Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-s2hrs Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-19T16:46:29.709Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

“Culture Stops Development!”: Bijagó Youth and the Appropriation of Developmentalist Discourse in Guinea-Bissau

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 October 2013

Abstract:

Since the 1960s scholars have criticized the notion of development, arguing that the rhetoric and practice of international development serve imperialistic interests, destroying local orders and colonizing consciousnesses. Through the analysis of the “will to be modern” of a group of young boys living in Bubaque in the Bijagó Islands (Guinea-Bissau), this article shows how the very notion of development can be reworked and employed in an African context, becoming a means for exerting social demands against traditional authorities, and an idiom to express aspirations, needs, and rights.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © African Studies Association 2009

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Andreini, Jean-Claude, and Lambert, Marie-Claude. 1978. La Guinée Bissau: D'Amílcar Cabral à la Reconstruction Nationale. Paris: L'Harmattan.Google Scholar
Argenti, Nicolas. 2002. “Youth in Africa: A Major Resource for Change.” In Young Africa: Realising the Rights of Children and Youth, edited by de Waal, Alex and Argenti, Nicolas, 123–53. Trenton, N.J.: Africa World Press.Google Scholar
Bayart, Jean-Francois. 1984 (1979). L'Etat au Cameroun. Paris: Presse de la Fondation Nationale des Sciences Politique.Google Scholar
Bayart, Jean-Francois. 1989. L'Etat en Afrique: La Politique du Ventre. Paris: Fayard.Google Scholar
Biccum, April R. 2005. “Development and the “New” Imperialism: A Reinvention of Colonial Discourse in DFID Promotional Literature.” Third World Quarterly 26 (6): 1005–20.Google Scholar
Bordonaro, Lorenzo. 2003. “Marginalità Transnazionali. Modernità, Migrazioni e Nostalgia tra l'Arcipelago dei Bijagó (Guinea-Bissau) e Lisbona.” Afriche e Orienti 3–4: 206–22.Google Scholar
Bordonaro, Lorenzo. 2007. “Living at the Margins: Youth and Modernity in the Bijagó Islands (Guinea Bissau).” Ph.D. diss., ISCTE, Lisbon.Google Scholar
Bordonaro, Lorenzo. 2009. “ Sai fora: Youth, Disconnectedness and Aspiration to Mobility in the Bijagó islands (Guinea Bissau).” Etnográfica 13 (1): 125–44.Google Scholar
Bordonaro, Lorenzo, and Pussetti, Chiara. 2006. “Da Utopia da Emigração a Nostalgia dos Emigrados: Percursos Migratórios entre Bubaque (Guiné Bissau) e Lisboa.” In Terrenes Metropolitanos, edited by Lima, Antónia and Sarró, Ramon, 125–53. Lisboa: ICS.Google Scholar
Bourdieu, Pierre. 1979. La Distinction. Critique Sociale du Jugement. Paris: Les éditions de minuit.Google Scholar
Bowman, Joye. 1997. Ominous Transition: Commerce and Colonial Expansion in the Senegambia and Guinea, 1857–1919. Aldershot: Avebury.Google Scholar
Brooks, George E. 1993. Landlords and Strangers: Ecology, Society, and Trade in Western Africa, 1000–1630. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press.Google Scholar
Bucholtz, Mary. 2002. “Youth and Cultural Practice.” Annual Review of Anthropology 31: 525–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carling, Jørgen. 2002. “Migration in the Age of Involuntary Immobility: Theoretical Reflections and Cape Verdean Experiences.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 28 (1): 542.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carvalho, Clara, and Cabral, João Pina, eds. 2004. A persistência da História: Passado e contemporaneidade em África. Lisboa: ICS.Google Scholar
Chabal, Patrick. 1983. Amílcar Cabral: Revolutionary Leadership and People's War. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Clifford, James. 1988. The Predicament of Culture. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Cole, Jennifer. 1998. “The Work of Memory in Madagascar.” American Ethnologist 25: 610–33.Google Scholar
