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Frontiers of Power and Prosperity: Explaining Provincial Boundary Disputes in Postapartheid South Africa

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  30 August 2016

Eddy Mazembo Mavungu
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Abstract:

Territorial reforms in South Africa, undertaken in order to address the legacy of apartheid, have proven to be a contested terrain. This article considers three case studies and argues that in order to understand these territorial disputes, it is important to pay attention to the material conditions of the affected communities, disparities between provinces in terms of resources and governance efficiency, and perceptions that the preferred province is better positioned to serve the interests of the community. The article highlights the role of party political interests and also reflects on the relevance of the South African experience to other African countries.

Résumé:

Les réformes nationales en Afrique du Sud, entreprises afin de répondre à l’héritage de l’apartheid territorial, se sont révélées être un terrain contesté. Basé sur trois études de cas, cet article soutient que pour comprendre ces conflits territoriaux, il est important de prêter attention d’une part aux conditions matérielles des communautés touchées, d’autre part aux disparités en termes de ressources et enfin à l’efficacité de la gouvernance entre les provinces et la perception que la province choisie est mieux positionnée pour servir les intérêts de la communauté. L’article met en évidence le rôle des intérêts politiques partisans et reflète sur la pertinence de l’expérience sud-africaine pour les autres pays africains.

Keywords

Territorial reformsborderpostapartheid South Africaconflictlocal communitiesdemarcationdemocracy
Type
ARTICLES
Information
African Studies Review , Volume 59 , Issue 2 , September 2016 , pp. 183 - 208
Copyright
Copyright © African Studies Association 2016 

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References

References

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Gerber, Andrew. FF MPL in North West provincial legislature, Mmabatho/Mafikeng, March 9, 2009.Google Scholar
Godi, Themba. Member of Parliament, APC president, and former secretary of BBCC, Bushbuckridge, August 9, 2010.Google Scholar
Hantingh, Chris. DA MPL in North West provincial legislature, Mmabatho/Mafikeng, March 9, 2009.Google Scholar
Hehlehla, E. T. Headman of Chief Jeremiah Moshoeshoe, Ongeluksnek farms (Matatiele), November 8, 2010.Google Scholar
Khumalo, Reinas. ANC councilor and chief whip in the municipal council, Bushbuckridge, August 20, 2010.Google Scholar
Kubheka, Mbuso. Member of the KZN legislature, president of the KZN legislature’s Portfolio Committee on Local Government and Traditional Affairs, Newcastle, April 5, 2009.Google Scholar
Lebeko, Davidson. Chairperson of the Drakensberg Taxi Association, Matatiele, November 11, 2009.Google Scholar
Moalusi, Thabiso Jonathan. UCDP MPL in North West provincial legislature, Wedela (Merafong), March 12, 2009.Google Scholar
Matome, Malatji. Communication manager of the mayor of Bushbuckridge, Bushbuckridge, August 22, 2010.Google Scholar
Matshoele, Gladys. Treasurer of SACP Khutsong and Merafong Demarcation Forum organizer, Khutsong, March 1, 2009.Google Scholar
Mogale, Jomo. Spokesperson for the MDF, Khutsong, March 7, 2009.Google Scholar
Mokoena, Kgoshi. Mathibela traditional authority, Bushbuckridge, August 21, 2010.Google Scholar
Moshoeshoe, Chief Jeremiah. Ongeluksnek farms (Matatiele), November 8, 2009.Google Scholar
Ntshabele, Yvonne. Teacher at Badirile school in Khutsong, branch Executive member of SACP in Khutsong, and secretary of Merafong Demarcation Forum, Khutsong, March 1, 2009.Google Scholar
Adams, Sheena. 2005. “Pushing Boundaries May Spur Community Uproar.” August 25. www.iol.co.za.Google Scholar
