Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-t5tsf Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-05T07:54:07.421Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Joking Through Hardship: Humor and Truth-Telling among Displaced Timbuktians

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 April 2016

Abstract:

This article argues that one way in which internally displaced persons (IDPs) and refugees from Timbuktu, Mali, negotiated and made sense of the occupation of northern Mali in 2012 and the hardships of displacement was through joking. A genre of unofficial communication, joking asserted local truths and produced counternarratives. Sharing in this humorous reproduction helped to alleviate some of the anxieties of displacement and strengthen interpersonal relationships. The result was a communitas that reproduced the local Timbuktian community in exile.

Résumé:

Cet article fait valoir que, en 2012, c’est en partie grâce à la plaisanterie que les personnes déplacées en internes (PDI) et les réfugiés originaires de Tombouctou au Mali, ont géré les difficultés du déplacement et fait sens de l’occupation du nord du Mali. En tant que genre de communication officieuse, la plaisanterie a affirmé des vérités locales et produit des contre-narrations. Faire partie de cette reproduction humoristique a contribué à atténuer certaines des inquiétudes dues au déplacement et à renforcer les relations interpersonnelles. Le résultat a été une “communitas” qui a reproduit la communauté tombouctienne locale en exil.

Type
ARTICLES
Copyright
Copyright © African Studies Association 2016 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abu-Lughod, Lila. 1990. “The Romance of Resistance: Tracing Transformations of Power Through Bedouin Women.” American Ethnologist 17 (1): 4155.Google Scholar
Alidou, Ousseina. 2005. Engaging Modernity: Muslim Women and the Politics of Agency in Postcolonial Niger. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.Google Scholar
Apte, Mahadev L. 1985. Humor and Laughter: An Anthropological Approach. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Apter, Andrew. 2007. Beyond Words: Discourse and Critical Agency in Africa. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Austen, Ralph A. 2010. Trans-Saharan Africa in World History. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Austin, John L. 1979 (1961). “A Plea for Excuses.” In Austin, John L., Philosophical Papers, 175204. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Bakhtin, M. M. 1984 (1965). Rabelais and His World. Translated by Iswolsky, Helene. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
Bakhtin, M. M. 1986. Speech Genres and Other Late Essays. Translated by McGee, Vern. Austin: University of Texas Press.Google Scholar
Bakhtin, M. M. 1990 (1975). The Dialogic Imagination. Translated by Emerson, Caryl and Holquist, Michael. Austin: University of Texas Press.Google Scholar
Basso, Kieth H. 2007 (1979). Portraits of “The Whiteman”: Linguistic Play and Cultural Symbols among the Western Apache. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Bell, Catherine. 1992. Ritual Theory, Ritual Practice. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Bell, Catherine. 1997. Ritual: Perspectives and Dimensions. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Besnier, Niko. 2009. Gossip and the Everyday Production of Politics. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press.Google Scholar
Black, Steven. 2012. “Laughing to Death: Joking as Support amid Stigma for Zulu-Speaking South Africans Living with HIV.” Journal of Linguistic Anthropology 22 (1): 87108.Google Scholar
British Broadcasting Company. 2012. “Mali: Tuareg Rebellion Sparks Angry Protests in Bamako.” February 2. www.bbc.co.uk.Google Scholar
Cardeña, Ivette. 2003. “On Humor and Pathology: The Role of Paradox and Absurdity for Ideological Struggle.” Anthropology & Medicine 10 (1): 115–42.Google Scholar
Cardeña, Ivette, and Littlewood, Roland. 2006. “Humor as Resistance: Deviance and Pathology from a Ludic Perspective.” Anthropology & Medicine 13 (3): 286–96.Google Scholar
Carty, John, and Musharbash, Yasmine. 2008. “You’ve Got to be Joking: Asserting the Analytical Value of Humour and Laughter in Contemporary Anthropology.” Anthropological Forum 18 (3): 209–17.Google Scholar
