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South African Sports History and the Archive

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  25 April 2022

Dean Allen*
Affiliation:
Centre for Human Performance Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, South Africa
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Extract

The history of sport in South Africa is about more than mere games. Within the preface to his study of The Games Ethic and Imperialism, J.A. Mangan expressed the wish that he:

Would not like [the] study of cultural diffusion to be naively and erroneously catalogued under “Games”. It is concerned with much more: with ethnocentricity, hegemony and patronage, with ideals and idealism, with educational values and aspirations, with cultural assimilation and adaptation and, most fascinating of all, with the dissemination throughout the Empire of a hugely influential moralistic ideology.

Arguably, nowhere more than in South Africa have such processes been played out through sport. This makes the country an ideal case study for sports historians. Based on experiences from my Masters and PhD studies, this paper will provide a contemporary perspective of studying South African sports history as well as form part of the discussion at the June 2011 SCOLMA conference, ‘Sport in Africa: History, Politics and the Archive’.

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Articles
Copyright
Copyright © International African Institute 2011

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References

Notes

1 Mangan, J.A., The Games Ethic and Imperialism: Aspects of the Diffusion of an Ideal (London: Frank Cass, 1998), p.17.Google Scholar

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6 See Gottschalk, L. et.al, The Use of Personal Documents in History, Anthropology and Sociology (New York: Social Science Research Council, 1945).Google Scholar

7 Ibid., p.6.

8 Ibid., p.3.

9 Ibid., p.3.

10 Mangan, J.A., ‘Britain's chief spiritual export: Imperial sport as moral metaphor, political symbol and cultural bond', In Mangan, J. A. (ed.), The Cultural Bond: Sport, Empire, Society (London: Frank Cass, 1992), p.l.Google Scholar

11 Ibid.

12 Murray, B., & Merrett, C., Caught Behind: Race and Politics in Springbok Cricket Johannesburg: Wits University Press, 2004), p. 7.Google Scholar

13 Bradley, J., “The M.C.C., society and empire: A portrait of cricket's ruling body, 1860-1914’, In Mangan, J.A. (ed.), The Cultural Bond: Sport, Empire, Society, (London: Frank Cass, 1992), p.39.Google Scholar

14 Sandiford has shown how Victorian cricket was never governed by the MCC to the same extent as soccer, for example, which fell under the control of the Football Association after 1863. Reluctantly taking charge of the county championship in 1894, it was not until 1903-04 that the first fully-fledged MCC team was sent abroad (to Australia). See K.A.P. Sandiford, Cricket and the Victorians (Aldershot: Scolar, 1994), pp.73-76. As my PhD reveals however, the South African Cricket Association did have a higher degree of involvement in South Africa's international tours during this period.

15 Johnes, M., ‘Putting the history into sport: On sports history and sports studies’, Journal of Sport History, 31 (2), 2004, p.149.Google Scholar

16 Microhistory involves “the detailed investigation of individual life histories.” R. Ross, ‘Transcending the Limits of Microhistory’, Journal of African History, 42 (1), 2001, p.126. For an example of its use in sports history, see M. Cronin, ‘The Gaelic Athletic Association's Invasion of America, 1888: Travel Narratives, Microhistory and the Irish American ‘Other’. Sport in History, 27 (1), 2007.

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22 Gemmell, J., The Politics of South African Cricket (London: Routledge, 2004),’ p.l.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

23 Ibid. This of course assumes that cricket and other sports are, as Gemmell states, “subject to the extensive dynamics that shape our social and political environment.”

24 Merrett, C. & Nauright, J., ‘South Africa’. In Stoddart, B. & Sandiford, K.A.P. (eds.), The Imperial Game (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1998), p.56.Google Scholar

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26 Brailsford, D., British Sport. A Social History (Cambridge: Lutterworth, 1992), p.i.Google Scholar

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29 Johnes, M. ‘Putting the history into sport: On sports history and sports studies’. Paper presented to the ‘State of play: Sports history in Britain and Ireland, past, present and future’ conference, University of Ulster, 21-23 November 2003.

