Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-t8hqh Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-22T04:07:59.544Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Environment and access to resources in Africa

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  07 December 2011

Piers Blaikie
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

This article has been written as a contribution to the future orientation of a research programme on the agrarian crisis in Africa, which has been set up by the Joint Committee on African Studies (JCAS) of the American Council of Learned Societies and the Social Science Research Council. The aim of this article is to provide an agenda for research on the environment and access to resources in Africa and is one of four which both provide a review of some of the most important research issues and suggest ways in which they might be tackled.

Résumé

Environnement et accès aux ressources en Afrique: un document programmatique

Le but de ce document est de fournir un programme de recherche sur l'environnement et l'accès aux ressources en Afrique. Il soutient une approche plus ‘localisée’ à la question de la dégradation des terres qui peut à la fois souligner les changements majeurs de l'économie politique agraire en vigueur aux échelles nationale et internationale ainsi que les détails de prises de décision collectives ‘domestiques’ en matière de gestion de l'utilisation des terres. Ce programme de recherche est fondé sur un modèle général de changement du contrôle sur les ressources et les décisions relatives à l'utilisation des terres qui est lui-même lié à un autre modèle qui identifie le processus de prise de décision par rapport à la dégradation des terres.

Type
Access, control and use of resources in African agriculture
Information
Africa , Volume 59 , Issue 1: Access, control and use of resources in African Agriculture , January 1989 , pp. 18 - 40
Copyright
Copyright © International African Institute 1989

