestion ouvrière et pouvoir politique en Algérie. Paris.Google Scholar
LeBrun, Olivier and Gerry, Chris. 1975. “Petty Producers and Capitalism.” Review of African Political Economy 3: 20–32.Google Scholar
Legassick, Martin. 1974a. “Legislation, Ideology and Economy in Post–1974 South Africa.” Journal of Southern African Studies 1: 5–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Legassick, Martin. 1974b. “South Africa: Capital Accumulation and Violence.” Economy and Society 3.Google Scholar
Legassick, Martin. 1975. “The Records of British Firms in South Africa in the Context of the Political Economy.” South African Labour Bulletin 2/1: 7–36.Google Scholar
Leistner, G. M. E. and Breytenbach, W. J.. 1975. The Black Worker of South Africa. Africa Institute Communication 26. Pretoria.Google Scholar
Leitner, Kerstin. 1972. Workers, Trade Unions and Peripheral Capitalism in Kenya after Independence. Frankfurt am Main.Google Scholar
Leitner, Kerstin. 1976. “The Situation of Agricultural Workers in Kenya.” Review of African Political Economy 6: 34–50.Google Scholar
Lever, Jeff. 1977. “Capital and Labour in South Africa: The Passage of the Industrial Conciliation Act, 1924.” South African Labour Bulletin 3/10: 4–31.Google Scholar
Levy, Norman. 1982. Foundations of the South African Cheap Labour System. London.Google Scholar
Lewis, Arthur W. 1954. “Economic Development with Unlimited Supplies of Labour.” Manchester School of Economic and Social Studies 22: 139–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lipton, Merle. 1980. “Men of Two Worlds: Migrant Labour in South Africa.” Optima, special issue.Google Scholar
Lonsdale, John and Berman, Bruce. 1979. “Coping with the Contradictions: The development of the Colonial State in Kenya.” Journal of African History 10: 487–506.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lonsdale, John and Berman, Bruce. 1980. “Crises of Accumulation, Coercion and the Colonial State: Development of the Labour Control System in Kenya, 1919–29.” Canadian Journal of African Studies 14: 55–82.Google Scholar
Loudon, J. B. 1970. White Farmers and Black Labour-Tenants. Cambridge/Leiden.Google Scholar
Lovejoy, Paul. 1979. “Characteristics of Plantations in the Nineteenth Century Sokoto Caliphate.” American Historical Review 84: 1267–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Low, D. A. and Lonsdale, John. 1976. “Introduction: Towards the New Order, 1945–63,” in Smith, Alison and Low, D. A. History of East Africa III. Oxford.Google Scholar
Lubeck, Paul. 1978. “Labour in Kano since the Petroleum Boom.” Review of African Political Economy 13: 37–46.Google Scholar
Lubeck, Paul. 1979. “The Value of Multiple Methods in Researching Third World Strikes: A Nigerian Example.” Development and Change 10: 301–19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lubembe, Clement. 1968. The Inside of the Labour Movement in Kenya. Nairobi.Google Scholar
Luckhardt, Ken and Wall, Brenda. 1981. Organize … or Starve: The History of the South African Congress of Trade Unions. New York.Google Scholar
Lux, André. 1962. Le marché du travail en Afrique noire. Louvain.Google Scholar
Lyby, Erik. 1980. “Migration and Underdevelopment.” South African Labour Bulletin 5: 26–44.Google Scholar
Mackenzie, J. M. 1970. “African Labour in the Chartered Company Period.” Rhodesian History 1: 43–58.Google Scholar
Magubane, Bernard. 1971. “A Critical Look at Indices used in the Study of Social Change in Colonial Africa.” Current Anthropology 12: 419–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Makambe, Elliott. 1977. “The Asiatic Labour Solution in Southern Rhodesia, 1898–1904.” Ahmadu Bello University Department of History seminar paper.Google Scholar
Malaba, Luke. 1980. “Supply, Control and Organisation of African Labour in Rhodesia.” Review of African Political Economy 18: 7–28.Google Scholar
Mapolu, Henry (ed.). 1976. Workers and Management. Dar es Salaam.Google Scholar
