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The Fante Asafo: a Re-examination

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  23 January 2012

Extract

Sociological interest, like economic growth, is subject to uneven development. While Asante society has been studied in detail by Rattray (1923, 1927, and 1929), Busia (1949), and Lystad (1958), there has been relatively little research on the Fante of southern Ghana, and even less on the Fante asafo (the traditional military companies to which one belongs through the father's line). Looking back at De Graft Johnson's article on the Fante asafo, published in Africa in 1932, one realizes that even after three decades it remains, with the possible exception of Chapter VI of Christensen's monograph (1954), the only significant study devoted to the asafo. Yet, although valuable, these accounts are unfortunately open to criticism, in terms of both factual description and interpretation. De Graft Johnson's article is not adequate because it omitted some important features of the asafo, not likely to have been incorporated into the system after the author had collected his material. It also lacked balance through over-reliance on information collected from Cape Coast which, according to the author, provided a good model of the asafo (De Graft Johnson, op. cit., p. 307). While it failed to take note of several notable features of the asafo in inland states, it also neglected to underline some important details of the asafo which are observable even in Cape Coast. Christensen, on the other hand, collected his material from three Fante states, Abura, Anomabu, and Esiam, and his treatment of the asafo is, therefore, much more thorough. But he, as will be made clear presently, did not touch upon some salient aspects of the Fante asafo.

Résumé

L'ASAFO FANTE: UN RÉEXAMEN

Cet article, basé sur une enquête menée auprès des Fante du Sud du Ghana, apporte un complément d'information aux rapports sur l'asafo fante, présenté par J. C. de Graft Johnson et J. B. Christensen. Ceux-ci paraissent inadéquats car ils ne tiennent pas compte de certains traits structurels essentiels de l'asafo, tels que les subdivisions internes de ces associations, les relations entre les liens patrilinéaires et quelques associations individuelles, et la liaison entre la ville et la campagne. Les auteurs ont également négligé certaines informations sur les différences établies entre les asafo, comme, par exemple, la séparation résidentielle et l'usage d'appellations, de couleurs, de trompes et autres instruments de musique distinctives. Enfin, ils insistent trop souvent sur l'aspect militaire de l'asafo et négligent ses autres fonctions: la tenure et le maniement du sol, l'organisation des activités récéatives, etc.…

En ce qui concerne les raisons occasionnant la réapparition des troubles apparus au sein des asafo dans les diverses villes côtières fante depuis le 18e siècle jusqu'à l'avant-dernière génération, on peut noter que la division compétitive était un trait traditionnel de la société fante et de l'asafo, qui constitue seulement un de ses nombreux aspects. Les échecs de l'organisation traditionnelle qui gardait les segmentations compétitives des asafo furent affaiblis par suite d'une évolution sociale due à la multiplication des contacts avec les Européens dans le pays fante. Et ceci a amené des poussées de violence entre ces associations.

Type
Research Article
Information
Africa , Volume 42 , Issue 4 , October 1972 , pp. 305 - 315
Copyright
Copyright © International African Institute 1972

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