Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-fbnjt Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-06T13:10:31.205Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Bomas, Missions, and Mines; The Making of Centers on the Zambian Copperbelt

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  23 May 2014

Brian Siegel
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

In his introduction to the 1978 Conference papers on Small Urban Centers in Rural Development in Africa, Southall (1979: 1-2) suggests that the relations between these centers and their hinterlands are largely oppressive and exploitative, and, in the absence of fundamental social transformation, unlikely to change. The Zambian rural centers studied by this author (Siegel, 1979) strayed some from this general pattern. Nearly all were relatively recent extensions of the national and provincial governmental agencies. And given Zambia's foreign exchange crisis at that time, and the consequent shortage of goods and services of every kind, the influence of these peripheral centers was far more ineffectual than exploitative.

Exploitative relations did exist, but these were focused upon the continuing political, economic, and social domination by the neighboring “primate” cities of Ndola and Luanshya, both of which were colonially created administrative, commercial, and industrial centers in Zambia's historically dual and increasingly polarized economy (Baldwin, 1966: 40-57, 214-21; Barber, 1967; Southall, 1979: 14). When combined with the foreign exchange crisis, the producer's price structure then in effect had so limited rural livelihood opportunities in central Ndola Rural District that nearly half of the able-bodied males had left their homes to single women, the very old, and the very young (Siegel, 1984: 104-8). Zambians in general disparage the drudgery and poverty of “sleepy” village life, and this is especially true in the Copperbelt, where there is an 80-year-old history of derogatory stereotypes about the “backward,” “weak,” and “lazy” Lamba villagers (Siegel, 1984: 54-85, & n.d.).

The notion that urban centers are oppressive and exploitative of their hinterlands has a history of its own, as reflected in the various theories concerning the origin of the state (Service 1978).

Type
Research Article
Information
African Studies Review , Volume 31 , Issue 3 , December 1988 , pp. 61 - 84
Copyright
Copyright © African Studies Association 1988

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Allan, William. 1949. “Studies in African Land Usage in Northern Rhodesia.” Rhodes-Livingstone Paper No. 15. Oxford University Press for the Rhodes-Livingstone Institute.Google Scholar
Arnot, Frederick Stanley. 1889. Garenganze: Or, Seven Years' Pioneer Mission Work in Central Africa. London: James E. Hawkins.Google Scholar
Baldwin, Robert E. 1966. Export Development and Economic Growth: A Study in Northern Rhodesia, 1920-1960. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Barber, William J. 1967. “Urbanisation and economic growth: the case of two white settler territories,” pp. 91–125 in Miner, H. (ed.) The City in Modern Africa. New York: Frederick A. Praeger.Google Scholar
Beadle, B.A. (trans.) 1873. “Journey of the ‘Pombeiros,’ from Angola to the Rios de Senna,” in Burton, R.F. (ed.), The Lands of Cazembe. London: John Murray for the Royal Geographic Society.Google Scholar
Brelsford, W.V. 1965a. “Abandoned bomas: a consolidated list,” The Zambian Journal (formerly Northern Rhodesia Journal) 6/3: 293–308.Google Scholar
Brelsford, W.V. 1965b. The Tribes of Zambia (2nd ed.). Lusaka: Government Printer.Google Scholar
British South Africa Company (BSAC). 1903. “Reports on the Administration of Rhodesia, 1900-02.” London: British South Africa Company.Google Scholar