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Abel, N. O. J., and Blaikie, P. M. 1988. ‘Managing Common Property Resources in Rural Development: the case of Zimbabwe and Botswana’, Final Report. Overseas Development Administration, London.Google Scholar
Abel, N. O. J., Flint, M., Hunter, N., Chandler, D., and Merafe, Y. 1985. ‘The Problems and Possibilities of Communal Land Management in Ngwaketse District: a case study’, Summary Report. International Livestock Centre for Africa.Google Scholar
Abel, N. O. J., Hunter, N., Chandler, D., Flint, M., Bagwasi, T., and Merefoe, Y. 1985. ‘An Investigation into the Problems and Possibilities of Communal Grazing Management in Ngwaketse Central Agricultural District’, International Livestock Centre for Africa, Integrated Farming Project, Gaborone.Google Scholar
Abel, N. O. J., and Stocking, M. 1987. ‘A rapid method for assessing rates of soil erosion and sediment yields from rangeland: an example from Botswana’, Journal of Range Management, 40 (5): 460–66.Google Scholar
Allan, W. 1967. The African Husbandman. Edinburgh: Oliver & Boyd.Google Scholar
Anderson, D. M. 1984. ‘Depression, dust bowl, demography and drought: the colonial state and soil conservation in East Africa during the 1930s’, African Affairs, 83 (322), 321–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anderson, D. M. and Millington, A. 1986. ‘Political economy of soil conservation in anglophone Africa’, paper presented to the annual general meeting of Institute of British Geographers, University of Reading, Reading, January.Google Scholar
Behnke, R. H. 1985. ‘The dynamics of open-range management and property rights in pastoral Africa’, Overseas Development Institute, London.Google Scholar
Beinhart, W. 1984. ‘Soil erosion, conservationism and ideas about development: a Southern African exploration 1900–1960’, Institute of South African Studies, 2 (1): 52–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Belshaw, D. G. R. 1979. ‘Taking indigenous technology seriously: the case of inter-cropping techniques in East Africa’, Institute of Development Studies Bulletin, 10 (2): 24–7.Google Scholar
Bernstein, H. 1977. ‘Notes on capital and peasantry’, Review of African Political Economy, 10: 60–73.Google Scholar
Bernstein, H. 1979. ‘African peasantries: a theoretical framework’, Journal of Peasant Studies, 6 (4): 420–44.Google Scholar
Berry, L. and Townshend, J. 1973. ‘Soil conservation policies in the semi-arid regions of Tanzania: a historical perspective’, in Rapp, A., Berry, L. and Temple, P. (eds.), Studies in Soil Erosiotv and Sedimentation in Tanzania, Research Monograph no. 1. Dar es Salaam: Bureau of Resource Assessment and Land Use Planning, University of Dar es Salaam.Google Scholar
Berry, S. S. 1984a. ‘The food crisis and agrarian change in Africa: a review essay’, African Studies Review, 2 (2): 59–112.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berry, S. S. 1984b. Households Decision-making and Rural Development: do we need to know more?, Development Discussion Paper No. 167. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Institute for International Development.Google Scholar
Berry, S. S. 1986. ‘Social institutions and access to resources’, paper prepared for 29th Annual Meeting of African Studies Association, Madison, Wisconsin.Google Scholar
Biggs, S. D. 1983. ‘Monitoring and control in agricultural research systems’, Research Policy, 12: 37–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Biggs, S. D. 1984. ‘Awkward but common themes in agricultural policy’, in Clay, E. and Schaffer, B. (eds.), Room for Manoeuvre. London: Heinemann.Google Scholar
Binswanger, H. P. 1980. ‘Attitudes towards risk: experimental measurement in rural India’, American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 63 (3).Google Scholar
Biot, Y. 1988. ‘Modelling productivity losses caused by erosion’, paper presented at the Fifth International Soil Conservation Conference, Bangkok, 18–25 January.Google Scholar
Blaikie, P. M. 1985. The Political Economy of Soil Erosion in Developing Countries. London: Heinemann.Google Scholar
Blaikie, P. M. 1987. ‘The SADCC countries' historical experience of soil conservation and people's participation in it: some lessons for future policy’, in History of Soil Conservation in the SADCC Region, Report no. 8. Maseru, Lesotho: South African Development Coordination Conference, Soil and Water Conservation and Land Utilisation.Google Scholar
Blaikie, P. M. and Brookfield, H. C. 1987. Land Degradation and Society. London: Methuen.Google Scholar
Bojo, J. 1986. An Introduction to Cost-Benefit Analysis of Soil and Water Conservation Projects, Report no. 6. Maseru, Lesotho: South African Development Coordination Conference, Soil and Water Conservation and Land Utilisation.Google Scholar
