Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-dsjbd Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-20T07:29:20.907Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

On the Survival of the Bushmen: With an Estimate of the Problem Facing Anthropologists1

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  21 August 2012

Extract

The last decade has seen a considerable revival of interest in the physical anthropology of the Bushman-Hottentot peoples. In the period 1952-5 no fewer than 34 papers with a bearing on this topic have been published, of a total of 46 in the decade 1946-55. This contrasts with 7 works in this category in the four years 1948-51. The subject-matter has been shared fairly evenly between studies on the living and those on skeletal remains. In the former category are studies on Nama Hottentots (Wells), Strandlopers (Dart), Koranas (Grobbelaar, Tobias), Sandawe (Trevor), Lake Chrissie Bushmen (Toerien), Northern Bushmen (Wells, Gusinde, Erikson, Williams, Tobias), River Bushmen (Hurwitz and Harington), Central Bushmen (Tobias), hybrids (Trevor, Wells, Tobias), and on blood groups (Zoutendyck, Kopec and Mourant, Grobbelaar). In the second category are craniological studies by Cosnett, Dart, Drennan, Dreyer and Meiring, Grobbelaar, Hope, Keen, Sauter, Tobias, Toerien, Wells, on a variety of recent, proto-historic, and prehistoric remains. Two thirds of all these studies have been focused primarily upon Bushmen. Furthermore, plans for additional anthropometrical and anthroposcopic surveys of surviving Bushmen are at present being elaborated in the Department of Anatomy of the University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg—from which Department, under the general direction and inspiration of Professor Raymond A. Dart, more than half the studies referred to have emanated. It is hoped that, in the coming years, a series of expeditions will visit Bushman tribes, more particularly in those areas which have not hitherto been studied from a physical anthropological point of view.

Résumé

QUELQUES NOTES SUR LA SURVIVANCE DES BOSCHIMANS

Le terme ‘Boschiman’ a une application plus étendue qu'il ne l'était supposé jusqu'ici et sa définition, en l'espèce, dépend principalement du critérium de la langue et du fait que des individus ou des tribus se reconnaissent mutuellement comme Boschimans ou Sarwa. Le nombre total de Boschimans qui existent encore à l'heure actuelle dans l'Afrique sud-est, le protectorat de Betchouanaland, l'Angola, la Rhodésie, l'Union sud-africaine et le Basutoland, dépasse 50.000, chiffre surprenant étant données les évaluations bien inférieures qui continuent d'être citées et l'impression générale qu'ils sont en voie de s'éteindre rapidement. Autrefois, ils ont dû être très nombreux et les documents historiques, ainsi que les vestiges d'ossements préhistoriques, indiquent que, dans le temps, ils habitaient de vastes étendues de territoire, y compris les régions les plus fertiles de l'Afrique méridionale, d'où ils sont maintenant disparus. Ceci indique que les Boschimans n'ont pas dû être une race distinctive qui s'est développée par suite des conditions désertiques. Il semble qu'ils aient été refoulés vers leurs centres actuels par la poussée des tribus de langue bantoue et les colons européens, et que ces facteurs, ainsi que les rigueurs d'une existence dans le désert, les aient amenés à modifier leur culture et à adopter un mode d'existence plus stabilisé. Il s'est produit un nombre considérable de métissages avec d'autres peuples, de sorte que l'intégrité tribale et raciale est en voie de disparaître rapidement. Il importe donc d'évaluer le nombre et la disposition des Boschimans survivants et d'étudier leur composition raciale. Cette tâche pourrait être accomplie d'année en année par un programme comprenant l'étude de deux ou trois tribus par an.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © International African Institute 1956

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Annual Report on the Bechuanaland Protectorate for 1946. (1948) London, H.M. Stationery Office.Google Scholar
Annual Report on the Bechuanaland Protectorate for 1948 (?1950).Google Scholar
Annual Report on the Bechuanaland Protectorate for 1951 (1953).Google Scholar
Baumann, H., and Westermann, D. (1948) Les Peuples et les Civilisations de l'Afrique (French trans. Homburger, L.). Paris, Payot.Google Scholar
Clark, J. D. (1951) ‘Bushmen hunters of the Barotse forests’, Northern Rhodesia Jnl., i, 3, pp. 5665.Google Scholar
Dart, R. A. (1937) ‘The physical characters of the / ?Auni-≠Khomani Bushmen’, Bantu Studies, xi, pp. 176246.Google Scholar
Elliot Smith, G. (1930) Human History. London, Jonathan Cape Ltd.Google Scholar
Fourie, L. (1928) ‘The Bushmen of South-West Africa’ in Hahn, , The Native Tribes of South Africa. Cape Town, Cape Times, pp. 79105.Google Scholar
Gusinde, M. (1952) ‘Bericht über meine südafrikanische Forschungsreise 1950/51’, Anthropos, xlvii, pp. 388404.Google Scholar
Joyce, J. W. (1938) Report on the Masarwa in the Bamangwato Reserve, Bechuanaland Protectorate. League of Nations Publications VI B. Slavery (C. 112, M. 98. 1938. VI) Annex 6, pp. 5776.Google Scholar
Marett, J. R. de la H. (1936) Race, Sex and Environment. London, Hutchinson.Google Scholar
Native Affairs Annual Report (1953) for South-West Africa. Information supplied by S.W.A. Chief Native Commissioner, 1954.Google Scholar
Official Year Book of the Union of South Africa and of Basutoland, Bechuanaland Protectorate and Swaziland, 1950, No. 26. Pretoria, Government Printer.Google Scholar
Reports concerning the Administration of South-West Africa for the years 1926 and 1938. Pretoria, Government Printer.Google Scholar
Report on the Natives of South-West Africa and their treatment by Germany (1918). London, H.M. Stationery Office.Google Scholar
Schapera, I. (1930) The Khoisan Peoples of South Africa: Bushmen and Hottentots. London, Routledge.Google Scholar
Schapera, I. (1939) ‘A Survey of the Bushman question’, Race Relations, vi. 2, pp. 6883.Google Scholar
Schapera, I. (1947) Migrant Labour and Tribal Life. London, Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Sollas, W. J. (1924) Ancient Hunters and their Modern Representatives. London, Macmillan & Co.Google Scholar
Tobias, P. V. (1955 a) ‘Physical anthropology and somatic origins of the Hottentots’, African Studies, xiv. 1, pp. 115.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tobias, P. V. (1955 b) ‘The Auen and Naron Bushmen of Ghanzi: a contribution to the study of the Old Yellow South Africans’, L'Anthropologie (in press).Google Scholar
Toerien, M. J. (1955), ‘Transvaal Bushmen: a preliminary note’, Leech (published by Students' Medical Council, University of the Witwatersrand), xxv (2), pp. 1314.Google Scholar