Coenen-Hunter, Jacques. 1987. “Encounter between Ethnology and Sociology: The Case of the Joking Relationship.” International Sociology 2 (1): 27–43.Google Scholar
Crapanzano, Vincent. 2011. The Harkis: The Wound That Never Heals. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Davidheiser, Mark. 2005. “Special Affinities and Conflict Resolution: West African Social Institutions and Mediation.” In Beyond Intractability, edited by Burgess, Guy and Burgess, Heidi. Boulder, Colo.: Conflict Information Consortium, University of Colorado. www.beyondintractability.org.Google Scholar
de Jong, F. 2005. “A Joking Nation: Conflict Resolution in Senegal.” Canadian Journal of African Studies 39 (2): 389413.Google Scholar
de Moraes Farias, P. F. 2003. Arabic Medieval Inscriptions from the Republic of Mali: Epigraphy, Chronicles and Songhay–Tuareg History. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Douglass, Mary. 1999. Implicit Meanings: Selected Essays in Anthropology. 2nd edition. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Durkheim, Emile. 1995 (1912). The Elementary Forms of Religious Life. Translated by Fields, Karen. New York: The Free Press.Google Scholar
Elhadje, Salem Ould. 2011. Tombouctou. Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium: Panubula.Google Scholar
Erless, Mohamed Ag, and Koné, Djibril. 2012. Le patriote et le djihadiste. Bamako: L’Harmattan.Google Scholar
Evans-Pritchard, E. E. 1976. Witchcraft, Oracles and Magic among the Azande. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Foucault, Michel. 1990 (1978). The History of Sexuality. Volume 1: An Introduction. Translated by Hurley, Robert. New York: Vintage Books.Google Scholar
Foucault, Michel. 1995 (1977). Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison. Translated by Sheridan, Alan. 2nd edition. New York: Vintage Books.Google Scholar
Freud, Sigmund. 1960. Jokes and Their Relation to the Unconscious. Translated by Strachey, James. New York: W.W. Norton & Co.Google Scholar
Gluckman, Max. 1963. “Gossip and Scandal.” Current Anthropology 4 (3): 307–16.Google Scholar
Gluckman, Max. 1965. Custom and Conflict in Africa. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.Google Scholar
Grémont, Charles. 2013. “‘Comment imaginer reviver ensemble?’: Au Nord-Mali, des responsables civils tentent de preserver la cohesion sociale mise à mal par des groupes armés.” In Sahel: Éclairer le Passé pour Mieux Dessiner l’Avenir, edited by Rouppert, Bérangère. Brussels: GRIP.Google Scholar
Grémont, Charles, et al. 2004. Les liens sociaux au Nord-Mali: Entre fleuve et dunes. Paris: KARTHALA and IRAM.Google Scholar
Griaule, Marcel. 1948. “L’Alliance Cathartique.” Africa: Journal of the International African Institute 18 (4): 242–58.Google Scholar
Haviland, John B. 1977. Gossip, Reputation, and Social Knowledge in Zinacantan. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Human Rights Watch. 2012. Mali: War Crimes by Northern Rebels: Armed Groups Commit Rape, Use Child Soldiers. April 30. www.hrw.org.Google Scholar
Irvine, J. 1992. “Insult and Responsibility: Verbal Abuse in a Wolof Village.” In Responsibility and Evidence in Oral Discourse, edited by Hill, J. H. and Irvine, J. T., 105–34. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Jackson, Michael. 2002. The Politics of Storytelling: Violence, Transgression, and Intersubjectivity. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press.Google Scholar
Klein, Martin. 1998. Slavery and Colonial Rule in French West Africa. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Koné, Assane. 2012. Petit chrono de la crise sécuritaire et institutionnelle. Bamako: L’Harmattan.Google Scholar
LaCapra, Dominick. 1983. Rethinking Intellectual History: Texts, Contexts, and Language. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Launay, Robert. 1977. “Joking Slavery.” Africa: Journal of the International African Institute 47 (4): 413–22.Google Scholar
Launay, Robert. 2006. “Practical Joking.” Cahiers d’Etudes Africaines 46 (4): 795808.Google Scholar
Lecocq, Baz. 2010. Disputed Desert: Decolonization, Competing Nationalisms, and Tuareg Rebellions in Northern Mali. Boston: Brill Academic Publishing.Google Scholar
Lecocq, Baz et al. 2013. “One Hippopotamus and Eight Blind Analysts: A Multivocal Analysis of the 2012 Political Crisis in the Divided Republic of Mali: Extended Editors Cut.” <http://media.leidenuniv.nl.Google Scholar
