^{page 135 note 1} In the towns are found representatives of almost every tribe in Central and Southern Africa as well as all stages of education, from primitive illiteracy to men with University qualifications.

^{page 136 note 1} There are, no doubt, some exceptions to these general principles. The Nguni peoples, to whom the Matabele of Southern Rhodesia are closely related, were certainly not organized on such lines. They raided their neighbours for stock, women, and slaves, and between raids they rested while the ‘boys’ they had captured did the heavy work. The traditional attitudes influencing the behaviour of this group of people may well be different from those operating in the case of less war-like tribes, but their effects are very much the same. To many Matabele, the Europeans are considered to have taken over their own one-time role of using conquered peoples to do the menial tasks. They do not regard these Europeans as very industrious and when white people are seen doing heavy work their motives are not understood.

^{page 136 note 2} Sir Orde-Brown, G., The African Labourer, International African Institute, 1953.Google Scholar

^{page 137 note 1} Instances of this tendency were encountered in Bulawayo 1950.

^{page 137 note 2} As will be shown as recently as opportunities to achieve prestige or new skills are limited by legislature and current practice.

^{page 138 note 1} Industrial, Commercial and Municipal Native Employment Regulations. Government Notice 144/1949.

^{page 138 note 2} Little starvation is found at present because of the vast amount of food sent into town by rural kinsmen and because of the subsidiary sources of income—most of which are illegal or immoral—to which many townsfolk resort from sheer necessity.

^{page 139 note 1} In particular by the conditions imposed in the Industrial Conciliation Act.

^{page 139 note 2} Although the flow of labour from Southern Rhodesia into the Union is considerable and would, in fact, be very much greater if steps were not taken to prevent migration, the number of South African natives who seek work in Southern Rhodesia is negligible. Union natives know that there is no greater freedom across the Limpopo and that wages are very much lower.

^{page 140 note 1} It is not generally realized how much the average African travels or how much he observes as he passes from place to place. Social and economic conditions in neighbouring territories are well known and discussed, as are the merits and demerits of individual employers. Letters, motor transport, the railway, and African newspapers all widen the knowledge and experience of the urban African.

^{page 140 note 2} The Chief Native Commissioner informed the writer in 1949 that It was his policy to make no distinction between various categories of Africans.

^{page 141 note 1} This act incorporates a number of earlier legislative enactments.

^{page 141 note 2} Attempts have been made recently at Gwelo to give leasehold urban houses to Africans but it is questionable whether those who invest their savings in such ventures will be able to afford normal rates and taxes when they cease to be employed. The economic rentals of such properties are almost double the rent, subsidized by the Municipality, that is paid by men renting accommodation on the normal monthly basis.

^{page 143 note 1} ‘White Reserves’ as Sir Godfrey Huggins has called them.

^{page 144 note 1} If the incentives for a man to settle in town and to make it his home are to remain as limited as they are at present, there is little point in continuing to build married accommodation with a view to encouraging family life. Married couples cannot begin to lead family lives in the real sense of the term and with a resulting increase in the husband's interest in productivity, until they see security for themselves—no matter how distant or how difficult to attain; until they can form part of a community in which public opinion can operate and in which they themselves, as man and wife or as parents, can command some measure of self-respect as human beings.