Marchand, C. G. J. 1977. “A Consideration of the Legal Basis and Some Practical Operations of the Labour Bureau.” South African Labour Bulletin 3/9: 18–40.Google Scholar
Marks, Shula and Trapido, Stanley. 1979. “Lord Milner and the South African War.” History Workshop Journal 8: 50–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marks, Shula and Trapido, Stanley and Atmore, Antony (eds.). 1980. Economy and Society in Pre-industrial South Africa. Harlow.Google Scholar
Marks, Shula and Trapido, Stanley and Rathbone, Richard (eds.). 1982. Industrialization and Social Change in South Africa. Harlow.Google Scholar
Marks, Shula and Trapido, Stanley. 1982. “Popular Rebellion and the Bambatha Rebellion: An Autocritique.” University of Illinois seminar paper.Google Scholar
Martens, George. 1977. African Trade Unionism. Boston.Google Scholar
Massey, David. 1980. “The Changing Economy of Migrant Labour in Botswana.” South African Labour Bulletin 5/5: 4–26.Google Scholar
Mayer, Philip (ed.). Black Villagers in an Industrial Society. Cape Town.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maylam, Paul. 1982. “Surplus People in a South African City: The Contradictions of African Urbanization, 1920–50.” Canadian African Studies Association Paper.Google Scholar
Mayson, Dew Tuan-Wleh and Sawyer, Amos. 1979. “Labour in Liberia.” Review of African Political Economy 14: 3–15.Google Scholar
McNamara, J. K. 1978. “Migration Routes to the Gold Mines and Compound Accommodation, 1889–1912.” South African Labour Bulletin 4/3: 7–28.Google Scholar
Meillassoux, Claude. 1972. “From Reproduction to Production.” Economy and Society 1: 93–105.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meillassoux, Claude. (ed.). 1975. L'esclavage en Afrique précoloniale. Paris.Google Scholar
Melson, Robert. 1970. “Nigerian Politics and the General Strike of 1964,” in Rotberg, Robert and Mazrui, Ali (eds.) Protest and Power in Black Africa. London.Google Scholar
Melson, Robert. 1973. “The Political Dilemmas of Nigerian Labor,” in Damachi, Ukandi and Seibel, Hans-Dieter (eds.) Social Change and Economic Development in Nigeria. New York.Google Scholar
Mendes, Afonso. 1958. A Huila é Mocāmedes. Lisbon.Google Scholar
Menouni, Abdeltif. 1975. Le syndicalisme ouvrier au Maroc. Casablanca.Google Scholar
Meynaud, Jean and Salah-Bey, Anisse. 1962. Fondements idéologiques du mouvement syndical africain. Paris.Google Scholar
Meynaud, Jean and Salah-Bey, Anisse. 1967. Trade Unionism in Africa. London.Google Scholar
Mhlongo, S. 1974. “Black Workers' Strikes in South Africa.” New Left Review 83: 41–49.Google Scholar
Mihyo, Paschal. 1975. “The Struggle for Workers' Control in Tanzania.” Review of African Political Economy 4: 62–85.Google Scholar
Mitchell, J. Clyde. 1956. The Kalela Dance. Rhodes-Livingstone Paper 27.Google Scholar
Mitchell, J. Clyde. 1961a. “The Causes of Labour Migration,” in Commission for Technical Cooperation in Africa South of the Sahara. Sixth Inter-African Labour Conference Publication 79. Abidjan.Google Scholar
Mitchell, J. Clyde. 1961b. “Wages, Labour and African Population Movements in Central Africa,” in Barbour, K. and Prothero, R. M. (eds.) Essays on African Population. London.Google Scholar
Mitchell, J. Clyde. 1969. “Structural Plurality, Urbanization and Labour Circulation in Southern Rhodesia,” in Jackson, J. (ed.) Migration. Cambridge.Google Scholar
Montagne, Robert. 1952. “Naissance du prolétariat marocain.” Cahiers Afrique et Asie 3.Google Scholar
Moorsom, Richard. 1977. “Underdevelopment, Contract Labour and Worker Consciousness in Namibia, 1915–72.” Journal of Southern African Studies 4: 52–87.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moorsom, Richard. 1979. “Labour Consciousness and the 1971–72 Contract Workers' Strike in Namibia.” Development and Change 10: 205–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morice, Alain. 1982. “Underpaid Child Labour and Social Reproduction: Apprenticeship in Kaolack, Senegal.” Development and change 13: 515–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morice, Alain. 1983. “Les petites entreprises du travail du métal et la caste des forgerons à Kaolack,” in Coquery-Vidrovitch, (ed.) Entreprises et entrepreneurs en Afrique au XIXe et XXe siècles. Paris.Google Scholar
