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Sisters, wives, wards and daughters: a transformational analysis of the political organization of the Tiv and their neighbours. Part II: The transformations

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  07 December 2011

Extract

In the first part of this article I set myself two objectives, each of which took its cue from a generalization made about the political and social organization of the Tiv by their principal ethnographers, Laura and Paul Bohannan. I proposed to challenge the related views (1) that the political organization of the Tiv could adequately be described as a segmentary lineage organization and (2) that their organization was atypical of the area of middle-belt West Africa in which the Tiv live. Confining my attention to Tiv ethnogaphy, I argued in Part I that a persuasive case could be made for a more complex account of Tiv political processes which recognized the salience not only of descent but also of marriage, kinship and local competition for the achievement of personal prestige through manipulation of marriage strategies, mastery of the major akombo or cults and claims to the possession of legitimate tsav or supernatural power. Tiv society still retains remarkable features on this view of its political processes, but they are not those of complete atypicality. Instead, it becomes apparent that, while sharing many of its core institutions with neighbouring societies, Tiv culture combines them in a unique manner. The uniqueness of the combination becomes visible through the effects of Tiv social organization, the more important of which I would itemise as:

1. The persistence of Tiv culture and identity in a region of generally fragmented populations.

2. The capacity for expansion of Tiv society.

3. The capacity of Tiv society to absorb so many circumstances conducive to the development of hierarchy yet to remain, by and large, acephelous.

Résumé

Soeurs, pupilles, femmes et filles: une analyse transformationnelle de l'organisation politique des Tiv et de leurs voisins (II)

La première partie de cet article a cherché à relativiser la signification du principe de la lignée segmentaire dans un exposé de la politique des Tiv, en donnant plus de prominence aux aspects politiques des institutions des Tiv comme la parenté, le mariage, l'organisation des cultes et la sorcellerie, que Paul et Laura Bohannan, leurs ethnographes principaux, les avaient donnée. Ce lecture des données permet une reconnaissance de similitudes entre l'organisation politique des Tiv et celle de leurs voisins que l'on ne remarque pas lorsqu'une idéologic de linéage segmentaire est soulignée à l'exclusion des precédés micropolitiques. La seconde partie de cet article démontre la pratique largement établi du mariage d'échange en Afrique de l'ouest antérieure à l'époque coloniale et décrit une étude de cas de cette institution cognatique et préalablement gérontocratique des Mambila. En utilisant l'analyse transformationnelle il est avancé que la hiérarchie peut être introduite dans les systèmes de mariage-échanges de type Tiv/Mambila en niant la réciprocité directe entre les donneurs de femmes et les preneurs de femmes. Le refus d'accepter une femme en échange d'une pupille implique le maintien du droit de disposer les filles de cette pupille en mariage. Des variantes de cette stratégie de mariage étaient exercées par les strata dominants des Kona Jukun et des Wiya. Dans les deux cas mariage par échange de femmes demeurait l'idéal pour le reste de la population. Sous les régimes des Bangwa, Bamileke et Bamoum les ‘marriage lords’ monopolisaient les droits sur les femmes plus complètement. Bien que différentes dans leurs détails ces organisations évincent une tendance commune à ce que le droit de tutelle devienne héréditaire. Dans de telles organisations la réciprocité impliquée dans le mariage échange est niée. De façon concomitante il y a une élaboration de différents modèles de descendance matrilinéaire qui facilitent la remontée vers les droits de tutelle, et il y a une tendance pour les chefs et le ‘marriage lords’ à attirer des qualités de sorcellerie semblables à celles assumées par les ancients Tiv. Il est suggéré de facon tentative que la transformation de l'organisation du mariage/échange en une forme hiérarchique de mariage ‘seigneurial’ a pu prendre naissance historiquement au travers de la rétention des droits chez les descendants des esclaves femelles. L'échec de la hiérarchie à se développer dans la société Tiv peut s'expliquer en termes d'une tendance de compétition inférieure à bouleverser les relations d'inégalité achevées et les facteurs institutionnels qui militèrent contre l'héritage de privilèges.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © International African Institute 1985

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