Comaroff, Jean. 1985. Body of Power, Spirits of Resistance: The Culture and History of a South African People. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Comaroff, Jean. 1992. Ethnography and the Historical Imagination. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press.Google Scholar
Comaroff, Jean, and Comaroff, John. 1991. Of Revelation and Revolution. Volume 1: Christianity, Colonialism, and Consciousness in South Africa. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Comaroff, John, and Comaroff, Jean. 1993. “Introduction.” In Modernity and Its Malcontents: Ritual and Power in Postcolonial Africa, edited by Comaroff, John and Comaroff, Jean, xixxxvii. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Cooper, Frederik, and Randall, Packard. 1997. International Development and the Social Sciences. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Crush, Jonathan. 1995. Power of Development. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Dahl, Gudrun. 1999. “On Consuming and Being Consumed.” In Modernity on a Shoestring: Dimensions of Globalization, Consumption and Development in Africa and Beyond, edited by Fardon, Richard, van Binsbergen, Wim, and van Dijk, Rijk, 1332. Leiden: EIDOS. Google Scholar
de Boeck, Filip, and Honwana, Alcinda. 2005. “Children and Youth in Africa: Agency, Identity and Place.” In Makers and Breakers: Children and Youth in Postcolonial Africa, edited by Honwana, Alcinda and De Boeck, Filip, 118. Oxford: James Currey.Google Scholar
de Certeau, Michel. 1984. The Practice of Everyday Life. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Dhada, Mustafah. 1993. Warriors at Work: How Guinea Was Really Set Free. Niwot: University Press of Colorado.Google Scholar
Dirks, Nicholas B., ed. 1992. Colonialism and Culture. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.Google Scholar
Escobar, Arturo. 1988. “Power and Visibility: Development and the Invention and Management of the Third World.” Cultural Anthropology 3: 428–43.Google Scholar
Escobar, Arturo. 1991. “Anthropology and the Development Encounter.” American Ethnologists 18(4): 658–81.Google Scholar
Escobar, Arturo. 1995. Encountering Development: The Making and Unmaking of the Third World. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Esteva, Gustavo. 1992. “Development.” In The Development Dictionary: A Guide to Knowledge as Power, edited by Sachs, Wolfgang, 625. London: Zed Books.Google Scholar
Feldman-Bianco, Bela. 2001. “Colonialism as a Continuing Project: The Portuguese Experience.” Identities 8: 477–82.Google Scholar
Ferguson, James. 1992. “The Country and the City on the Copperbelt.” Cultural Anthropology 7(1): 8092.Google Scholar
Ferguson, James. 1994. The Anti-Politics Machine: “Development,” Depoliticization, and Bureaucratic Power in Lesotho. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.Google Scholar
Ferguson, James. 1999. Expectations of Modernity: Myths and Meanings of Urban Life on the Zambian Copperbelt. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Forrest, Joshua. 2003. Lineages of State Fragility: Rural Civil Society in Guinea-Bissau. Athens: Ohio University Press.Google Scholar
Gable, Eric. 1995. “The Decolonization of Consciousness: Local Skeptics and the ‘Will to Be Modern’ in a West African Village.” American Ethnologist 22 (2): 242–57.Google Scholar
Gable, Eric. 2000. “The Culture Development Club: Youth, Neo-tradition, and the Construction of Society in Guinea-Bissau.” Anthropological Quarterly 73 (4): 195203.Google Scholar
Gable, Eric. 2006. “The Funeral and Modernity in Manjaco.” Cultural Anthropology 21 (3): 385415 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Galli, Rosemary E., and Jones, Jocelyn. 1987. Guinea-Bissau: Politics, Economics and Society. London: Frances Pinter.Google Scholar
Gallois Duquette, Danielle. 1983. Dynamique de l'Art Bidjogo. Lisboa: Institute de Investigação Cientifica Tropical (IICT).Google Scholar
Gandoulou, Justin-Daniel. 1989. Dandies à Bacongo: Le Culte de l'Elégance dans la Société Congolaise Contemporaine. Paris: L'Harmattan.Google Scholar