Bulpin, Thomas Victor. 1959. Trail of the Copper King (Biography of Orlando Baragwanath). London: Bailey Brothers and Swinfen.Google Scholar
Burton, R.F. (trans.) “Lacerda's journey to Cazembe in 1798,” pp.1–164 in Burton, R.F. (ed.), The Lands of Cazembe. London: John Murray for the Royal Geographical Society.Google Scholar
Capello, Hermenegildo, and Ivens, Roberto. 1886. De Angola a Contra Costa. Lisbon: Imprensa Nacional.Google Scholar
Chesnaye, Christian Purefoy. 1901. “A journey from Fort Jameson to the Kafue River,” Geographical Journal 17/1: 42–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chibanza, Simon Jilundu. 1961. “Kaonde History. Central Bantu Historical Texts I,” Part II. Rhodes-Livingstone Communication No. 22. Lusaka: Rhodes-Livingstone Institute.Google Scholar
Clark, P.G.D. 1955. “Kasempa: 1901-1951,” Northern Rhodesia Journal 11/5: 62–70.Google Scholar
Belge, Congo, Comite Regional du Katanga (CB, CRK). n.d. “Compte-Rendu de Comité Régional de la Province du Katanga,” April 1933.Google Scholar
Belge, Congo, Service des AIMO (CB,AIMO). n.d. “Rapport Annuel, Service des Affaires Indigénes et de la Main-d'Oeuvre, Territoire d'Elisabethville,” 1935.Google Scholar
Cross, Arthur. 1925. Twenty Years in Lambaland. London and Edinburgh: Marshall Brothers.Google Scholar
Cross, Sholto. 1970. “A prophet not without honour: Jeremiah Gondwe,” pp. 171–84 in Allen, C. and Johnson, R.W. (eds.) African Perspectives. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Cross, Sholto. 1973. “The Watchtower Movement in South Central Africa.” Unpublished Ph.D. (History) thesis, Oxford University.Google Scholar
Cuvelier, G. 1932. “La vie sociale des Balamba orientaux,” Congo 1/1: 1-21 and 1/2: 161–84.Google Scholar
Delcommune, Alexandre. 1922. Vingt Annes de Vie Africaine, Vol 2. Brussels: Veuve F. Larcier.Google Scholar
Delvaux, Henri. 1950. “L'Occupation du Katanga, 1891-1900: Notes et Souvenirs du Seul Survivant.” Suppplement à l'Essor du Congo, August 12, 1950. Elisabethville: Imbelco.Google Scholar
Denny, S.R. 1957. “Val Gielgud and the slave traders,” Northern Rhodesia Journal, 3/4: 331–38.Google Scholar
Doke, Clement M. 1927. “Lamba Folk-Lore.” American Folk-Lore Society, vol. 20. New York: G.E. Steehert.Google Scholar
Doke, Clement M. 1931. The Lambas of Northern Rhodesia. London: Harrop.Google Scholar
Doke, Clement M. 1975. Trekking in South-Central Africa, 1913-1919. Roodeport, Transvaal: South African Baptist Historical Society.Google Scholar
Epstein, Arnold L. 1958. Politics in an Urban African Community. Manchester University Press for the Rhodes-Livingstone Institute.Google Scholar
Epstein, Arnold L. 1981. Urbanization and Kinship: The Domestic Domain on the Copperbelt of Zambia, 1950-1956. London and New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Faber, Michael. 1971. “The Mshiri-Thomson meeting of November 1890: a note,” African Social Research 12: 129–43.Google Scholar
Fetter, Bruce. 1968 “La création d'un colonat Européen et la situation des Africaines au Katanga, 1916-30,” Etudes Congolaises 11:50–54.Google Scholar
Fetter, Bruce. 1976. The Creation of Elisabethville, 1910-1940. Stanford: Hoover Institution Press, Stanford University.Google Scholar
Fetter, Bruce. 1983. Colonial Rule and Regional Imbalance in Central Africa.. Boulder: Westview Press.Google Scholar
Fisher, Alfred Charles. 1969. “40 years of medicine on the Copperbelt,” Horizon 11/12: 4–9.Google Scholar
Gann, Lewis H. 1958. The Birth of a Plural Society. Manchester University Press for the Rhodes-Livingstone Institute.Google Scholar
Gann, Lewis H. 1964. A History of Northern Rhodesia: Early Days to 1953. London: Chatto and Windus.Google Scholar
Gardiner, John. 1970. “Some Aspects of the Establishment of Towns in Zambia During the Nineteen Twenties and Thirties,” Zambian Urban Studies, No. 3. Lusaka: Institute for African Studies, University of Zambia.Google Scholar