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Bateman, Barry. 2008. “Municipal Reincorporation Discussed.” The Star, November 11.Google Scholar
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Du Plessis, Carien. 2009. “Khutsong Residents Asked to Vote ANC.” The Star, February 23.Google Scholar
Electoral Commission of South Africa (IEC) 1999, 2004, 2009. http://www.elections.org.za.Google Scholar
Englebert, Pierre. 2012. “Incertitude, autonomie et parasitisme: Les entités territoriales décentralisées et l’Etat en République Démocratique du Congo.” Politique africaine 125:169–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fox, Roddy. 1995. “Regional Proposals: Their Constitutional and Geographical Significance.” In The Geography of Change in South Africa, edited by Lemon, Anthony,19–41. Chichester, U.K.: J. Wiley.Google Scholar
Giraut, Frédéric. 2010. “La carte municipale post-apartheid: Justice sociospatiale et innovations territoriales post-modernes.” EchoGéo 13. http://echogeo.revues.org.Google Scholar
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Giraut, Frédéric, and Brij, Maharaj. 2003. “Contested Terrains: Cities and Hinterlands in Post-Apartheid Boundary Delimitations.” GeoJournal 57: 39–51.Google Scholar
Gore, Charles. 1984. Regions in Question: Space, Development Theory and Regional Policy. London: Methuen.Google Scholar
Griggs, Richard 1998. “The Security Costs of Party Political Boundary Demarcations: The Case of South Africa.” African Security Review 7 (2): 22–32.Google Scholar
Harvey, David. 1982. Limits to Capital. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
High Court of South Africa. 1997. Judgement in the High Court of South Africa, in the matter between Bushbuckridge border committee, Michael Mangisi Mnisi and the Government of Northern Province, the Government of Mpumalanga, the Government of the Republic of South Africa, the African National Congress, Case No 15607/97.Google Scholar
Hudson, Ray. 2007. “Regions and Regional Uneven Development Forever? Some Reflective Comments upon Theory and Practice.” Regional Studies 41 (9): 1149–60.Google Scholar
Jones, Martin, and Anssi, Paasi. 2013. “Guest Editorial: Regional World(s): Advancing the Geography of Regions.” Regional Studies 47 (1): 1–5.Google Scholar
KwaZulu-Natal Legislature. 2007. “Debates and Proceedings of the Third KwaZulu-Natal Legislature.” Fourth session, third legislature, November 1. South Africa: KZN.Google Scholar
Nsawaya, Daddy. 2011. “Les territoriaux en atelier sur la décentralisation en RDC.” Le Potentiel, September 1. http://www.congoforum.be.Google Scholar
Lusaka Times . 2012. “President Sata Creates 7 More Districts.” December 6. www.lusakatimes.com.Google Scholar
Lemon, Anthony, ed. 1995. The Geography of Change in South Africa. Chichester, U.K.: J. Wiley.Google Scholar
Matatiele Local Municipality. 2011. “Integrated Development Plan” 2007–2011. http://www.matatiele.gov.za.Google Scholar
Mavungu, Mazembo Eddy. 2015. “Politique et Territoire en RD Congo : Une analyse du processus d’installation des nouvelles provinces.” Congo-Afrique 499: 724–45.Google Scholar
Merafong Municipality. 2008. “Merafong City Annual Report, 2007/2008.” http://www.merafong.gov.za.Google Scholar
Moodley, Sharivan, and Mckenzie, Katharine. 2005. “A Race to End Cross-Boundary Municipalities.” www.sadelivery.co.za.Google Scholar
Musgrave, Amy. 2006. “Matatiele Waits for Demarcation Ruling.” Independent Online (IOL) South Africa, March 30. http://www.iol.co.za.Google Scholar
Muthien, Yvonne, and Khosa, Meshack. 1995. “The Kingdom, the Volkstaat and the New South Africa: Drawing South Africa’s New Regional Boundaries.” Journal of Southern African Studies 21 (2): 303–22.Google Scholar
Muthien, Yvonne, and Khosa, Meshack. 1997. “The Expert, the Public and the Politician: Drawing South Africa’s New Provincial Boundaries.” South African Geographical Journal 79 (1): 1–12.Google Scholar
Muthien, Yvonne, and Khosa, Meshack, eds. 1998. Regionalism in the New South Africa. Adershot: Ashgate.Google Scholar