Brokensha, D., Warren, D., and Werner, O. (eds.) 1980. Indigenous Knowledge Systems and Developments. Washington DC: University Press of America.Google Scholar
Campbell, B. M., du Toit, B. P., and Atwell, C. A. M. 1986. ‘Relationships between the environment and basic needs satisfaction in the Sabi Valley, Zimbabwe’, University of Zimbabwe.Google Scholar
Chayanov, A. V. 1966. The Theory of the Peasant Economy, edited by Thorner, D., Kerblay, B. and Smith, R. E. F.. Homewood, Illinois: R. D. Irwin.Google Scholar
Copans, J. 1983. ‘The Sahelian drought: social sciences and the political economy of underdevelopment’, in Hewitt, K. (ed.), Interpretations of Calamity, pp. 83–97. London: Allen & Unwin.Google Scholar
Ekejuiba, F. 1984. ‘Contemporary households and major socio-economic transitions in eastern Nigeria: toward a reconceptualisation of the household’, in Guyer, J. I. and Peters, P. E. (eds.), Conceptualising the Household, pp. 9–13. Harvard, Mass.: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Eltringham, S. K. 1985. ‘The history of conservation in Uganda’, paper presented to the workshop on ‘The Scramble for Resources: Conservation in Africa, 1884–1984’, African Studies Centre, Cambridge, 19–20 April.Google Scholar
Evanson, R. E. 1976. ‘On the new household economies’, Journal of Agricultural Economics and Development, 6: 87–103.Google Scholar
Evanson, R. E. 1981. ‘Food policy and the new home economies’, Food Policy, August: 180–93.Google Scholar
Fahlen, A. 1985. An Evaluation of Soil Conservation Practices in Nyeri District in Kenya, Working Paper 31. Uppsala: Swedish University of African Sciences.Google Scholar
FAO. 1986. ‘Ethiopian Highlands Reclamation Study’, Executive Summary, UTF/ETH/O37/ETH. Rome: FAO.Google Scholar
Fournier, F. 1960. Climate and Erosion. Paris: Presses Universitaries de France.Google Scholar
Franke, R., and Chasin, B. H. 1980. Seeds of Famine: ecological destruction and the development dilemma in the western Sahel. New Jersey: Allenheld, Osman.Google Scholar
Freund, B. 1984. ‘Labor and labor history in Africa: a review of the literature’, African Studies Review, 27 (2): 1–58.Google Scholar
Guyer, J. I., and Peters, P. 1984. Conceptualising the Household: issues of theory and method application. Sponsored by the Joint Committee on African Studies of the American Council of Learned Societies and the SSRC, Harvard Workshop, 2–4 November.Google Scholar
Hill, P. 1963. Migrant Cocoa Farmers of Southern Ghana. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Homewood, K. 1985. ‘Swamp grazing in Baringo’, paper presented at the African Studies Association of the United Kingdom, University College London, 18 September.Google Scholar
Hudson, N. W. 1981. ‘Non-technical constraints on soil conservation’, in Tingsanchati, T. and Eggers, H. (eds.), South East Asian Regional Symposium on Problems of Soil Erosion and Sedimentation. Bangkok.Google Scholar
Independent Commission on International Humanitarian Issues (ICIHI). 1986a. The Vanishing Forest: the human consequences of deforestation. London: Zed.Google Scholar
Independent Commission on International Humanitarian Issues (ICIHI) 1986b. The Encroaching Desert: the consequences of human failure. London: Zed.Google Scholar
International Food Policy Research Institute. 1985. Soil and Water Conservation in Sub-Saharan Africa: issues and options, report prepared by the Centre for Development Cooperation Services, Free University, Amsterdam, November.Google Scholar
International Union for the Conservation of Nature. 1980. World Conservation Strategy: living resource conservation for sustainable development. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN.Google Scholar
JCAS. 1986a. ‘Project on African agriculture: crisis and transformation’, working paper of the Joint Committee on African Studies of the American Council of Learned Societies and the Social Science Research Council.Google Scholar
JCAS. 1986b. ‘Project on African agriculture: crisis and transformation: project description’, working paper of the Joint Committee on African Studies of the American Council of Learned Societies and the Social Science Research Council.Google Scholar
Kelly, R. D. 1971. ‘Progress report on the investigation of veld production in the south-eastern low veld of Rhodesia’, September.Google Scholar
Kelly, R. D. 1973. ‘A Comparative Study of Primary Production under Different Kinds of Land Use in South-eastern Rhodesia’, PhD thesis, University of London.Google Scholar
Ki-Zerbo, (1981) ‘Women and the energy crisis in the Sahel’, Unasylva, 33: 5–10.Google Scholar
Klepper, R. 1980. ‘The state and peasantry in Zambia’, in The Evolving Structure of Zambian Society, pp. 120–50. Edinburgh: Centre of African Studies.Google Scholar