Gelfand, Michael. 1961. Northern Rhodesia in the Days of the Charter: A Medical and Social Study, 1878-1924. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.Google Scholar
Gouldsbury, Cullen, and Sheane, Hubert. 1911. The Great Plateau of Northern Rhodesia. London: Edward Arnold.Google Scholar
Crevisse, Fernand. 1950. “Salines et Saliniers indigènes du Haut-Katanga,” Bulletin du Centre d'Etude des Problèmes Indigènes 11: 7–85.Google Scholar
Grey, George. 1901. “The Kafue River and its headwaters,” Geographical Journal 18/1: 62–77.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Higginson, John Edward. 1979. “The Making of an African Working Class: The Union Miniere du Haut-Katanga and the African Mine Workers, 1907-1945.” Ph.D. (History) dissertation, University of Michigan. Ann Arbor: University Microfilms International.Google Scholar
Hobson, Richard H. 1960. “Rubber: A Footnote to Northern Rhodesian History.” Paper No. 13 in the Occasional Papers of the Rhodes-Livingstone Institute, Nos. 1-16. Manchester University Press for the Insitute of African Studies, University of Zambia, 1974, 489–538.Google Scholar
Hoornaert, Mr. le Substitut. n.d. “Rapport sur les causes principales de desertion parmi les travaillerus noirs,” Elisabethville, November 22, 1913, Fiche 1454C-1460D.Google Scholar
Hoselitz, Bert F. 1955. “Generative and parasitic cities,” Economic Development and Cultural Change 3/3: 278–94.Google Scholar
Jewsiewicki, Bogumil. 1977. “Unequal development: Capitalism and the Katangan economy, 1919-45,” pp. 317–44 in Palmer, R. and Parsons, N. (eds.), The Roots of Rural Poverty in Central and Southern Africa. London: Heinemann.Google Scholar
Jones, J.F. 1903. “Report upon the Present Condition of Rhodesia,” presented to the Directors of the British South Africa Company. London: Waterlow and Sons.Google Scholar
Jordan, E. Knowles. 1956. “Memories of abandoned bomas, No. 11: Old Ndola,” Northern Rhodesia Journal 3/3: 200–05.Google Scholar
Joset, G. n.d. “Rapport de route de l'Administrateur Territorial G. Joset, Tournée en Chefferie Katala,” March 14-April 19, 1958, Fiche 953G-957H in Vellut, n.d.Google Scholar
Keith, J.L. n.d. “Human Geography Report: Ndola District, Central Province, Northern Rhodesia.” Unpublished 1935 manusript, courtesy of the British Association of Geographers.Google Scholar
Krishnamurthy, B.S. “The Thomson treaties and Johnston's certificates of claim,” African Social Research, 8:588–601.Google Scholar
Lambert-Culot, Marie-Claire. 1972. “Les premiers années en Afrique du Comité Special du Katanga,” Etudes d'Histoire Africaine, 3: 275–311.Google Scholar
Luchembe, Chipasha P. 1974. “Rural stagnation: a case study of the Lamba-Lima of Ndola Rural District,” pp. 21–33 in Palmer, R. (ed.), Zambian Land and Labour Studies, vol. 2. Occasional paper No. 2. Lusaka: National Archives of Zambia.Google Scholar
Macpherson, Fergus. 1981. Anatomy of a Conquest: The British Occupation of Zambia, 1884-1924. Harlow, Essex: Longman Group Ltd.Google Scholar
Marchal, R. 1939 “Renseignements historiques relatif à l'exploitation des mines de cuivre par les indigènes de la région de Luishia,” Bulletin de Juridictions Indigènes et du Droit Coutumier Conglais 7/1: 10–18.Google Scholar
Masters, Henry, and Masters, Walter E. 1920. In Wild Rhodesia. London: Francis Griffiths.Google Scholar
M'Bokolo, Elikia. 1985. “Le ‘separatisme katangais,’” pp. 185–226 in Amselle, J.-L. and M'Bokolo, E. (eds.) Au Coeur de l'Ethnie: Ethnies, Tribalisme et Etat en Afrique. Paris: Editions la Decouvert.Google Scholar
Miracle, Marvin P. 1969. “Trade and economic change in Katanga, 1850-1959,” pp. 214–58 in McCall, D.F., Bennett, N.R., and Butler, J. (eds.) Western African History. New York: Frederick A. Praeger.Google Scholar
Mitchell, J. Clyde. 1954. “The distribution of African labour by area of origin on the copper mines of Northern Rhadesia,” Rhodes-Livingstone Journal 15: 30–36.Google Scholar