Narsiah, Sagie, and Maharaj, Brij. 1999. “Borders of Dissent in South Africa: The Bushbuckridge Saga.” Transformation 40: 36–54.Google Scholar
Newman, David, and Paasi, Anssi. 1998. “Fences and Neighbors in the Postmodern World: Boundary Narratives in Political Geography.” Progress in Human Geography 22 (2): 186–207.Google Scholar
News24. 2005. “Matatiele Looking for a ‘Home.’” September 27. http://www.news24.com.Google Scholar
Niehaus, Isak. 2005. “Violence and the Boundaries of Belonging: Comparing Two Border Disputes in the South African Lowveld.” In Violence and Belonging: The Quest for Identity in Post-Colonial Africa, edited by Bro-Due, Vigdis, 91–111. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Niehaus, Isak. 2006. “Doing Politics in Bushbuckridge: Work, Welfare and the South African Elections of 2004.” Africa 76 (4): 526–48.Google Scholar
Ntambwe, Stanislas. 2013. “Découpage territorial: Le gouvernement de la RDC ‘n’attendra pas 10 ans.’” Le Potentiel, June 9. http://lepotentielonline.com.Google Scholar
Paasi, Anssi 2009. “The Resurgence of the ‘Region’ and ‘Regional Identity’: Theoretical Perspectives and Empirical Observations on Regional Dynamics in Europe.” Review of International Studies 35: 121–46.Google Scholar
Radio Okapi. 2010. “Ituri: Le district prêt à devenir une province.” May 3. http://radiookapi.net.Google Scholar
Radio Okapi. 2013. “RDC: la décentralisation se fera au rythme de chaque province, selon Richard Muyej.” January 29. http://radiookapi.net.Google Scholar
Ramutsindela, Maano 2007. “Resilient Geographies: Land, Boundaries and the Consolidation of the Former Bantustans In Post-1994 South Africa.” The Geographical Journal 173 (1): 43–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ramutsindela, Maano. 2013. “Experienced Regions and Borders: The Challenge for Transactional Approaches.” Regional Studies 47: 43–54.Google Scholar
Ramutsindela, Maano, and Simon, David. 1999. “The Politics of Territory and Place in Post-Apartheid South Africa.” Journal of Southern African Studies 25 (3): 479–98.Google Scholar
Republic of Kenya, Nairobi Law Courts. 2012. Miscellaneous application 94 of 2012. “Republic v Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission & another Ex-Parte Councillor Eliot Lidubwi Kihusa & 5 others [2012] eKLR.” Kenya Law Reports (KLR). http://www.kenyalaw.org.Google Scholar
Ritchken, Edwin. 1995. “Leadership and Conflict in Bushbuckridge: Struggles to Define Moral Economies within the Context of Rapidly Transforming Political Economies.” Ph.D diss., University of the Witwatersrand.Google Scholar
South African Human Rights Commission (SAHRC). 2008. “Interoffice Memorandum on 13th Constitution Amendment Bill, KZN Public Hearings,” January 14.Google Scholar
South African Press Association (SAPA). 2007. “Matatiele Closer to E Cape Incorporation.” November 1. Mail and Guardian. http://mg.co.za.Google Scholar
Simon, David. 1996. “Restructuring the Local State in Post-Apartheid Cities: Namibian Experience and Lessons for South Africa.” African Affairs 95 (378): 51–84.Google Scholar
Statistics South Africa. Census 2011. http://www.statssa.gov.za.Google Scholar
Tabata, Khanyisa 2009. “Matatiele Residents Going to the Polls Today.” October 28. http://bushradionews.blogspot.com.Google Scholar
Tau, Poloko. 2009. “‘Hola GP, Hola.’” March 20. Independent Online (IOL) South Africa. http://www.iol.co.za.Google Scholar
Thomas, David R. 2006. “A General Inductive Approach for Qualitative Data Analysis. American Journal of Evaluation 27 (2): 237–46.Google Scholar
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Zambian Watchdog. 2012. “Kavindele Says Moving Borders Will Lead to Conflict.” February 14. http://www.zambiawatchdog.com.Google Scholar
Zimmerbauer, Kaj, and Paasi, Anssi. 2013. “When Old and New Regionalism Collide: De-institutionalisation of Regions and Resistance Identity in Municipality Amalgamations.” Journal of Rural Studies 30: 31–40.Google Scholar