Moroney, S. 1978. “The Development of the Compound as a Mechanism of Worker Control.” South African Labour Bulletin 4/3: 29–49.Google Scholar
Morris, M. 1976. “The Development of Capitalism in South African Agriculture: Class Struggle in the Countryside.” Economy and Society 5: 292–343.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morris, Mike and Kaplan, Dave. 1976. “Labour Policy in a State Corporation: A Case Study of the South African Iron and Steel Industry.” South African Labour Bulletin 2/6-7.Google Scholar
Moyo, E. 1973. “Shabani and the Outbreak of Violence,” in Wilmer, S. E. (ed.) Zimbabwe Now. London.Google Scholar
Mukenge, Evariste. 1971. “L'évolution politique du mouvement syndical congolais.” Problèmes sociaux zaïrois 94/95: 3–55.Google Scholar
Mulot, Francis. 1979. “Syndicalisme et politique au Sénégal, 1968–76.” Revue française d'etudes politiques africaines 158: 53–90.Google Scholar
Mungongo, Oscar Manwana. 1972. “Le rôle du syndicat au Zaïre.” Zaïre-Afrique 12: 261–73.Google Scholar
Murray, Colin. 1981. Families Divided. Cambridge.Google Scholar
Murteira, Mario. 1960. Sindicalismo e Evoluçāo Social no Africa ao sul do Sahara. Lisbon.Google Scholar
Mwangi, Meja. 1976. Going Down River Road. London.Google Scholar
Myers, Desaix. 1979. Business and Labor in South Africa. Washington.Google Scholar
Myint, Hla. 1965. The Economies of the Developing Countries. London.Google Scholar
Nagi, Mostafa. 1971. Labor Force and Employment in Egypt. New York.Google Scholar
Naude, Louis. 1969. Dr. A. Hertzog, die Nasionale Party en die Mynwerkers. Pretoria.Google Scholar
Naville, Pierre (ed.). 1952. “Le travail en Afrique noire.” Présence Africaine.Google Scholar
Ndiaye, Massata Abdou. 1964. Le mouvement syndical africain. Paris.Google Scholar
Ndour, Biram. 1981. “Le mouvement ouvrier sénégalais à ses débuts.” Jonction 5: 21–30.Google Scholar
Nelson, Nici (ed.). 1981. African Women in the Development Process. London.Google Scholar
Newbury, Colin. 1975. “Historical Aspects of Manpower and Migration in Africa South of the Sahara,” in Gann, L. and Duignan, P. (eds.) Colonialism in Africa 4. Cambridge.Google Scholar
Nguyen Van Chi-Bonnardel, Régine. 1983. “Quel avenir pour les artisans sénégalais?” in Coquery-Vidrovitch, (ed.) Entreprises et entrepreneurs en Afrique au XIXe et XXe siècles. Paris.Google Scholar
Ninine, Jules. 1932. Le main d'oeuvre indigène dans les colonies: thèse de doctorat. Paris.Google Scholar
Norman, J. 1965. Labor and Politics in Libya and Arab Africa. New York.Google Scholar
November, A. 1965. L'evolution du mouvement syndical en Afrique occidentale. The Hague/Paris.Google Scholar
Nzula, Albert, Potekhin, I. and Zusmanovich, Aleksander. 1979. Forced Labour in Africa. London.Google Scholar
Obbo, Christine. 1980. African Women: Their Struggle for Economic Independence. London.Google Scholar
O'Brien, Jay. 1982. “The Formation of the Agricultural Labor Force in Sudan.” Canadian African Studies Association paper.Google Scholar
Ogundipe-Leslie, Omolara. 1981. “The First Nigerian ‘Proletarian Novel’?” Review of African Political Economy 22: 108–15.Google Scholar
Ohadike, P. O. 1969. “Development of and Factors in the Employment of Migrants in the Copper Mines of Zambia, 1940–66.” Zambian Papers 4.Google Scholar
Olivier, Lord. 1929. White Capital and Coloured Labour. London.Google Scholar
O'Meara, Dan. 1975. “The 1946 African Miners' Strike and the Political Economy of South Africa.” Journal of Commonwealth and Comparative Politics 12: 146–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Orde Brown, G. St. J. 1932. The African Labourer. London.Google Scholar
