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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 13 August 2021
Mozambique’s rise to independence this June 25th constitutes another example in the world community of successful nationalist revolution against colonialism. Although it comes in the late nationalist period which witnessed its beginnings in central Europe during the nineteenth century, the Mozambican revolution’s international and Marxist image is comprehensible in the general historical context of nationalism.
The following notes stress the use of readily obtainable published sources rather than the more difficult to gather primary documentation.
1 Allen F., Isaacman, Mozambique: The Africanization of a European Institution: The Zambezi Prazos, 1750-1902 (Madison, 1972), pp. 17–23 Google Scholar.
2 James, Duffy, Portuguese Africa (Cambridge, 1959), pp. 268-88Google Scholar; Alan K., Smith, “Antonio Salazar and the Reversal of Portuguese Colonial Policy,” Journal of African History, 15 (1974), pp. 653-67Google Scholar.
3 Duffy, Portuguese Africa, p. 295; the assimilado status was abolished in 1953.
4 Marvin, Harris, “Labour Emigration Among the Mocambique Thonga: Cultural and Political Factors,” Africa, 29 (1959), pp. 50–66 Google Scholar; and “Race, Conflict and Reform in Mozambique,” The Transformation of East Africa, ed. Stanley, Diamond and Fred G., Burke (New York, 1966), pp. 157-83Google Scholar; for the poetic and artistic protest of conditions in Mozambique, see “The Role of Poetry in the Mozambique Revolution,” Mozambique Revolution, 37 (January-February 1969), pp. 23–31, and 38 (March-April 1969), pp. 17-32Google Scholar.
5 Details of strikes and protest are sketchy. For a partisan’s account, see Mondlane, , The Struggle for Mozambique (Baltimore, 1969), pp. 101-21Google Scholar; for a journalist’s brief account of one strike, see A.T. Steele, “On the Edge of Africa’s Racial Troubles,” New York Herald Tribune, November 26, 1952.
6 For a reprinting of FRELIMO resolutions, see Mondlane, The Struggle for Mozambique, pp. 123-23.
7 Helen Kitchen, “Conversations with Eduardo Mondlane,” Africa Report (November 1967), p. 51.
8 Mondlane, The Struggle for Mozambique, p. 193.
9 Thomas H., Henriksen, “The Revolutionary Thought of Eduardo Mondlane,” Geneve-Afrique, 20 (1973), pp. 37–52 Google Scholar.
10 David Martin, “Interpol Solves a Guerrilla Whodunit,” The Observer, February 6, 1972; Basil, Davidson, In the Eye of the Storm: Angola’s People (Garden City, 1973), pp. 228-31Google Scholar.
11 Davidson, In the Eye of the Storm.
12 John, Saul, “FRELIMO and the Mozambique Revolution,” Monthly Review, 24 (March 1973), pp. 22–52 Google Scholar.
13 Machel’s speech was broadcasted on September 20, 1974. It was printed in its entirety in the Daily News (Tanzania), September 23, 1974 and this reportage was reprinted in Facts and Reports (Amsterdam),4 (October 12, 1974), pp. 19-22.
14 This is a somewhat impressionistic analysis as gleaned from his comments and the observations of journalists, see “Frelimo men have to wait for the fruits of victory,” The Star (Johannesburg), December 21, 1974 Google Scholar.
15 For a view that FRELIMO’s policies and actions are a parroting of those of the People’s Republic of China, see Tom Lambert, “Mozambique Faces Fateful Freedom,” Los Angeles Times, March 21,1975.
16 Machel’s speech, “Mozambique: People’s Victory.”
17 Ibid.
18 Ibid.
19 CFM News and Notes, 31 (May 1975), p. 2.
20 Ibid., p. 3.
21 For a scathing attack on the United States’ economic and military assistance to Portugal, see William, Minter, Portuguese Africa and the West(New York, 1972)Google Scholar; for a critical analysis of American policy, see John, Marcum, “The United States and Portuguese Africa: A Perspective on American Foreign Policy,” Africa Today, 18 (October 1971), pp. 23–27 Google Scholar.