Mitchell, J. Clyde. 1973. “Distance, transportation and urban involvement in Zambia,” pp. 287–314 in Southall, A. (ed.) Urban Anthropology. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Moubray, J.M. 1912. In South Central Africa. London: Constable and Co.Google Scholar
Northern Rhodesia (NR). n.d. a. “Lima Chiefs' History,” taken by District Officer Jones, May 1932; in Ndola District Notebood, vol. 2, 304–06.Google Scholar
Northern Rhodesia (NR). n.d. b. “Ndola District Notebook,” 2 vols. National Archives of Zambia, KSN 2/1.Google Scholar
Northern Rhodesia (NR). n.d. c. “Ndola District Annual Reports, 1920-1936.” National Archives of Zambia, KSN 3/1.Google Scholar
Northern Rhodesia (NR). n.d. d. “Ndola District Tour Report, No. 3 of 1951.” National Archives of Zambia, SEC 2/1109.Google Scholar
Northern Rhodesia, Department of Agriculture (NR, DA). 1944. “Annual Report for the Year 1943.” Lusaka: Government Printer.Google Scholar
Northern Rhodesia, Department of Native Affairs (NR, DNA). 1934–1936. “Native Affairs Annual Reports for the Years 1933-1935.” Lusaka: Government Printer.Google Scholar
Northern Rhodesia, Native Reserves Commission (NR, NRC). n.d. “Report of the 1926 Native Reserves Commission,” 2 vols., Report and Evidence. PRO/CO/795/17-18/18254.Google Scholar
O'Brien, P.L.A. 1957. “Fort Elwes, Mumpu Cave and the Changwena Falls,” Northern Rhodesia Journal 3/4: 289–97.Google Scholar
Page, Melvin E. 1972. “The African Copperbelt: African mining, metallurgy and trade in Zambia and Katanga before 1890,” Journal of Social Science 1: 55–64.Google Scholar
Perrings, Charles. 1979. Black Mineworkers in Central Africa. New York: Africana.Google Scholar
Phillipson, David W. 1977. The Later Prehistory of Eastern and Southern Africa. New York: Africana.Google Scholar
Pim, A.W. and Milligan, S. 1938. “Report of the Commission Appointed to Enquire into the Financial and Economic Position of Northern Rhodesia.” Colonial Office, Col. No. 145. London: His Majesty's Stationery Office.Google Scholar
Rennie, Keith, and Mubita, Austin. 1985. “Precolonial economy and society around Itezhitezhi,” pp. 33–55 in Derricourt, R.M. (ed.) Man on the Kafue The Archaeology and History of the Itezhitezhi Area of Zambia. New York: Lilian Barber for the Zambian National Monuments Commission.Google Scholar
Rhodes-Livingstone Museum (R-LM). n.d. “Resumes of statements by Chipembere, Shaibu Chiwala, and Mwalabu concerning protection of the Ndola Slave Tree, District Commissioner's Office,” Ndola, July 1939 for the Rhodes-Livingstone Museum. Unpublished manuscript, courtesy of Mr. Richard Hobson.Google Scholar
Roan Consolidated Mines, Ltd. (RCM). 1978. Zambia's Mining Industry: The First 50 Years. Ndola: Roan Consolidated Mines, Ltd.Google Scholar
Roberts, Andrew. 1976. A History of Zambia. London: Heinemann.Google Scholar
Rodger, L.M. 1962. “The development of medical and health services at Roan Antelope,” Northern Rhodesia Journal 5: 135–41.Google Scholar
Rotberg, Robert. 1965. The Rise of Nationalism in Central Africa.. Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Sampson, Richard. 1956. “They Came to Northern Rhodesia, Being a Record of Persons Who Had Entered What Is Now the Territory of Northern Rhodesia by 31st December 1902.” Lusaka: Government Printer.Google Scholar
Scannell, Ted. 1961. “A pioneer of 1901 comes back to the Copperbelt,” Horizon 3/3: 10–14.Google Scholar
Service, Elman R. 1978. “Classical and modern theories of the origin of government,” pp. 21–34 in Cohen, R. and Service, E.R. (eds.) Origins of the State. Philadelphia: Institute for the Study of Human Issues.Google Scholar
Sharp, R.R. 1956. Early Days in Katanga. Bulawayo: Rhodesian Printers Ltd.Google Scholar
Shaw, J.R. 1952. “The first European settlement on the Kafue and the first copper mine,” Northern Rhodesia Journal 1/6: 49–51.Google Scholar