Orimalade, Oluronke. 1974. Bibliography on Labour in Nigeria. Lagos.Google Scholar
Osoba, Segun. 1969. “The Phenomenon of Labour Migration in the Era of British Colonial Rule.” Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria 4: 515–38.Google Scholar
Ousmane, Sembène. 1962. God's Bits of Wood. New York.Google Scholar
Oyemakinde, W. 1974a. “The Nigerian General Strike of 1964.” Genève-Afrique 13: 53–71.Google Scholar
Oyemakinde, W. 1974b. “Railway Construction and Operations in Nigeria, 1895–1911.” Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria 7: 303–24.Google Scholar
Parkin, David. 1976. “Migration, Settlement and the Politics of Unemployment,” in Parkin, D. (ed.) Town and Country in Central and East Africa. London.Google Scholar
Parpart, Jane. 1982a. “Class Consciousness Among Zambian Copper Miners, 1950–66.” Boston University African Studies Center Working Papers 53.Google Scholar
Parpart, Jane 1982b. “The ‘Labor Aristoracy’ Thesis Considered Once Again: The Northern Rhodesian Copperbelt, 1926–66.” Boston University African Studies Center Working Papers 56.Google Scholar
Parpart, Jane. 1983. Capital and Labor on the African Copperbelt. Philadelphia.Google Scholar
Parson, Jack. 1980. “The Working Class, the State and Social Change in Botswana.” South African Labor Bulletin 5/5: 45–55.Google Scholar
Paton, Alan. 1948. Cry, the Beloved Country. New York.Google Scholar
Peace, Adrian. 1979. Choice, Class and Conflict: A Study of Southern Nigerian Factory Workers. London.Google Scholar
Peil, Margaret. 1970. The Ghanaian Factory Worker. Cambridge.Google Scholar
Penvenne, Jeanne. 1979a. “Attitudes towards Race and Work in Mozambique: Lourenoo Marques, 1900–74.” Boston University African Studies Center Working Papers 16.Google Scholar
Penvenne, Jeanne. 1979b. “Forced Labor and the Origin of an African Working Class: Lourenco Marques, 1870–1962.” Boston University African Studies Center Working Papers 13.Google Scholar
Périn-Hockers, Maryse. 1959. L'absentéisme des travailleurs africains et l'instabilité des entreprises de la région d'Elisabethville 1957–58. Brussels.Google Scholar
Perrings, Charles. 1977. “Consciousness, Conflict and Proletarianization: An Assessment of the 1935 Mineworkers' Strike on the Northern Rhodesian Copperbelt.” Journal of Southern African Studies 4.Google Scholar
Perrings, Charles. 1979. Black Mineworkers in Central Africa. London.Google Scholar
Pfefferman, Guy. 1967. “Trade Unions and Politics in French West Africa during the Fourth Republic.” African Affairs 66: 213–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pfefferman, Guy. 1968. Industrial Labor in the Republic of Senegal. New York.Google Scholar
Philips, Howard and van Heyningen, Elizabeth (eds.). 1981. Studies in the History of Cape Town 4. Cape Town.Google Scholar
Phimister, Ian R. and van Onselen, Charles. 1976. Studies in the History of African Mine Labour in Colonial Zimbabwe. Gwelo.Google Scholar
Phimister, Ian R. 1977. “White Miners in Historical Perspective.” Journal of Southern African Studies 3: 187–206.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Plissard, Roger. 1971. “La condition des travailleurs de 1'industrie minière en Tunisie, 1936–39.” Université de Strasbourg 2, thèse.Google Scholar
Plum, Werner. 1962. Gewerkschaften in Maghreb. Hannover.Google Scholar
Post, Ken. 1977. “Peasantization in West Africa,” in Gutkind, Peter and Waterman, Peter (eds.) African Social Studies: A Radical Reader. London.Google Scholar
Pottier, Johan. 1983. “Defunct Labour Reserve? Mambwe Villages in the Post-Migration Economy.” Africa 53: 2–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Poupart, René. 1960. Première esquisse de l'évolution du syndicalisme au Congo. Brussels.Google Scholar
Powesland, P. G. 1957. Economic Policy and Labour. East African Studies 10.Google Scholar