Anonymous, ANC councillor, Matatiele, November 10, 2009.Google Scholar
Droenewand, Herman. DA MPL in North West provincial legislature, Mmabatho/Mafikeng, March 9, 2009.Google Scholar
Gerber, Andrew. FF MPL in North West provincial legislature, Mmabatho/Mafikeng, March 9, 2009.Google Scholar
Godi, Themba. Member of Parliament, APC president, and former secretary of BBCC, Bushbuckridge, August 9, 2010.Google Scholar
Hantingh, Chris. DA MPL in North West provincial legislature, Mmabatho/Mafikeng, March 9, 2009.Google Scholar
Hehlehla, E. T. Headman of Chief Jeremiah Moshoeshoe, Ongeluksnek farms (Matatiele), November 8, 2010.Google Scholar
Khumalo, Reinas. ANC councilor and chief whip in the municipal council, Bushbuckridge, August 20, 2010.Google Scholar
Kubheka, Mbuso. Member of the KZN legislature, president of the KZN legislature’s Portfolio Committee on Local Government and Traditional Affairs, Newcastle, April 5, 2009.Google Scholar
Lebeko, Davidson. Chairperson of the Drakensberg Taxi Association, Matatiele, November 11, 2009.Google Scholar
Moalusi, Thabiso Jonathan. UCDP MPL in North West provincial legislature, Wedela (Merafong), March 12, 2009.Google Scholar
Matome, Malatji. Communication manager of the mayor of Bushbuckridge, Bushbuckridge, August 22, 2010.Google Scholar
Matshoele, Gladys. Treasurer of SACP Khutsong and Merafong Demarcation Forum organizer, Khutsong, March 1, 2009.Google Scholar
Mogale, Jomo. Spokesperson for the MDF, Khutsong, March 7, 2009.Google Scholar
Mokoena, Kgoshi. Mathibela traditional authority, Bushbuckridge, August 21, 2010.Google Scholar
Moshoeshoe, Chief Jeremiah. Ongeluksnek farms (Matatiele), November 8, 2009.Google Scholar
Ntshabele, Yvonne. Teacher at Badirile school in Khutsong, branch Executive member of SACP in Khutsong, and secretary of Merafong Demarcation Forum, Khutsong, March 1, 2009.Google Scholar
Adams, Sheena. 2005. “Pushing Boundaries May Spur Community Uproar.” August 25. www.iol.co.za.Google Scholar
Amutabi, Maurice. 2010. “Removal of Provinces Promises a New Beginning for Kenya.” May 15. Kenya Social Science Forum Blog. https://kenyasocialscienceforum.wordpress.com.Google Scholar
Bateman, Barry. 2008. “Municipal Reincorporation Discussed.” The Star, November 11.Google Scholar
Bruneau, Jean Claude. 2009. “Les nouvelles provinces de la République Démocratique du Congo: Construction territoriale et ethnicités.” L’Espace Politique 7. https://espacepolitique.revues.org.Google Scholar
Cameron, Robert. 1999. The Democratization of South African Local Government: A Tale of Three Cities. Pretoria: JL Van Schaik.Google Scholar
Centre for Development and Enterprise. 2006. “Provincial Boundaries as Political Battlefield: Unrest in Khutsong Place of Peace.” Johannesburg: Centre for Development and Enterprise.Google Scholar
CongoForum. 2007. “Découpage territorial de la RDC: Les chiffres de Jacques Mbadu font réfléchir.” October 12. www.congoforum.be.Google Scholar
Constitutional Court of South Africa. 2006. Matatiele Municipality and Others v President of the Republic of South Africa and Others (1) (CCT73/05) [2006] ZACC 2; 2006 (5) BCLR 622 (CC); 2006 (5) SA 47 (CC) (27 February 2006).Google Scholar
Constitutional Court of South Africa. 2008. “Merafong Demarcation Forum and Others v President of the Republic of South Africa and Others (CCT 41/07) [2008] ZACC 10; 2008 (5) SA 171 (CC); 2008 (10) BCLR 968 (CC) (13 June 2008).” Johannesburg: Constitutional Court of South Africa.Google Scholar
De Vos, Pierre. 2011. “Why Provinces Have Little Real Power But Huge Responsibilities.” August 11. http://constitutionallyspeaking.co.za.Google Scholar
Du Plessis, Carien. 2009. “Khutsong Residents Asked to Vote ANC.” The Star, February 23.Google Scholar
Electoral Commission of South Africa (IEC) 1999, 2004, 2009. http://www.elections.org.za.Google Scholar