Grove, Richard. 1995. Green Imperialism: Colonial Expansion, Tropical Island Edens, and the Origin of Environmentalism, 1600–1860. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Gupta, Akhil. 1998. Postcolonial Developments: Agriculture in the Making of Modern India. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Hawthorne, Walter. 2003. Planting Rice and Harvesting Slaves: Transformation along the Guinea-Bissau Coast, 1400–1900. Portsmouth, N.H.: Heinemann.Google Scholar
Henriques, Augusta, and Campredon, Pierre. n.d. From Sacred Areas to the Creation of Marine Protected Areas in the Bijagós Archipelago (Guinea-Bissau, West Africa). www.unesco.org.Google Scholar
Henry, Christine. 1989a. “Marinheiros Bijogós: Passado e Presente.” Soronda 8: 2546.Google Scholar
Henry, Christine. 1989b. “Grandeur et Décadence des Marins Bijogo.” Cahiers d'Études Africaines 29 (2): 193207.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Henry, Christine. 1994. Les Îles où Dansent les Enfants Défunts: Âge, Sexe et Pouvoir chez, les Bijogo de Guinée-Bissau. Paris: CNRS.Google Scholar
Hobart, Mark, ed. 1993. An Anthropological Critique of Development: The Growth of Ignorance. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
INEP. 1990. “Etude Socio-économique des Îles Bijagós.” Bissau: INEP.Google Scholar
Karp, Ivan. 2002. “Development and Personhood: Tracing the Contours of a Moral Discourse.” In Critically Modern: Alternatives, Alterities, Anthropologies, edited by Knauft, Bruce M., 82104. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
Kasongo-Ngoy, , Makita-Makita, . 1989. Capital Scolaire et Pouvoir Social en Afrique: A Quoi Serf le Diplôme Universitaire. Paris: L'Harmattan.Google Scholar
Kelsky, Karen. 1999. “Gender, Modernity, and Eroticized Internationalism in Japan.” Cultural Anthropology 14 (2): 229–55.Google Scholar
Knauft, Bruce. 2002. “Critically Modern: An Introduction.” In Critically Modern: Alternatives, Alterities, Anthropologies, edited by Knauft, Bruce M., 154. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
Kulick, Don, and Stroud, Christopher. 1993. “Conceptions and Uses of Literacy in a Papua New Guinean Village.” In Cross-cultural Approaches to Literacy, edited by Street, Brian, 3061. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Lange, Marie-France. 1998. L'Ecole au Togo: Processus de Scolarisation et Institution de l'Ecole en Afrique. Paris: Karthala.Google Scholar
Larkin, Brian. 1997. “Indian Films and Nigerian Lovers: Media and the Creation of Parallel Modernities.” Africa 67 (3): 406–39.Google Scholar
Latouche, Serge. 2004. Survivre au Développement. Paris: Mille et Une Nuits.Google Scholar
Lave, Jean, and Wenger, Etienne. 1991. Situated Learning: Legitimate Peripheral Participation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Lopes, Carlos. 1982. Etnia, Estado e Relações de Poder na Guiné-Bissau. Lisboa: Edições 70.Google Scholar
Lopes, Carlos. 1987. Guinea-Bissaua: From Liberation Struggle to Independent Statehood. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press.Google Scholar
Lopes, Carlos. 1999. Kaabunké: Espaço, Território e Poder na Guiné-Bissau, Gâmbia e Casamance Pré-coloniais. Lisboa: Comissão Nacional para as Comemorações dos Descobrimentos Portugueses.Google Scholar
Lourenço-Lindell, Ilda. 2002. Walking the Tight Rope: Informal Livelihoods and Social Networks in a West African City. Stockholm University: Department of Human Geography.Google Scholar
Mark, Peter. 1985. A Cultural, Economic and Religious History of the Basse Casamance since 1500. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner.Google Scholar
Mark, Peter. 2002. “Portuguese” Style and Luso-African Identity: Precolonial Senegambia, Sixteenth-Nineteenth Centuries. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
Mbembe, Achille. 1985. Les Jeunes et l'Ordre Politique en Afrique Noire. Paris: L'Harmattan.Google Scholar