Prothero, R. M. 1957. “Migratory Labour from North West Nigeria.” Africa 27: 251–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ranger, T. O. 1970. The African Voice in Southern Rhodesia, 1898–1930. London.Google Scholar
Ranger, T. O. 1975. Dance and Society in Eastern Africa. London.Google Scholar
Rayner, Mary. n.d. “Slaves, Slave Owners and the British State: The Cape Colony, 1806–34.” Institute of Commonwealth Studies, Societies of Southern Africa seminar paper. London.Google Scholar
Raymaekers, Paul. 1963. L'organisation des zones de squatting. Brussels.Google Scholar
Read, Margaret. 1942. “Migrant Labour in Africa and Its Effects on Tribal Life.” International Labour Review 14: 605–31.Google Scholar
Rex, John. 1974. “The Compound, the Reserves and the Urban Location.” South African Labour Bulletin 1/2: 4–17.Google Scholar
Rey, Pierre-Philippe. 1976a. Les Alliances des classes. Paris.Google Scholar
Rey, Pierre-Philippe. 1976b. Le capitalisme négrier. Paris.Google Scholar
Richards, Audrey (ed.). 1952. Economic Development and Tribal Change. Cambridge.Google Scholar
Richardson, Peter. 1983. Chinese Mine Labour in the Transvaal.Google Scholar
Rita Ferreira, A. 1963. O Movimento Migratório de Trabalhadores entre Moĉambique é a Africa do Sul. Lisbon.Google Scholar
Roberts, B. C. and de Bellecombe, L. G.. 1967. Collective Bargaining in African Countries. London.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Robertson, H. M. 1934–1935. “One Hundred Fifty Years of Economic Contact between Black and White in South Africa.” South African Journal of Economics 2: 403–25 and 3: 3–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roper, J. L. 1958. Labour Problems in West Africa. Harmondsworth.Google Scholar
Rouch, Jean. 1956. Migrations au Ghana. Paris.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roux, Edward. 1964. Time Longer than Rope. Madison.Google Scholar
Roux, Win. 1970. Rebel Pity. Harmondsworth.Google Scholar
Sabot, R. 1978. Economic Development and Urban Migration in Tanzania, 1900–71. London.Google Scholar
Sachs, E. S. 1957. Rebels Daughters. London.Google Scholar
Salem, Gérard. 1983. “Contributions à l'étude des reseaux commerciaux dans la vie africaines: exemples de Dakar,” in Coquery-Vidrovitch, (ed.) Entreprises et entrepreneurs en Afrique au XIXe et XXe siècles. Paris.Google Scholar
Sandbrook, Richard. 1972. “Patrons, Clients and Unions: The Labour Movement and Political Conflict in Kenya.” Journal of Commonwealth Political Studies 10: 3–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sandbrook, Richard. 1975. Proletarians and African Capitalism: The Kenyan Case, 1962-70. Cambridge.Google Scholar
Sandbrook, Richard. 1977. “The Study of the African ‘Sub-proletariat’: A View.” Manpower and Unemployment Research 10: 91–101.Google Scholar
Sandbrook, Richard and Arn, Jack. 1977. “The Labouring Poor and urban Class Formation: The Case of Greater Accra.” Centre for Developing Area Studies, McGill University Occasional Monograph 12.Google Scholar
Sandbrook, Richard and Cohen, Robin (eds.). 1975. the Development of an African Working Class. London.Google Scholar
Sanderson, F. E. 1961. “The Development of Labour Migration from Nyasaland, 1891-1914.” Journal of African History 2: 259–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Saunders, C. C. (ed.). 1979. Studies in the History of Cape Town. Cape Town.Google Scholar
Sautter, Gilles, 1967. “Notes sur la construction du chemin de fer Congo-Océan.” Cahiers d'études africaines 7: 220–99.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schapera, Isaac. 1947. Migrant Labour and Tribal Life. London.Google Scholar
Scott, Roger. 1966. The Development of Trade Unions in Uganda. Nairobi.Google Scholar
Seibel, Hans Dieter. 1968. Industriearbeit und Kulturwandel in Nigeria. Köln.Google Scholar
Seibel, Helga Renate. 1969. Die Afrikanerin in Berufund Familie. Bielefeld.Google Scholar