Shillington, Kevin, n.d. “The Effects of the Development of the Northern Rhodesian Copperbelt on the Local African Inhabitants, 1926-46.” Unpublished M.A. (History) dissertation, SOAS, University of London, 1946.Google Scholar
Siegel, Brian. 1979. “Centers on the periphery: rural development in Ndola Rural Central,” pp/69–89 in Southall, A. (ed.) Small Urban Centers in Rural Development in Africa. Madison: African Studies Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison.Google Scholar
Siegel, Brian. 1984. “Farms or Gardens: Ethnicity and Enterprise on the Rural Zambian Copperbelt.” Ph.D. (Anthropology) dissertation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1983. Ann Arbor: University Microfilms International.Google Scholar
Siegel, Brian. n.d. “The ‘wild’ and ‘lazy’ Lamba: ethnic stereotypes on the Central African Copperbelt,” in Vail, L. (ed.) The Political Economy of Ethnicity and Tribalism in Southern Africa. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press (forthcoming).Google Scholar
Southall, Aidan. 1979. “Introduction: results and implications of the preliminary enquiry,” in Southall, A. (ed.) Small Urban Centers in Rural Development in Africa. Madison: African Studies Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison.Google Scholar
Spearpoint, F. 1937. “The African Native and the Rhodesian Copper Mines.” Supplement to the Journal of the Royal African Society 36/144.Google Scholar
Steel, E.A. 1917. “Zambesi-Congo watershed,” Geographical Journal 50/3: 180–99.Google Scholar
Stephenson, John E. (Chirupula). n.d. a. “Note from J.E. ‘Chirupula’ Stephenson, with Reference to the Federal Information Department,” September 1955. Unpublished manuscript, courtesy of Mr. Hobson, Richard.Google Scholar
Stephenson, John E. (Chirupula). n.d. b. ‘The Roan Antelope Copper Mines,” December 4, 1953. Unpublished manuscript, courtesy of Mr. Richard Hobson.Google Scholar
Stephenson, John E. (Chirupula). 1937. Chirupula's Tale: A Bye-Way in African History. London: G. Bles.Google Scholar
Stephenson, John E. (Chirupula). 1965a. “The Luanshya Snake,” Northern Rhodesia Journal 6:13–16.Google Scholar
Stephenson, John E. (Chirupula). 1965b. “Some abandoned bomas,” Zambia Journal (formerly Northern Rhodesia Journal) 6: 114–19.Google Scholar
Stephenson, John E. (Chirupula). 1972. Mohammedan Early Days in the Copperbelt of Northern Rhodesia, Occasional Paper No. 1. Lusaka: National Archives of Zambia.Google Scholar
Thomson, Joseph. 1893. “To Lake Bangweolo and the unexplored region of British Central Africa,” Geographical Journal 1/2: 97–121.Google Scholar
Tilsley, George E. 1929. Dan Crawford, Missionary and Pioneer in Central Africa. London and Edinburgh: Oliphants Ltd. Google Scholar
Vellut, Jean-Luc. n.d. “Documents du Zaire Colonial” (Microfiche Collection), Memorial Library, University of Wisconsin-Madison.Google Scholar
Vellut, Jean-Luc. 1972. “Notes sur le Lunda et la frontière Luso-Africaine,” Etudes d'Histoire Africaine, 3: 61–66.Google Scholar
Vellut, Jean-Luc. 1977. “Rural poverty in western Dhaba, c. 1890-1930,” pp. 294–316 in Palmer, R. and Parsons, N. (eds.), The Roots of Rural Poverty in Central and Southern Africa. London: Heinemann.Google Scholar
Verbeken, Auguste. 1956. Msiri, Roi du Garenganze: “L'Homme Rouge” du Katanga. Brussels: Editions Louis Cuypers.Google Scholar
Verdick, Edgard. 1952. Les Premiers Jours au Katanga (1890-1903). Brussels: Limbourg for the Comité Special du Katanga.Google Scholar
SirWatson, Malcolm. 1953. African Highway: The Battle for Health in Central Africa. London: John Murray.Google Scholar
Ziegleck, Ziegler de, Commissaire du District, n.d. “Letter to Chef de la Province d'Elisabethville,” Main-d'Oeuvre en Terrritoire d'Elisabethville, Haut-Katanga, October 30, 1937 Fiche 114-E in Vellut, n.d.Google Scholar