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PRINT, NEWSPAPERS AND AUDIENCES IN COLONIAL KENYA: AFRICAN AND INDIAN IMPROVEMENT, PROTEST AND CONNECTIONS

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  24 January 2011

Abstract

The article addresses African and Indian newspaper networks in Kenya in the late 1940s in an Indian Ocean perspective. Newspapers were important parts of a printing culture that was sustained by Indian and African nationalist politics and economic enterprise. In this period new intermediary groups of African and Indian entrepreneurs, activists and publicists, collaborating around newspaper production, captured fairly large and significant non-European audiences (some papers had print runs of around ten thousand) and engaged them in new ways, incorporating their aspirations, writings and points of view in newspapers. They depended on voluntary and political associations and anti-colonial struggles in Kenya and on links to nationalists in India and the passive resistance movement in South Africa. They sidestepped the European-dominated print culture and created an anti-colonial counter-voice. Editors insisted on the right to write freely and be heard, and traditions of freedom of speech put a brake on censorship. Furthermore, the shifting networks of financial, editorial and journalistic collaboration, and the newspapers’ language choice – African vernaculars, Gujarati, Swahili and English – made intervention difficult for the authorities. With time, the politics and ideologies sustaining the newspapers pulled in different directions, with African nationalism gaining the upper hand among the forces that shaped the future independent Kenyan nation.

Résumé

L'article traite des réseaux de journaux africains et indiens au Kenya à la fin des années 1940 à travers le prisme de l'océan Indien. Les journaux étaient des composantes importantes d'une culture de l'imprimé soutenue par la politique nationaliste indienne et africaine, et l'activité économique. En cette période, de nouveaux groupes intermédiaires d'entrepreneurs, d'activistes et de publicistes africains et indiens, qui collaboraient à la production des journaux, séduisaient un lectorat non européen assez important (certains journaux se tiraient à près de dix mille exemplaires) et l'engageaient dans des modes nouveaux en intégrant ses aspirations, ses écrits et ses points de vue dans les journaux. Ils dépendaient d'associations bénévoles et politiques, et de luttes anticoloniales au Kenya, de liens avec les nationalistes en Inde et du mouvement de résistance passive en Afrique du Sud. Ils ont contourné la culture de l'imprimé dominée par l'Europe et créé une contre-voix anticoloniale. Les rédacteurs en chef insistaient sur le droit d’écrire librement et d’être entendu, et les traditions de liberté d'expression ont mis un frein à la censure. De plus, les réseaux changeants de collaboration financière, éditoriale et journalistique, ainsi que le choix de la langue des journaux (langues vernaculaires africaines, gujarati, swahili ou anglais), ont rendu difficile l'intervention des autorités. Au fil du temps, les politiques et les idéologies qui sous-tendaient les journaux ont pris des orientations différentes, et c'est le nationalisme africain qui a pris le dessus sur les forces qui ont façonné la future nation kenyane indépendante.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © International African Institute 2011

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Mumenyereri, 1945–52

Colonial Times, 1946, 1947

Daily Chronicle, 1951

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