30 Access was granted for the first time to Logan's personal collection within his house. These items included trophies, personal mementos (including items from the likes of Rhodes and Kipling) as well as Logan's own private photo albums. Logan's scrapbook had been the only item that had previously been made available by the family to other researchers.

31 Nauright, J., Sport, Cultures and Identities in South Africa (Leicester: Leicester University Press, 1997), p.17.Google Scholar

32 Archival access was similarly transformed in South Africa in 1948 when the government records for the Anglo-Boer War period were opened - resulting in a flood of academic monographs from the mid 1950s onwards. See J.E. Flint, ‘Britain and the Scramble for Africa'. In Winks, R.W. (ed.), The Oxford History of the British Empire. Volume V: Historiography (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999), p.455.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

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35 For example, see Merrett, C. & Nauright, J. , South Africa. In Stoddart, B & Sandiford, K.A.P. (eds.), The Imperial Game (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1998)Google Scholar and Murray, B., & Merrett, C., Caught Behind: Race and Politics in Springbok Cricket (Johannesburg: Wits University Press, 2004).Google Scholar

36 See Odendaal, A., Cricket in Isolation, (Cape Town: A. Odendaal, 1977) and A. Odendaal, The Story of an African Game (Claremont: David Philip, 2003).Google Scholar

37 Gemmell, J., The Politics of South African Cricket (London: Routledge, 2004).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

38 Murray, B., & Merrett, C., Caught Behind: Race and Politics in Springbok Cricket (Johannesburg: Wits University Press, 2004).Google Scholar

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40 Even as recently as 2003 when the Cricket World Cup was held in South Africa, the game has continued to be affected by issues of politics. See B. Majumdar a n d J.A. Mangan, (eds.)- Cricketing Cultures in Conflict: World Cup 2003 (London: Routledge, 2004).

41 B. Stoddart, & K.A.P. Sandiford, (eds.), The Imperial Game, 1998.

42 See Merrett, C., & J. Nauright, South Africa. In Stoddart, B. & Sandiford, K.A.P. (eds.), The Imperial Game (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1998), pp.55-61.Google Scholar

43 Bose, M., Sporting Colours: Sport and Politics in South Africa (London: Robson, 1994), pp.10-16.Google Scholar

44 Ibid., p.16.

45 Archer, R., & A. Bouillon, The South African Game: Sport and racism (London: Zed Press, 1982), p.2.Google Scholar

46 Ibid., p.3.

47 Booth, D., The Race Game: Sport and Politics in South Africa (London: Frank Cass, 1998), p.20.Google Scholar

48 Nauright, J., Sport, Cultures and Identities in South Africa (Leicester: Leicester University Press, 1997), p.l.Google Scholar

49 Ibid.

50 Ibid., p.3.

51 Mangan, J. A., & J. Walvin, (eds.). Manliness and Morality. Middle-Class Masculinity in Britain and America 1800-1940 (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1987).Google Scholar

52 Ibid., p.2.

53 Ibid., p.l.

54 McDevitt, P.F., May the Best Man Win. Sport, Masculinity, and Nationalism in Great Britain and the Empire (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004), p.ll.Google Scholar

55 Ibid., p.9.

56 Winks, R.W., ‘Future of Imperial History'. In Winks, R.W. (ed.), The Oxford History of the British Empire. Volume V: Historiography (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999), p.658.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

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61 See Ibid., p.2 and J. Darwin, ‘A Third British Empire? The Dominion Idea in Imperial Polities'. In Brown, J.M & Loius, W.R. (eds.). The Oxford History of the British Empire. Volume IV: The Twentieth Century (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999), p p . 72-73.