Sender, John. 1974. “Some Preliminary Notes on the Political Economy of Rural Development in Tanzania Based on a Case Study in the Western Usambaras.” University of Dar es Salaam Economic Research Bureau Paper 74/5.Google Scholar
Senghaas-Knoblach, Eva. 1977. “The Informal Sector and Peripheral Capitalism: Critique of a Prevaling Concept of Development.” Manpower and Unemployment Research 10.Google Scholar
Shea, Philip. 1975. “The Development of an Export Oriented Dyed Cloth Industry in Kano Emirate in the Nineteenth Century.” Ph.D. thesis, University of Wisconsin.Google Scholar
Shivji, Issa. 1976. Class Struggles in Tanzania. London/Dar es Salaam.Google Scholar
Sik, Endre. 1966–1974. History of Black Africa. Budapest.Google Scholar
Silver, Jim. 1978. “Class Struggles in Ghana's Mining Industry.” Review of African Political Economy 12: 67–86.Google Scholar
Simons, H. J. and Simons, R.. 1969. Class and Colour in South Africa. Harmondsworth.Google Scholar
Sinclair, Stuart. 1977. “Ease of Entry into Small-Scale Trading in African Cities: Some Case Studies from Lagos.” Manpower and Unemployment Research 10: 79–90.Google Scholar
Singh, Makhan. 1969. A History of Kenya's Trade Union Movement to 1952. Nairobi.Google Scholar
Sitas, Ari. 1979. “Rebels Without a Pause: The MWU and the Defense of the Colour Bar.” South African Labour Bulletin 5/3: 30–58.Google Scholar
Sketchley, Peter and Lappe, Frances. 1980. Casting New Molds. San Francisco.Google Scholar
Skinner, E. P. 1960. “Labour Migration and Its Relationship to Socio-economic Change in Mossi Society.” Africa 30: 375–99.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Slater, Henry. 1975. “Labour and Capital in Natal: The Natal Colonization Company, 1860–1948.” Journal of African History 16.Google Scholar
Smalberger, J. 1974. “IDB and the Mining Compound System in the 1880s.” South African Journal of Economics 42: 398–414.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smock, D. R. 1969. Conflict and Control in an African Trade Union. Palo Alto.Google Scholar
Snyder, Francis. 1981. “Labour Power and Legal Transformation in Senegal.” Review of African Political Economy 21: 26–43.Google Scholar
Stanley, Peter. 1976. “Interview with Phineas Sithole, President of ATUC.” South African Labour Bulletin 2/7: 17–23.Google Scholar
Stein, Mark. 1977. “Max Gordon and African Unionism on the Witwatersrand, 1935–40.” South African Labour Bulletin 3/3: 41–57.Google Scholar
Steinbeck, John. 1939. The Grapes of Wrath. New York.Google Scholar
Stewart, C. C. and Crummey, D. (eds.). 1981. Modes of Production in Africa: The Precolonial Era. Beverly Hills/London.Google Scholar
Stichter, Sharon. 1975. “Workers, Trade Unions and the Mau Mau Rebellion.” Canadian Journal of African Studies 9: 259–75.Google Scholar
Stichter, Sharon. 1982a. Migrant Labour in Kenya: Capitalism and African Response. Harlow.Google Scholar
Stichter, Sharon. 1982b. “Women and the Labour Force in Kenya, 1895–1964.” Boston University African Studies Center. Walter Rodney Seminar paperGoogle Scholar
Swanson, Maynard W. 1968/1969. “The Urban Origins of Separate Development.” Race 10: 31–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Swanson, Maynard W. 1976. “The ‘Durban System’: Roots of Urban Apartheid in Colonial Natal.” African Studies 35: 159–76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Terray, Emmanuel. 1974. “Long-Distance Exchange and the Formation of the of the State: The Case of the Abron Kingdom of Gyaman.” Economy and Society 3: 315–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tettegah, J. 1962. Towards Nkrumahism: The Role and Tasks of the Trade Unions. Accra.Google Scholar
Thiam, Iba der. 1976. “La tuerie de Thiès de septembre 1938.” Bulletin de l'Institut Fondamental de I'Afrique Noire—B 38: 300–38.Google Scholar
