Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-dlnhk Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-22T04:54:17.145Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Citizenship at the Margins: Status, Ambiguity, and the Mandingo of Liberia

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  23 May 2014

Extract

Throughout the history of Liberia, the Mandingo have stood at the margins of citizenship-always taken to be “something more” than the other indigenous groups of Liberia but “something less” than the full citizens the Settlers consider themselves to be. In the shifting definitions of Liberian citizenship, Mandingo marginality has always played a curiously ambivalent role, an ambivalence that reflects the ambiguities of the state's self-conception.

While the question of “who are the real citizens of Liberia” has been debated for many years by the various ethnic groups, no group has been more impacted by the debate than the Mandingo. Against this historical background, this paper seeks to address the issue of citizenship which is currently being discussed as Liberia attempts to reestablish itself as a nation state following its recent civil war.

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © African Studies Association 1996

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Anderson, Benedict. 1983. Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism. London: Verso Press.Google Scholar
Biersteker, A. 1991. “Language, Poetry, and Power: A Reconsideration of ‘Utendi wa Mwana Kupona”,” in Harrow, Kenneth W. (ed.) Faces of Islam in African Literature. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann, pp. 5977.Google Scholar
Brooks, G.E. 1992. Western Africa to c/1860 A.D.: A Provisional Historical Schema Based on Climate Periods. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
Brown, G. 1941. The Economic History of Liberia. Washington D.C.: Associated Publishers.Google Scholar
d'Azevedo, W. 1969. “A Tribal Reaction to Nationalism,” part 1, Liberian Studies Journal 1:121.Google Scholar
d'Azevedo, W.. 1995. “Phantoms of the Hinterland,” part 2, Liberian Studies Journal 1:5997.Google Scholar
Ford, M. 1990. “Ethnic Relations in the Transformation of Leadership among the Dan of Nimba, Liberia, 1900-1940.” Ph.D. Diss., State University of New York at Binghamton.Google Scholar
Ford, M.. 1992. “The Imposition and Impact of the Hut Tax,” Liberian Working Group Papers 7: 6470.Google Scholar
Freeman, E. 1991. Interview with Augustine Konneh.Google Scholar
Handwerker, W.P. 1980. “Market Places, Travelling Traders, and Shops: Commercial Structural Variation in the Liberian Interior Prior to 1940,” African Economic History 9: 1011.Google Scholar
Holsoe, S.E. 1987. “Dynamics of Liberian Vai Culture,” Liberian Studies Journal 12, 2:135–48.Google Scholar
Holsoe, S.E.. 1977. “The Manding in Western Liberia: An Overview,” Liberian Studies Journal 7, 1: 112.Google Scholar
Kamara, M. 1991. Interview with Augustine Konneh.Google Scholar
Kanneh, S. 1991. Interview with Augustine Konneh.Google Scholar
Kieh, G. 1992. Dependency and the Foreign Policy of Small Poivers: The Liberian Case. New York: Edwin Mellen Press.Google Scholar
Kieh, G.. 1989. “Causes of Liberia's Coup,” TransAfrica Forum (Winter): 3747.Google Scholar
Konneh, A. 1995. “Phantoms of the Hinterland,” part 2, Liberian Studies Journal 1:5997.Google Scholar
Konneh, A. 1992. “Indigenous Entrepreneurs and Capitalists: The Role of the Mandingo in the Economic Development of Modern-Day Liberia,” Ph.D. Diss., Indiana University.Google Scholar
Konneh, A.. 1993. “Mandingo Integration in the Liberian Political Economy,” Liberian Studies Journal XVIII, 1: 4462.Google Scholar
Kroma, L. 1997. Interview with Augustine Konneh.Google Scholar
Liebenow, J.G. 1969. Liberia: The Evolution of Privilege. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Liebenow, J.G.. 1987. Liberia: The Quest for Democracy. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
Lowenkopf, M. 1976. Politics in Liberia. Stanford, California: Hoover Institution Press.Google Scholar
Monts, L.P. The Impact of Islam on African Life: The Case of the Vai. (forthcoming).Google Scholar
Person, Y. 1963. “Les Ancetres de Samori,” Cahiers d'Etudes Africaines, 4:123–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Quigee, S. 1989. Interview with Augustine Konneh.Google Scholar
Sawyer, A. 1992. The Emergence of Autocracy: Tragedy and Challenge. San Francisco, California: IAA Press.Google Scholar
Saye, K. 1991. Interview with Augustine Konneh.Google Scholar