62 Darwin, J., ‘A Third British Empire? The Dominion Idea in Imperial Polities'. In Brown, J.M & Louis, W.R. (eds.). The Oxford History of the British Empire. Volume IV: The Twentieth Century (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999), p.72.Google Scholar

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64 See Flint, J.E., ‘Britain a n d the Scramble for Africa'. In Winks, R.W. (ed.), The Oxford History of the British Empire. Volume V: Historiography (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999), p.461. Flint is referring to Hobson's critique of imperialism within J.A. Hobson, Imperialism: A Study (London: James Nisbet, 1902).Google Scholar

65 See Cain, P.J., & Hopkins, A.G., British Imperialism. 1688-2000 (Harlow: Longman, 2002).Google Scholar

66 Ibid., p.325.

67 Brantlinger, P., Rule of Darkness: British Literature and Imperialism, 1830-1914 (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1988).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

68 Ibid., p.19.

69 Brooks, P.C., Research in Archives (Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1969), pp. 8-9.Google Scholar

70 Blumer, H., An Appraisal of Thomas and Zwaniecki's ‘The Polish peasant in Europe and America’ (New Brunswick: Transaction Books, 1979), p.29.Google Scholar

71 Allport, G.W., The Use of Personal Documents in Psychological Science (New York: Social Science Research Council, 1951), p.xii.Google Scholar

72 Gottschalk, L. et.al, The Use ofEersonal Documents in History, Anthropology and Sociology (New York: Social Science Research Council, 1945), p.18.Google Scholar

73 Newspapers are, according to Vincent, “unconscious relics of the period … a literary product of [their] time … each part ﹛should be] judged and made use of according to the class in which it belongs.” J.M. Vincent, Historical Research. An Outline of Theory and Practice (New York: Holt, 1911), p.16. More recently, Wray Vamplew has advocated the historian's use of the contemporary press as the “simple way to determine what actually happened.” W. Vamplew, ‘Empiricist Versus Sociological History: Some Comments on the ‘Civilizing Process”, Sport in History, 27 (2), 2007, p.169.

74 A. Marwick, The New Nature of History (Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2001), p . 26. The distinction is further compounded by Robin Winks: “By a “source” the historian means material that is contemporary to the events being examined. Such sources include, among other things, diaries, letters, newspapers, magazine articles, tape recordings, pictures and maps. Such material may have appeared in print before, edited or unedited, and still be a source. The term is meant to be restrictive rather than inclusive, in that it attempts to indicate that works of secondary scholarship, or synthesis, are not sources, since the data have been distilled by another person.” R.W. Winks, (ed.). The Historian as Detective (New York: Harper & Row, 1968), p.xx.

75 Marwick, A., The New Nature of History, (Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2001), p. 26.Google Scholar

76 For discussion on this see D. Allen, ‘Book Review: Jon Gemmell, The Politics of South African Cricket’. Sport in History, 25 (1), 2005, pp.158-163.

77 Collins, T., Rugby's Great Split: Class, Culture and the Origins of Rugby League Football (London: Frank Cass, 1998), p.xviii.Google Scholar

78 W. Vamplew, ‘Empiricist Versus Sociological History: Some Comments on the ‘Civilizing Process”. Sport in History, 2007, p.163. In an attack on sociologists (in particular Dominic Malcolm) who have written on cricket and the ‘civilizing process’, Vamplew suggests they “should be encouraged to use empirical historical data to test their hypotheses” Adding that: “Sociologists have criticized historians for a lack of theoretical base to their work. This is the reverse: sociologists with false notions of h ow to do history.” Ibid., p.169.

79 Dimeo, P., ‘A Critical Assessment of John Hoberman's Histories of Drugs in Sport’. Sport in History, 27 (2), 2007, p.335.Google Scholar

80 Evans, R.J., In Defence of History (London: Granta, 1997), p.211.Google Scholar

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82 R.J. Evans, In Defence of History (London: Granta, 1997), p.214. The only stipulation I would add is that in order to produce an accurate history of ‘another’ place or society it is absolutely essential to consult the primary sources contained within the archives of that place or society. Unfortunately far too many have failed to do this in relation to South Africa.

83 Gottschalk, L. et.al, The Use of Personal Documents in History, Anthropology and Sociology (New York: Social Science Research Council, 1945), pp.32-33. Emphasis in original.Google Scholar

84 Ibid., p.33.

85 Brooks, P.C., Research in Archives (Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1969), p.l.Google Scholar