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Rural-urban movement among Botswana's skilled manpower: some observations on the two sector model*

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  07 December 2011

Extract

Orthodox theories of social change emphasise the importance of formal training in the structural transformation of traditional systems within less developed countries (Peil 1973; Dore 1978). It is assumed that through investment in human capital economically-backward societies will achieve modernisation and growth, and that a sequence of changes in the social and occupational structure following the typical Western model will occur. A close association between educational and occupational attainment is postulated which forms the basis for a new system of social stratification defined by educational qualification and income level (Foster 1977). Intervening between the academic achievement of individuals and their entry into the job market an important additional spatial variable is included in the dual sector model (Lewis 1954; Forde 1968). Given that rural-urban dichotomy exists between traditional and modern sectors the model suggests that considerable selective movement from countryside to town is an additional necessary condition for economic growth. Finally it is assumed that the resultant spatial separation of the educated from their traditional environment coupled by secure employment in town consolidates the process of acculturation into a Western value system (Foley 1977).

Résumé

Le mouvement rural-urbain chez la main d'oevre qualifiée du Botswana—quelques remarques sur les rapports entre les deux secteurs

Alors que, d'une façon générale, les auteurs qui traitent du développement s'accordent sur le rapport entre le niveau de scolarisation et de formation, et le degré de mouvement sélectif des campagnes vers lez villes, un débat intéressant s'est engagé sur l'impacte de cette mobilité géographique sur les migrants eux-mêmes et sur leurs foyers ruraux. La présente étude, faite à Gaborone, capitale du Botswana, aborde le problème de trais manières. Premièrement, ele tente de dégager l'influence de la formation scolaire sur la propension à la migration, et a identifier, pour chaque membre des families tswana concérnees, le statut professionnel qui en résulte. Déuxiemement, elle analyse les facteurs qui influent sur l'insertion de chacun dans le milieu urbain et, troisièmement, elle s'interroge sur les eflets de ce mouvement sélectif sur la forme et la signification du lien rural-urbain. Au cours de cette enquête, on a choisi au hasard un échantillonnage par couches d'individus définis par leur niveau d'instruction. Les enquêtes ont consisté à recueillir des biographies en posant des questions sur le contexte familial, les migrations précédentes, les comportements vis à vis du travail urbain, le logement en ville, et le genre de lien, s'il existe encore, que les gens ont conservé avec le milieu rural. Les résultats indiquent que, si le mouvement rural-urbain est utile à l'intégration des secteurs modernes et traditionnels, la forme de cette intégration et l'importance qu'elle prend aux yeux des individus concernés varie selon leurs caractéristiques démographiques, sociales et économiques. C'est le foyer rural qui fournit les premières possibilites de fréquenter l'école et, pour les moins aptes, qui facilite la recherche d'un travail. Une fois en ville, les migrants éduqués accordent une grande valeur à leur emploi salarié, mais la base rurale n'est pas rejetée; elle bénéficie même des advantages en argent et en confort apportés par le fait qu'un de ses membres touche un salaire en ville. Cependant, il apparaït également que le niveau d'instruction et l'âge des migrants sont des facteurs importants dont dépend la forme du lien rural-urbain. Ceux qui se trouvent en deçà de la définition officielle de l'instruction' sont les plus touchés par le coût élevé de la vie en milieu urbain, font preuve de peu d'empressement à s'intégrer dans la vie urbaine et conservent des relations de forte dépendance culturelle et économique avec foyer rural d'origine. Par contre, les individus hautement qualifiés ont la capacité financière de profiter des deux systèmes: ils investissent dans de grandes propriétés rurales tout en jouissant des possibilités offertes par la ville.

Type
The Interdependence of Women and Men
Information
Africa , Volume 50 , Issue 4 , October 1980 , pp. 404 - 421
Copyright
Copyright © International African Institute 1980

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