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Global Incorporation, Ideology, and Public Policy in Zimbabwe

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  13 August 2021

Wm. Cyrus Reed
Wm. Cyrus Reed*
Affiliation:
Simmons College (Iowa)
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Extract

Six years after independence, Zimbabwe is viewed by its admirers as having adopted a pragmatic approach to a broad range of socialist oriented policies. A massive expansion and re-direction of services in the areas of education, health, and agricultural extension services, in addition to the creation of one of the world’s largest resettlement programs, are often cited as evidence of how the government of Prime Minister Robert Mugabe is working for socialist transformation in Zimbabwe. In addition, under Mugabe’s Zimbabwe African National Union (ZANU) government, the Zimbabwean economy has been able to maintain a real expansion in production averaging near 4.6% per annum-perhaps the highest rate in Africa--while the government has reversed a tremendous balance of payments deficit.

Type
Insight
Information
African Issues , Volume 15 , 1987 , pp. 49 - 59
Copyright
Copyright © African Studies Association 1987 

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References

Notes

1. Standard Chartered Bank Zimbabwe. Economie Bulletin. October 1985.

2. Astrow, Andre. Zimbabwe: A Revolution That Lost its Way?. London: Zed Press, 1983.Google Scholar

3. Similar patterns have been observed in Zaire by Crawford Young in his The Politics of the Congo. Princeton University Press, 1965. see p. 230.

4. Peter Walshe, A.. The Rise of African Nationalism in South Africa. University of California Press, Berkeley, 1971.Google Scholar

5. Nyagumbo, Maurice. With the People: An Autobiography from Zimbabwe Struggle. Graham Publishing Company, Harare and Allison and Busby London, 1980.Google Scholar See Chapter 7: “Cape Town and the Communist Party”.

6. Smith, David and Simpson, Colon, with Davies, Ian. Mugabe. Sphere Books, London, 1981, p. 16.Google Scholar

7. Day, John. International Nationalism: The Extra-Territorial Relations of Southern Rhodesian African Nationalists. Routledge and Kegan Paul, London, 1967;Google Scholar and Snamuyarira, Nathan, Crisis in Rhodesia. Transatlantic Arts, New York, 1966.Google Scholar

8. Battle Cry, volume 1, number 1, 27 October 1963.

9. Zimbabwe Today, volume 1, number 16, 6 April 1967.

10. Much of the following discussion of the relations between ZANU and both FRELIMO and the People’s Republic of China is based upon chapters 1-6 in David Martin and Phyllis Johnson, The Struggle for Zimbabwe. London: Faber and Faber,1981. (Also published Harare: Zimbabwe Publishing House; Johannesburg: Raven Press).

11. Martin and Johnson Ibid., p. 84. The total number is unclear. In 1969, eight Chinese instructors were reported at Itumbi camp, in Tanzania. In 1970, twenty Chinese instructors are reported to have been working at Mgagao camp. However, in 1971, Mgagao replaced Itumbi as ZANU’s principle training camp. The question remains whether the twenty at Mgagao included the eight at Itumbi, or were in addition to them.

12. ZANU. Mwenge II: ZANU’s Political Programme, Lusaka I August 1972”, pp. 249-265 in Nyangoni, Christopher and Nyandoro, Gideon (Editors and Compilers). Zimbabwe Independence Movements: Selected Documents. Rex Collings, London, 1979.Google Scholar

13. ZANU. “Mwenge I: Policy Statement, Salisbury, 21 August 1963”, in Ibid., pp. 64-71.

14. ZANU. “Mwenge II”, Part 1, op. cit. note 35.

15. Ibid.

16. Ibid.

17. Ibid.

18. Martin and Johnson, op. cit., note 10, p. 84.

19. For a discussion of state violence during the struggle for independence in Zimbabwe, see Patrick O’Meara. “Violence and Liberation” in O’Meara, Patrick and Brian Winchester, N. (editors). Violence in Contemporary Africa. Indiana University Press, Bloomington (forthcoming).Google Scholar

20. For a discussion of security legislation both during and after independence war, see Weitzer, Ronald. “Continuities in the Politics of State Security in Zimbabwe”, Chapter Four in Schatzberg, Michael (Editor). The Political Economy of Zimbabwe. Praeger, New York, 1984, pp. 81–118.Google Scholar

21. Martin and Johnson, op. cit., note 10, p. 89.

22. Martin and Johnson, op. cit., note 10, p. 148-50.

23. Nyagumbo. op. cit., note 5, p. 214-216.

24. Zimbabwe Declaration of Unity. Lusaka, 7 December 1974”, in Nyagoni and Nyandoro. op. cit.,1 note 35, p. 296.

25. Martin and Johnson, op. cit., note 5, p. 206.

26. “Salisbury Declaration, 11 December 1974.” Nyangoni and Nyandoro. op. cit., note 35, p. 296.

27. For a discussion of Sithole’s behavior while representing ZANU on the ANC, see Zimbabwe News. Volume 9, numbers 6 and 5, 1976.

28. Martin and Johnson, op. cit., note 32, pp. 21 1-212. See also Zimbabwe News, Ibid.

29. Mgagao Declaration in Ibid, quoted in Martin and Johnson, op.cit., note 10, p. 212.

30. Martin and Johnson, op. ciL, note 10, p. 262.

31. Zimbabwe News, volume 9, numbers 5 and 6, 1977.

32. “Defining the Line in our War of Liberation”, Mugabe and Central Committee Members Meet in Chimoio”, Ibid, pp. 10-14. Reprinted in Mugabe, R.G.. Our War of Liberation. Mambo Press, Gweru Zimbabwe, 1983.Google Scholar

33. Ibid.

34. Tekere, Edgar. “The State of the Party”, Zimbabwe News, volume 9, numbers 5 and 6, 1977, p. 6.Google Scholar

35. Zimbabwe News, volume 10, number 2, 1978, pp. 5-10.

36. Mugabe, Robert. “The Perspective of our Revolution” in Zimbabwe News, volume 9, numbers 5 and 6, 1977, pp. 10–14.Google Scholar Also in Mugabe, op. cit., note 61, pp. 40-48.

37. Ibid.

38. Tekere, op. cit. note 63.

39. Mugabe, op. cit., note 65.

40. Zimbabwe News, volume 10, number 6, November-December 1978.

41. Martin and Johnson, op. cit., note 10, p. 217.

42. See Zimbabwe News, 1978 for chronicling of the travels by ZANU Executive Committee members.

43. Zimbabwe News,yobxm& 10, number 3, May—June, 1978, p. 15.

44. Zimbabwe News, volume 11, number 2, July—August 1979.

45. Zimbabwe News, volume 10, 1978.

46. For a fascinating account of the negotiation process and the position which Zanu and the Patriotic Front adopted, see the official documentation on record at the Zimbabwe National Archives, Harare, or Colin Legum. “Southern Africa: The Road To and From Lancaster House”, in Legum, C. (editor). Africa Contemporary Record, volume XII, 1979-80, Holmes and Meier, New York, 1981.Google Scholar

47. Ranger, Terrence. Peasant Consciousness and Guerilla War in Zimbabwe. University of California Press, Berkeley, 1985.Google Scholar

48. See Esau M. Chiviya. Land Reform in Zimbabwe: Policy and Implementation. Doctoral Dissertation completed in the Department of Political Science, Indiana University, 1982.

49. Many of the most repugnant measures which had come to characterize the European administration in Zimbabwe were actually repealed by the Muzorewa regime.Hoewever, the structure of the internal settlement and the continuation of the war meant that effective removal of these measures did not occur.

50. Standard Chartered Bank, op. cit., note 1.