Englebert, Pierre. 2012. “Incertitude, autonomie et parasitisme: Les entités territoriales décentralisées et l’Etat en République Démocratique du Congo.” Politique africaine 125:169–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fox, Roddy. 1995. “Regional Proposals: Their Constitutional and Geographical Significance.” In The Geography of Change in South Africa, edited by Lemon, Anthony,19–41. Chichester, U.K.: J. Wiley.Google Scholar
Giraut, Frédéric. 2010. “La carte municipale post-apartheid: Justice sociospatiale et innovations territoriales post-modernes.” EchoGéo 13. http://echogeo.revues.org.Google Scholar
Giraut, Frédéric, and Antheaume, Benoît. 2002. “Introduction: Recompositions territoriales, confronter et innover.” Proceedings of the French–South African Meeting on Territorial Innovation. http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr.Google Scholar
Giraut, Frédéric, and Brij, Maharaj. 2003. “Contested Terrains: Cities and Hinterlands in Post-Apartheid Boundary Delimitations.” GeoJournal 57: 39–51.Google Scholar
Gore, Charles. 1984. Regions in Question: Space, Development Theory and Regional Policy. London: Methuen.Google Scholar
Griggs, Richard 1998. “The Security Costs of Party Political Boundary Demarcations: The Case of South Africa.” African Security Review 7 (2): 22–32.Google Scholar
Harvey, David. 1982. Limits to Capital. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
High Court of South Africa. 1997. Judgement in the High Court of South Africa, in the matter between Bushbuckridge border committee, Michael Mangisi Mnisi and the Government of Northern Province, the Government of Mpumalanga, the Government of the Republic of South Africa, the African National Congress, Case No 15607/97.Google Scholar
Hudson, Ray. 2007. “Regions and Regional Uneven Development Forever? Some Reflective Comments upon Theory and Practice.” Regional Studies 41 (9): 1149–60.Google Scholar
Jones, Martin, and Anssi, Paasi. 2013. “Guest Editorial: Regional World(s): Advancing the Geography of Regions.” Regional Studies 47 (1): 1–5.Google Scholar
KwaZulu-Natal Legislature. 2007. “Debates and Proceedings of the Third KwaZulu-Natal Legislature.” Fourth session, third legislature, November 1. South Africa: KZN.Google Scholar
Nsawaya, Daddy. 2011. “Les territoriaux en atelier sur la décentralisation en RDC.” Le Potentiel, September 1. http://www.congoforum.be.Google Scholar
Lusaka Times . 2012. “President Sata Creates 7 More Districts.” December 6. www.lusakatimes.com.Google Scholar
Lemon, Anthony, ed. 1995. The Geography of Change in South Africa. Chichester, U.K.: J. Wiley.Google Scholar
Matatiele Local Municipality. 2011. “Integrated Development Plan” 2007–2011. http://www.matatiele.gov.za.Google Scholar
Mavungu, Mazembo Eddy. 2015. “Politique et Territoire en RD Congo : Une analyse du processus d’installation des nouvelles provinces.” Congo-Afrique 499: 724–45.Google Scholar
Merafong Municipality. 2008. “Merafong City Annual Report, 2007/2008.” http://www.merafong.gov.za.Google Scholar
Moodley, Sharivan, and Mckenzie, Katharine. 2005. “A Race to End Cross-Boundary Municipalities.” www.sadelivery.co.za.Google Scholar
Musgrave, Amy. 2006. “Matatiele Waits for Demarcation Ruling.” Independent Online (IOL) South Africa, March 30. http://www.iol.co.za.Google Scholar
Muthien, Yvonne, and Khosa, Meshack. 1995. “The Kingdom, the Volkstaat and the New South Africa: Drawing South Africa’s New Regional Boundaries.” Journal of Southern African Studies 21 (2): 303–22.Google Scholar
Muthien, Yvonne, and Khosa, Meshack. 1997. “The Expert, the Public and the Politician: Drawing South Africa’s New Provincial Boundaries.” South African Geographical Journal 79 (1): 1–12.Google Scholar
Muthien, Yvonne, and Khosa, Meshack, eds. 1998. Regionalism in the New South Africa. Adershot: Ashgate.Google Scholar
Narsiah, Sagie, and Maharaj, Brij. 1999. “Borders of Dissent in South Africa: The Bushbuckridge Saga.” Transformation 40: 36–54.Google Scholar