McGinn, Noel F., and Cummings, William K.. 1997. “Introduction.” In International Handbook of Education and Development: Preparing Schools, Students and Nations for the Twenty-First Century, edited by McGinn, Noel F. and Cummings, William K., 343. Oxford: Elsevier Science.Google Scholar
Mendes Fernandes, Raul. 1984. “La Problématique du Changement de la Structure Familiale Chez les Bidjogos.” M.A. thesis, Université de Paris VIII Saint-Denis.Google Scholar
Mendes Fernandes, Raul. 1989. “O Espaço e o Tempo no Sistema Político Bidjogó.” Soronda 8: 522.Google Scholar
Mendes Fernandes, Raul. 1990. “Rapport de l'Anthropologue.” In Etude Socio-économique des Îles Bijagós. Bissau: INEP.Google Scholar
Mendes Fernandes, Raul. 1995. “Contradições Entre Linhagens Dominantes e Classes de Idade nos Bijagós.” Soronda 20: 7379.Google Scholar
Mills, David. 1999. “‘Progress’ as Discursive Spectacle.” In Modernity on a Shoestring: Dimensions of Globalization, Consumption and Development in Africa and Beyond, edited by Fardon, Richard, van Binsbergen, Wim, and van Dijk, Rijk, 91116. Leiden: EIDOS.Google Scholar
Mills, Mary Beth. 1997. “Contesting the Margins of Modernity: Women, Migration, and Consumption in Thailand.” American Ethnologist 24 (1): 3761.Google Scholar
Clyde, Mitchell. J.. 1951. “A Note on the Urbanization of Africans on the Copperbelt.” Human Problems in British Central Africa 12: 2027.Google Scholar
Clyde, Mitchell. J.. 1954. African Urbanization in Ndola and Luanshya. Rhodes-Livingstone Communication no. 6. Lusaka: Rhodes-Livingstone Institute.Google Scholar
Mitchell, Timothy. 1988. Colonizing Egypt. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Moore, David, and Schmitz, Gerald, eds. 1995. Debating Development Discourse. New York: St. Martin's.Google Scholar
Mota, Avelino Teixeira da. 1954. Guiné Portuguesa. Lisboa: Agênda Geral do Ultramar.Google Scholar
Mudimbe, Valentin Y. 1988. The Invention of Africa. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
Nandy, Ashis. 1983. The Intimate Enemy: Loss and Recovery of the Self under Colonialism. Delhi: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Ortner, Sherry. 1996. “Resistance and the Problem of Ethnographic Refusal.” In The Historic Turn in the Human Sciences, edited by McDonald, Terrance J., 281304. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.Google Scholar
Padovani, Fernando. 1993. “O Sector Informal e o Ajustamento na Guiné-Bissau.” In Os Efeitos Sócio-Económicos do Programa de Ajustamento Estrulural na Guiné-Bissau, edited by Imbali, Faustino, 151–62. Bissau: INEP.Google Scholar
Passeron, Jean-Claude. 1982. “L'inflation des Diplômes: Remarques sur l'Usage de Quelque Concepts Analogiques en Sociologie.” Revue Française de Sociologie 23: 551–84.Google Scholar
Pels, Peter. 1997. “The Anthropology of Colonialism: Culture, History and the Emergence of Western Governmentality.” Annual Review of Anthropology 26: 163–83.Google Scholar
Pigg, Stacy Leigh. 1996. “The Credible and the Credulous: The Question of Villagers' Beliefs in Nepal.” Cultural Anthropology 11 (2): 160201.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Piot, Charles. 1999. Remotely Global: Village Modernity in West Africa. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Pussetti, Chiara G. 1999. “Le Piroghe d'Anime: L'Iniziazione dei Defunti Presso i Bijagó della Guinea-Bissau.” Africa (Roma) 54 (2): 159–81.Google Scholar
Pussetti, Chiara G. 2001. “Il Teatro degli Spiriti: Possessione e Performance nelle Isole Bijagó della Guinea-Bissau.” Annuario di Antropologia 1 (1): 99118.Google Scholar
Pussetti, Chiara G. 2005. Poetica delle Emozioni tra i Bijagó della Guinea Bissau. Bari: Laterza.Google Scholar
Rasmussen, Susan J. 2000. “Between Several Worlds: Images of Youth and Age in Tuareg Popular Performances.” Anthropological Quarterly 73 (3): 133–44.Google Scholar
Rathbone, Richard. 2002. “West Africa: Modernity and Modernization.” In African Modernities, edited by Probst, Peter, Deutsch, Jan-Georg, and Schmidt, Heike, 1830. Oxford: James Currey.Google Scholar