Thomas, Roger. 1973. “Forced Labour in British West Africa: The Case of the Northern Territories of the Gold Coast, 1906–27.” Journal of African History 14: 79–103.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thornton, Stephen. 1978. “European Entrepreneurs and the Exploitation of African Labour in Bulawayo.” Paper presented at African Studies Association. United Kingdom.Google Scholar
Ticktin, D. 1969. “The War and the Collapse of the South African Labour Party.” South African Historical Journal 1: 59–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tomiche, F. J. 1971. Syndicalisme et certains aspects du travail en R.A.U., 1900–67. Paris.Google Scholar
Tosh, John. 1978. “Lango Agriculture During the Early Colonial Period: Land and labour in a Cash-Crop Economy.” Journal of African History 19: 415–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tosh, John 1980. “The Cash-Crop Revolution in Tropical Africa: An Agricultural Reappraisal.” African Affairs 79: 79–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Trabalho. 1966–1974. Periodical, Luanda.Google Scholar
Trachtman, Lester. 1962. “The Labour Movement of Ghana: A Study of Political Unionism.” Economic Development and Cultural Change 10; 183–99.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Trapido, Stanley. 1970–1971. “South Africa in a Comparative Study of Industrialization.” Journal of Development Studies 7.Google Scholar
Trapido, Stanley. 1978. “Landlord and Tenant in a Colonial Economy: The Transvaal, 1880–1910.” Journal of Southern African Studies 5: 26–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tshibangu, Kabet M. 1974. “La situation sociale dans le ressort administratif de Likasi pendant la guerre 1940–45.” Etudes d'histoire africaine 6: 275–311.Google Scholar
Tulatz, H. A. 1963. Die Gewerkschaftsentwicklung Nigerias. Hannover.Google Scholar
Vail, Leroy, and White, Landeg. 1980. Capitalism and Colonialism in Mozambique. Minneapolis.Google Scholar
Van Bruggen, Jochem. 1931. Ampie. Amsterdam.Google Scholar
van der Horst, Sheila. 1942. Native Labour in South Africa. London.Google Scholar
van der Horst, Sheila. 1964. African Factory Workers in Cape Town. Cape Town.Google Scholar
van Onselen, Charles. 1976. Chibaro: African Mine Labour in Southern Rhodesia. Nottingham.Google Scholar
van Onselen, Charles. 1982. New Babylon: New Nineveh. Harlow.Google Scholar
van Velsen, J. 1960. “Labour Migration as a Positive Factor in the Continuity of Tonga Tribal Society.” Economic Development and Cultural Change 265–78.Google Scholar
van Zwanenberg, Roger. 1975. Colonial Capital and Labour in Kenya. Nairobi.Google Scholar
Vercruijsse, Emile. 1979. “Class Formation in the Peasant Economy of Southern Ghana.” Review of African Political Economy 15/16: 93–104.Google Scholar
Vidal, Claudine. 1974. “Economie de la société féodale rwandaise.” Cahiers d'études africaines 14: 52–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vidal, Claudine. 1977. “Guerre des sexes à Abidjan: Masculin, feminine, CFA.” Cahiers d'études africaines 17: 121–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vilakazi, B. W. 1957. Inkondlo kaZulu. Johannesburg.Google Scholar
Vilakazi, B. W. 1960. Amal'ezulu. Johannesburg.Google Scholar
Walker, Ivan L. and Weinbren, B.. 1961. 2000 Casualties. Johannesburg.Google Scholar
Warmington, W. A. 1960. A West African Trade Union. London.Google Scholar
Warren, W. M. 1966. “Urban Real Wages and the Nigerian Trade Union Movement, 1939-60.” Economic Development and Cultural Change 15: 21–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Warren, W. M. 1969. Rejoinder. Economic Development and Cultural Change 17: 618–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Warwick, Peter. 1977. “African Labour During the South African War, 1899–1902.” Collected Seminar Papers on the Societies of Southern Africa in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries 7. Institute of Commonwealth Studies. London.Google Scholar
