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The Cape Malays: An Imagined Community in South Africa – A Bibliographical Essay

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  25 April 2022

Muhammed Haron*
Affiliation:
Department of Theology and Religious Studies, University of Botswana
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Extract

1994 was indeed an eventful year for South Africans in general and for the South African Muslims in particular. During the early part of April 1994 the Muslims celebrated the tercentenary of Islam in South Africa, and towards the end of that month they went to the polls along with other South African citizens to participate in South Africa's first democratic elections. It was thus a memorable experience for the Muslim community who joyfully expressed their national and religious identity respectively.

The South African Muslim community, particularly those who hailed from the province of the Western Cape, has always raised the question of identity. During the years of apartheid and before, the vast majority of them never identified themselves as South Africans since they rejected the legislated racial policies of the White minority regime. The Population Registration Act of 1950 divided the South Africans into four distinct categories, namely Whites, Indians, Africans, and Coloureds.

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © International African Institute 2002

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Footnotes

1

Consult Haron's Muslims of South Africa: An Annotated Bibliography. Cape Town, South African Library, 1997.

References

Select Annotated Bibliography

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Da Costa, Yusuf & Davids, Achmat. Pages from Cape Muslim History. Pietermaritzburg: Shuter & Shooter, 194. xi, 182pp. illus. This publication consists of nine articles, some of which had previously been published by both Da Costa and Davids. The first article is Da Costa's ‘The Early Cape Muslims…’. This is followed by the reproduction of S.E. Dangor's writings, namely ‘In the footsteps of the companions: Shaykh Yusuf of Macassar (1626-1699)’. Davids’ article ‘Alternative Education: Tuan Guru and the formation of the Cape Muslim Community’ followed by his ‘My Religion is superior to the Law…’. Further articles by Davids, namely ‘Imam Achmat Sadick Achmat (1813-1879): imam, soldier, politician and educator’ and ‘The origins of the Hanafi-Shafi dispute and the impact of Abu Bakr Effendi (1835-1880)’ are included under Chapters five and six respectively. The last three articles are entitled ‘From Social cohesion to religious discord:…’, ‘The Hifz tradition at the Cape:…’ and “The influence of tasawwuf on Islamic practices at the Cape’; all written by Da Costa. The book has a few maps, a number of photographs and a useful index and glossary of Arabic terms. See Aslam Fataar's review in Muslim views, June 1994 and J.A. Naude's review in Journal for Islamic studies, 14, 1994, 207-209, and Haron's in Kronos, 23, November 199, 165-167.Google Scholar
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D'Arcy, M. Cassiem. Rage of the seawind. Cape Town. 1996. Highlights the plight of a Malay fisherman, namely Pang (Pawang), who relates morsels of Cape Muslim history; it documents the family's struggle for survival.Google Scholar
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Davids, Achmat. ‘The revolt of the Malays: a study of the reaction of the Cape Muslims to the smallpox epidemics of the nineteenth century’ pp. 47-79 in Studies in the History of Cape Town. Centre of African Studies, University of Cape Town, 1984. Looks at the reasons for the Cape Malay revolt against the health regulations which were designed and implemented in order to contain the spread of variola during the various 19th century epidemics in Cape Town. Studies the health management of Cape Town during the same period. Postulates that the smallpox epidemic gave rise to the idea of terminal segregation on racial lines.Google Scholar
Davids, Achmat. ‘Words the Cape Slave made: a socio-historical linguistic study’ in South African journal of linguistics. 8, 1990, 124. ‘Although I am critical of the philological approaches to an understanding of the origin of Afrikaans, this article is not entirely free from such an approach. The words the slaves made are looked into through an examination of the social milieu in which those words were made, as well as the processes of acculturation which took place in that milieu and gave rise to new cultural traits; and the agglutination of these traits in a matrix with a definite theological philosophy acting as base. In a sense, it is a study of the internal history of Cape slavery. The languages, from which the slave words were made, the literary traditions of these languages, and their influence on the literacy of the slaves, are investigated. I also explore the theological philosophy and the literacy processes that were perpetuated through a slave education system, which resulted in a rapid growth of a Cape slave culture, but which also resulted in a distinctive literary tradition called ‘Arabic-Afrikaans’. Finally, the attitude of the descendants of the slaves, the Cape Muslims, towards the nineteenth century Cape Dutch from which Afrikaans emerged, is discussed. Some interesting questions in this regard are raised, without conclusive answers being provided, and I end with a plea for a less formal Afrikaans, depoliticised and free to be used as a language of expression for a South African nation.’ [Abstract].CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davids, Achmat. The Afrikaans of the Cape Muslims from 1815-1915: A Socio-Linguistic Study. Unpublished Afrikaans MA Thesis: UN. xiii, 340pp. December 1991. Looks at the Afrikaans of the Cape Muslims from 1815 until 1915. Examines various aspects of this Afrikaans in order to evoke awareness of Cape Muslim Afrikaans and to draw attention to the literary tradition of Arabic Afrikaans. The introductory chapter defines some of the concepts such as Arabic-Afrikaans, Tajwid, etc. and outlines the thesis's structure. The second describes the emergence of the Cape Muslim's culture and literary tradition. The third evaluates their Afrikaans literature between 1845 and 1915. In the fourth it focuses upon the writing and spelling of Afrikaans in the Arabic script, and discusses the writing of Arabic and Arabic-Afrikaans in the Roman script.Google Scholar