Malkki, Liisa. 1995. Purity and Exile: Violence, Memory, and National Cosmology among Hutu Refugees in Tanzania. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Mann, Gregory. 2006. Native Sons: West African Veterans and France in the Twentieth Century. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Mitchell, J. C. 1956. The Kalela Dance: Aspects of Social Relationships among Urban Africans in Northern Rhodesia. Manchester, U.K.: Manchester University Press.Google Scholar
Moreau, R. E. 1944. “Joking Relationships in Tanganyika.” Africa: Journal of the International African Institute 14 (7): 386400.Google Scholar
Nathan, Robert. 2013. “Democracy in Early Malian Postcolonial History: The Abuse of Discourse.” International Journal 68 (3): 466–78.Google Scholar
Pye, Gillian. 2006. “Comedy Theory and the Postmodern.” Humor 19 (1): 53–70.Google Scholar
Radcliffe-Brown, A. R. 1940. “On Joking Relationships.” Africa: Journal of the International African Institute 13 (3):195210.Google Scholar
Radcliffe-Brown, A. R. 1952. “A Further Note on Joking Relationships.” In Structure and Function in Primitive Society, 105–16. New York: The Free Press.Google Scholar
Rasmussen, Susan. 1993. “Joking in Researcher–Resident Dialogue: The Ethnography of Hierarchy among the Tuareg.” Anthropological Quarterly 66 (4): 211–20.Google Scholar
Rigby, Peter. 1968. “Joking Relationships, Kin Categories, and Clanship among the Gogo.” Africa: Journal of the International African Institute 38 (2): 133–55.Google Scholar
Robinson, David. 2004. Muslim Societies in African History. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Saad, Elias. 2010 (1983). Social History of Timbuktu: The Role of Muslim Scholars and Notables 1400–1900. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Scott, James. 1985. Weapons of the Weak: Everyday Forms of Peasant Resistance. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Soares, Benjamin. 2005. Islam and the Prayer Economy: History and Authority in a Malian Town. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.Google Scholar
Souag, Lameen. 2015. “Non-Tuareg Berber and the Genesis of Nomadic Northern Songhay.” Journal of African Languages & Linguistics 36 (1): 121–43.Google Scholar
Turner, Edith. 2012. Communitas: The Anthropology of Collective Joy. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Turner, Victor. 1957. Schism and Continuity in an African Society. Manchester, U.K.: Manchester University Press.Google Scholar
Turner, Victor. 1990 (1974). Dramas, Fields, and Metaphors: Symbolic Action in Human Society. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (UNOCHA), Bureau Régional pour l’Afrique de l’Ouest et du Centre. 2012. “Afrique de l'Ouest et du Centre: Bulletin Humanitaire–Avril 2012.” http://reliefweb.int.Google Scholar
Voloshinov, V. N. 1973 (1929). Marxism and the Philosophy of Language. Translated by Matejka, Ladislav and Titunik, I. R.. Cambridge, U.K.: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
White, Luise. 2000. Speaking with Vampires: Rumor and History in Colonial Africa. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Whitehouse, Bruce. 2012a. Migrants and Strangers in an African City: Exile, Dignity, Belonging. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
Whitehouse, Bruce. 2012b. “The Force of Action: Legitimizing the Coup in Bamako, Mali.” Africa Spectrum 2–3: 93110.Google Scholar
Wiley, Katherine. 2014. “Joking Market Women: Critiquing and Negotiating Gender and Social Hierarchy in Kankossa, Mauritania.” Africa 84 (1): 101–18.Google Scholar
Wilson-Fall, Wendy. 2000. “Conflict Prevention and Resolution Among the Fulbe.” In Traditional Cures for Modern Conflicts: African Conflict “Medicine,” edited by William Zartman, I., 4966. Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner.Google Scholar
Ziv, Avner. 1984. Personality and Sense of Humor. New York: Springer Publishing Company.Google Scholar
Ziv, Avner. 1988. “Introduction.” In National Styles of Humor, edited by Ziv, Avner, viixii. New York: Greenwood Press.Google Scholar
Ziv, Avner. 2010. “The Social Function of Humor in Interpersonal Relationships.” Society 47 (1): 1118.Google Scholar
Žižek, Slavoj. 2001. On Belief. London: Routledge.Google Scholar