Waterman, Peter. 1973. “Communist Theory in the Nigerian Trade Union Movement.” Politics and Society 3: 282–312.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Waterman, Peter. 1975. “The Labor Aristocracy in Africa: Introduction to a Debate.” Development and Change 6: 57–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Waterman, Peter. 1976. “Conservatism among Nigerian Workers,” in Williams, Gavin (ed.) Nigerian Economy and Society. London.Google Scholar
Waterman, Peter. 1977. “The Concept of the ‘Semi-Proletarianised Peasantry’: The Lagos Dock Strike of 1968 and the Necessity for Reconceptualising the Role of the Less Proletarianised Workers in Africa,” on Microfiche Interdocumentation. Zug.Google Scholar
Waterman, Peter. 1978. “Consciousness, Organisation and Action among Lagos Portworkers.” Review of African Political Economy 13: 47–62.Google Scholar
Watson, W. 1958. Tribal Cohesion in a Money Economy. Manchester.Google Scholar
Webster, Eddie (ed.). 1978. Essays in South African Labour History. Johannesburg.Google Scholar
Webster, Eddie. 1981. “‘Stay-Aways’ and the Black Working Class.” Labour, Capital and Society 14: 10–39.Google Scholar
Weeks, John F. 1968. “A Comment on Peter Kilby.” Journal of Developing Areas 3: 7–17, and 1971, 5: 165–74.Google Scholar
Weeks, John F. 1971a. “The Political Economy of Labor Transfer.” Science and Society 35: 463–80.Google Scholar
Weeks, John F. 1971b. “Wage Policy and the Colonial Legacy, A Comparative Study.” Journal of Modern African Studies 9: 361–87.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weiskel, T. 1979. “Labor in the Emergent Periphery: From Slavery to Migrant Labor among the Baule Peoples, 1880–1925,” in Goldfrank, W. L. (ed.) The World-System of Capitalism: Past and Present 207–33.Google Scholar
Weiss, Francois. 1970. Doctrine et action syndicate en Algérie. Paris.Google Scholar
Welcher, Larry. 1978. “The Relationship between the State and African Trade Unions in South Africa, 1948–53.” South African Labour Bulletin 4/5: 15–48.Google Scholar
White, Luise. 1980. “Women's Domestic Labour in Colonial Kenya: Prostitution in Nairobi, 1909-50.” Working Papers of Boston University African Studies Center.Google Scholar
Wickins, P. L. 1972. “General Labour Unions in Cape Town, 1918–20.” South African Journal of Economics 40.Google Scholar
Wickins, P. L. 1978. The Industrial and Commercial Workers' Union of Africa. Cape Town.Google Scholar
Wilentz, Sean. 1983. “Artisan Republican Festivals and the Rise of Class Conflict in New York City, 1788–1837,” in Frisch, Michael and Walkowitz, Daniel (eds.) Working-Class America. Urbana.Google Scholar
Williams, Gavin. 1974. “The Political Consciousness of the Ibadan Poor,” in deKadt, E. and Williams, G. (eds.) Sociology and Development. London.Google Scholar
Wilson, Francis. 1972a. Labour on the South African Gold Mines. Cambridge.Google Scholar
Wilson, Francis. (ed.). 1972b. Migrant Labour. Johannesburg.Google Scholar
Wilson, Francis et al 1977. Farm Labour in South Africa. Cape Town.Google Scholar
Wilson, Godfrey. 1941. An Essay on the Economics of Detribalization in Northern Rhodesia.Google Scholar
Wilson, Godfrey and Wilson, Monica. 1945. The Analysis of Social Change. Cambridge.Google Scholar
Woddis, Jack. 1959. Africa: The Lion Awakes. London.Google Scholar
Wolpe, Harold. 1972. “Capitalism and Cheap Labour-Power in South Africa: From Segregation to Apartheid.” Economy and Society 1: 425–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wudu, F. 1968. A Fallen Labour Hero of Ghana. Accra.Google Scholar
Yesufu, T. M. 1962. Introduction to Industrial Relations in Nigeria. London.Google Scholar
Yudelman, David. 1975. “Industrialisation, Race Relations and Change in South Africa.” African Affairs 74: 82–96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zgal, Abdelkader and Stambouli, Fredj. 1974. “La vie urbaine dans le Maghreb précoloniale.” Revue tunisienne des sciences sociales 9: 221–42.Google Scholar