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Desai, Desmond. ‘“Cape Malay” Music’, pp. 39-44 in 5th Annual International Symposium on Ethnomusicology, ed. A. Tracey. Rhodes, International Library of African Music - Rhodes University, 1985. Discusses ‘Malay’ music and asks three fundamental questions: What is the phenomenon? How does it manifest itself and why does it occur? Attempts to answer these and goes on to specific instruments, which are used, namely the ghamma, rebanna, tamarien and ra'king. Concludes by briefly reflecting upon the Cape Malays’ secular and sacred musical styles.Google Scholar
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Du Plessis, Izak D. Die Vlammende Fez. Cape Town, Unie-Volkpers. 1943. 63pp. Smith Le Roux accompanies this collection of poetry with illustrations. The title of this collection is taken from the last poem. The 10 other poems are: Muezzin, In die Slamse Buurt, Roggebaai, Liedjie, Ramadan, Karamat, Kaalvoet Klonkie, Doekoen, Gebed van die Bose, Beswering, Chalifah, Karnaval and Katrina. All the poems relate to the socio-cultural life of the Cape Muslims.Google Scholar
Du Plessis, Izak D. Tales from the Malay Quarter. Cape Town, Maskew Miller, 1945. A collection of short stories and tales from the Malay community.Google Scholar
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Freeman, L.T. A Cultural Centre for the Malay Quarter. Unpublished B. Arch. Thesis: UCT. illus. 75pp. 1970. Outlines the purpose of the project. Brings into focus the origins of community centres. Highlights the history, religion and customs of the Cape Malays. Summarises the Cape City Council's rehabilitation proposals. Describes the religious, cultural and welfare institutions. Analyses the facilities and argues for the choice of the location.Google Scholar
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Kennedy, R.F.The Cape Malays.’ In African Notes and News. 1(4):1, August 1944. This editorial supports the suggestions of Dr. I. D. Du Plessis to establish a Malay museum in the South African cultural centre where objects of historical interest could be stored and displayed.Google Scholar
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Kotze, Ernest Frederick. Variasiepatrone in Maleier-Afrikaans. Unpublished Afrikaans Doctoral Dissertation: University of Witwatersrand. 264pp. 1983. Study deals with the problem of linguistic variations within the Malay community. Investigates it by interviewing 59 respondents. Divides his thesis into 6 chapters. The first provides an overview of the theoretical models abroad. The second focuses upon the method adopted. The third studies the social stratification. The fourth concerns itself with an overview of more linguistic variation patterns and scrutinises Al-Qawl Al-Matin, Bayan ud-Din, and the texts of Imam Ahmed and Shaykh Abdurachman respectively. The fifth deals with the form of address and the last concludes and evaluates its results.Google Scholar
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Lagardien, Zainab. Everyday Cape Malay Cooking. Cape Town. Struik Publishers, illus. 96pp. 1995. This beautifully illustrated book covers various Cape Malay dishes. Although some are similar to those in Faldiela Williams and Cas Abrahams’ texts, there are a number of new recipes in this compilation.Google Scholar
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Manual, George & Hatfield, Denis. District Six. Cape Town: Longmans Southern Africa (Pty.) Ltd. illus. 112pp. 1967. The authors describe sociocultural life of District Six. They look at the institutions such as the mosque (ch.3 pp.15-16), and schools (ch.4 pp.17-21). And they comment upon the Malay culture (ch.5 pp.23-28), their language and humour (ch.7 pp.33-37), aspects of their daily life (ch.8 pp.39-51), their eating habits (ch.9 pp.52-55), their folk tales and superstitions (ch.17 pp.91-97), and they mention some of the Malays’ outstanding characters (ch.18 pp.98-107). Each of the chapters are accompanied by illustrations.Google Scholar
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Midgley, James. Conformity and Social Control in the Cape Malay Community. Unpublished M.Soc.Sc. Thesis: UCT. Vol. I, 119pp. & Vol. II, 136pp, 1967. After giving a sociographic introduction in which he traces the Cape Malays’ history, he provides demographic survey, surveys their culture & aspects of their religion, studies their sociological concepts & sociography (Volume I); and he records his research design, findings and data (Volume II).Google Scholar
Midgley, James. ‘Drinking and Attitudes towards Drinking in a Muslim Community.’ In Quarterly Journal of Studies in Alcohol. 32(1): 148158, 1971. A questionnaire was administered to 117 Cape Malays in two areas (the traditional Malay Quarter and a resettlement housing area) of Cape Town. The samples were of skilled and semi-skilled working class background. The findings revealed that 14, of whom 12 drank at least once a month and 4 daily, reported drinking. Drinkers attended madrasah for shorter periods and were poor mosque goers.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
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