Newman, David, and Paasi, Anssi. 1998. “Fences and Neighbors in the Postmodern World: Boundary Narratives in Political Geography.” Progress in Human Geography 22 (2): 186–207.Google Scholar
News24. 2005. “Matatiele Looking for a ‘Home.’” September 27. http://www.news24.com.Google Scholar
Niehaus, Isak. 2005. “Violence and the Boundaries of Belonging: Comparing Two Border Disputes in the South African Lowveld.” In Violence and Belonging: The Quest for Identity in Post-Colonial Africa, edited by Bro-Due, Vigdis, 91–111. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Niehaus, Isak. 2006. “Doing Politics in Bushbuckridge: Work, Welfare and the South African Elections of 2004.” Africa 76 (4): 526–48.Google Scholar
Ntambwe, Stanislas. 2013. “Découpage territorial: Le gouvernement de la RDC ‘n’attendra pas 10 ans.’” Le Potentiel, June 9. http://lepotentielonline.com.Google Scholar
Paasi, Anssi 2009. “The Resurgence of the ‘Region’ and ‘Regional Identity’: Theoretical Perspectives and Empirical Observations on Regional Dynamics in Europe.” Review of International Studies 35: 121–46.Google Scholar
Radio Okapi. 2010. “Ituri: Le district prêt à devenir une province.” May 3. http://radiookapi.net.Google Scholar
Radio Okapi. 2013. “RDC: la décentralisation se fera au rythme de chaque province, selon Richard Muyej.” January 29. http://radiookapi.net.Google Scholar
Ramutsindela, Maano 2007. “Resilient Geographies: Land, Boundaries and the Consolidation of the Former Bantustans In Post-1994 South Africa.” The Geographical Journal 173 (1): 43–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ramutsindela, Maano. 2013. “Experienced Regions and Borders: The Challenge for Transactional Approaches.” Regional Studies 47: 43–54.Google Scholar
Ramutsindela, Maano, and Simon, David. 1999. “The Politics of Territory and Place in Post-Apartheid South Africa.” Journal of Southern African Studies 25 (3): 479–98.Google Scholar
Republic of Kenya, Nairobi Law Courts. 2012. Miscellaneous application 94 of 2012. “Republic v Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission & another Ex-Parte Councillor Eliot Lidubwi Kihusa & 5 others [2012] eKLR.” Kenya Law Reports (KLR). http://www.kenyalaw.org.Google Scholar
Ritchken, Edwin. 1995. “Leadership and Conflict in Bushbuckridge: Struggles to Define Moral Economies within the Context of Rapidly Transforming Political Economies.” Ph.D diss., University of the Witwatersrand.Google Scholar
South African Human Rights Commission (SAHRC). 2008. “Interoffice Memorandum on 13th Constitution Amendment Bill, KZN Public Hearings,” January 14.Google Scholar
South African Press Association (SAPA). 2007. “Matatiele Closer to E Cape Incorporation.” November 1. Mail and Guardian. http://mg.co.za.Google Scholar
Simon, David. 1996. “Restructuring the Local State in Post-Apartheid Cities: Namibian Experience and Lessons for South Africa.” African Affairs 95 (378): 51–84.Google Scholar
Statistics South Africa. Census 2011. http://www.statssa.gov.za.Google Scholar
Tabata, Khanyisa 2009. “Matatiele Residents Going to the Polls Today.” October 28. http://bushradionews.blogspot.com.Google Scholar
Tau, Poloko. 2009. “‘Hola GP, Hola.’” March 20. Independent Online (IOL) South Africa. http://www.iol.co.za.Google Scholar
Thomas, David R. 2006. “A General Inductive Approach for Qualitative Data Analysis. American Journal of Evaluation 27 (2): 237–46.Google Scholar
Zambian Economist (website). 2012a. [No title.] November 29. www.facebook.com/zambian.economist/posts/535799916449964.Google Scholar
Zambian Economist (website). 2012b. December 15. [No title.] www.facebook.com/zambian.economist/posts/543465709016718.Google Scholar
Zambian Watchdog. 2012. “Kavindele Says Moving Borders Will Lead to Conflict.” February 14. http://www.zambiawatchdog.com.Google Scholar
Zimmerbauer, Kaj, and Paasi, Anssi. 2013. “When Old and New Regionalism Collide: De-institutionalisation of Regions and Resistance Identity in Municipality Amalgamations.” Journal of Rural Studies 30: 31–40.Google Scholar