Rea, William R. 1998. “Rationalising Culture: Youth, Elites and Masquerade Politics.” Africa 68 (1): 98117.Google Scholar
Rockwell, Elsie. 1996. “Keys to Appropriation: Rural Schooling in Mexico.” In The Cultural Production of the Educated Person, edited by Levinson, Bradley A., Foley, Douglas E., and Holland, Dorothy C., 301–24. Buffalo: State University of New York Press.Google Scholar
Rofel, Lisa. 1992. “Rethinking Modernity: Space and Factory Discipline in China.” Cultural Anthropology 7 (1): 93114.Google Scholar
Rosaldo, Renato, Lavie, Smadar, and Narayan, Kirin. 1993. “Introduction: Creativity in Anthropology.” In Creativity/Anthropology, edited by Lavie, Smadar, Narayan, Kirin, and Rosaldo, Renato, 18. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Sachs, Wolfgang, ed. 1992. The Development Dictionary: A Guide to Knowledge as Power. London: Zed Books.Google Scholar
Sahlins, Marshall. 1993. “Good-bye Tristes Tropes: Ethnography in the Context of Modern World History.” Journal of Modern History 65: 125.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scantamburlo, Luigi. 1991. Etnobgia dos Bijagós da ilha de Bubaque. Lisboa: INEP.Google Scholar
Scantamburlo, Luigi. 1999. Dicionário do Guineense. Volume 1. Lisboa: Colibri.Google Scholar
Schapera, Isaac, ed. 1934. Western Civilization and the Natives of South Africa. London: George Routledge.Google Scholar
Schein, Louisa. 1999. “Performing Modernities.” Cultural Anthropology 14 (3): 361–95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Seers, Dudley. 1962. “Why Visiting Economists Fail.” The Journal of Political Economics 70 (4): 325–38.Google Scholar
Seers, Dudley. 1967. “The Limitation of the Special Case.” In The Teaching of Development Economics, edited by Knapp, Martin and Knapp, John, 127. London: Frank Cass.Google Scholar
Seers, Dudley. 1979. “The Birth, Life and Death of Development Economics.” Development and Change 10: 707–19.Google Scholar
Sharp, Lesley A. 1995. “Playboy Princely Spirits of Madagascar: Possession as Youthful Commentary and Social Critique.” Anthropological Quarterly 68 (2): 7588.Google Scholar
Silva Marques, José Eduardo A. 1955. “A Gerontocracia na Organização Social dos Bijagós.” Boletim Cultural da Guiné Portuguesa 10 (38): 293–97.Google Scholar
Silva, António E. Duarte. 1997. A Independência da Guiné-Bissau e a Descolonização Portuguesa. Porto, Portugal: Afrontamento.Google Scholar
Smith, Neil. 1997. “The Satanic Geographies of Globalization: Uneven Development in the 1990s.” Public Culture 10 (1): 169–89.Google Scholar
Soma, Alexandra Oliveira. 1995. La Maternité Chez les Bijago de Guinée-Bissau: Une Analyse Epidémiologique et Son Contexte Ethnologique. Paris: Centre Français sur la Population et le Développement.Google Scholar
Street, Brian, ed. 1993. Cross-Cultural Approaches to Literacy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Thomas, Philip. 2002. “The River, the Road, and the Rural-Urban Divide: A Postcolonial Moral Geography from Southeast Madagascar.” American Ethnologist 29 (2): 366–91.Google Scholar
Turner, Terence. 1991. “Representing, Resisting, Rethinking: Historical Transformation of Kayapo Culture and Anthropological Consciousness.” In Colonial Situations, edited by Stoking, George W., 285313. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.Google Scholar
UNESCO. 2002. “Cultural Diversity, Common Heritage, Plural Identities.” http://unesdoc.unesco.org.Google Scholar
Vigh, Henrik. 2006. Navigating Terrains of War. Oxford: Berghahn.Google Scholar
Wagner, Roy. 1981. The Invention of Culture. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Werbner, Richard. 1998. “Beyond Oblivion: Confronting Memory Crisis.” In Memory and the Postcolony: African Anthropology and the Critique of Power, edited by Werbner, Richard, 117. London: Zed Books.Google Scholar
Wilson, Godfrey. 1941. An Essay on the Economics of Detribalization in Northern Rhodesia. Rhodes-Livingstone Paper no. 5. Livingstone, Northern Rhodesia: Rhodes-Livingstone Institute.Google Scholar