Lachenmann, G. 1985. ‘Ecology and social structure in the Sahel’, Economics (Tubingen), 32: 80–106.Google Scholar
Lachenmann, G., Hottler, L., Kohn, D., Kreft, H., Mayer, W., and Von Stackelberg, K. 1985. Ecologie et Dévéloppement socio-économique: étude des interdépendences entre la deterioration de l'environment et les activités quotidiennes de I'homme dans le Zone Lacustre au Mali, Berlin: Institut Allemand de Dévéloppement.Google Scholar
Lai, R. 1984. ‘Productivity assessment of tropical soils and the effects of erosion’, in Rijsberman, F. R. and Wolman, M. G. (eds.), Quantification of the Effects of Erosion on Soil Productivity in an International Context, pp. 70–94. Delft: Delft Hydraulics Laboratory.Google Scholar
Lamb, R., and Seifulaziz, M. 1983. ‘Soil erosion, real cause of Ethiopian famine’, Environmental Conservation, 10 (2): 157–9.Google Scholar
Lipton, M. 1968. ‘The theory of the optimising peasant’, Journal of Development Studies, 4: 327–51.Google Scholar
Lipton, M. 1980. ‘Man of two worlds: migrant labour in South Africa’, Optima, special issue.Google Scholar
Low, A. 1986. Agricultural Development in Southern Africa. London: James Currey.Google Scholar
Marter, A., and Honeybone, D. 1976. ‘The economic resources of rural households and the distribution of agricultural development’, Rural Development Studies Bureau, University of Zambia, Lusaka.Google Scholar
Millington, A. C. 1985. ‘Environmental degradation, soil conservation and agricultural policies in Sierre Leone, 1895–1984’, paper presented at the workshop on ‘The Scramble for Resources: Conservation Policies in Africa, 1884–1984’, African Studies Centre, Cambridge, 19–20 April.Google Scholar
Millington, A. C. and Mutiso, G. 1986. ‘Appropriate technology: the political economy of technical choice in African agriculture’, paper presented at the Conference on African Political Economy, Liverpool, 26–27 September.Google Scholar
Mlia, J. R. N. 1987. ‘The history of soil conservation in Malawi’, in History of Soil Conservation in the SADCC Region, Report no. 8. Maseru, Lesotho: South African Development Coordination Conference, Soil and Water Conservation and Land Utilisation.Google Scholar
Murray, C. 1981. Families Divided. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Nobe, G. K., and Seckler, D. W. 1979. ‘An Economic and Policy Analysis of Soil-Water Problems and Conservation Programme in the Kingdom of Lesotho’, LASA Research Report No. 3. Maseru, Lesotho: Ministry of Agriculture.Google Scholar
Ostberg, W. 1986. The Kondoa Transformation: coming to grips with soil erosion in central Tanzania, Research Report no. 76. Uppsala: Scandinavian Institute of African Studies.Google Scholar
Prothero, R. (ed.) 1972. People and Land in Africa South of the Sahara. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Reynolds, N. 1986. ‘Zimbabwe: a case study of agricultural reconstruction’, unpublished paper.Google Scholar
Richards, P. 1983. ‘Ecological change and the politics of African land use’, African Studies Review, 26 (2): 1–72.Google Scholar
Richards, P. 1985. Indigenous Agricultural Revolution. London: Hutchinson Education.Google Scholar
Richards, P. 1986. ‘What's wrong with farming systems research?’ paper presented at the conference of the Development Studies Association, University of East Anglia, Norwich, 15–16 September.Google Scholar
Robinson, D. A. 1978. Soil Erosion and Soil Conservation in Zambia, Occasional Study no. 9. Lusaka: University of Zambia.Google Scholar
Robinson, D. A. 1985. ‘Motives and policies for soil conservation in Zambia, 1938–1978’, paper presented at the workshop on ‘The Scramble for Resources: Conservation Policies in Africa, 1884–1984’, African Studies Centre, Cambridge, 19–20 April.Google Scholar
Roder, W. 1977. Environmental Assessment of the Rural Development Area Program, Swaziland. Cincinnati: University of Cincinnati Press.Google Scholar
Ruthenberg, H. 1983. Farming Systems in the Tropics (3rd edition). London: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Ruttan, V. 1981. ‘An induced innovation interpretation of technical change in agriculture in developed countries’, paper presented at the seminar ‘Cambio Técnico en al Agro Latinoamercano: Situacĩón y Perspectives en la Década de 1980’, Coronado, Costa Rica.Google Scholar
Ruttan, V. 1982. Agricultural Research Policy. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.Google Scholar
Sandford, S. 1982. ‘Livestock in the communal areas of Zimbabwe’, Ministry of Lands, Resettlement and Rural Development, Harare; Overseas Development Institute, London.Google Scholar
Sandford, S. 1983. Management of Pastoral Development in the Third World. Chichester: John Wiley.Google Scholar
Schlippe, P. de, 1956. Shifting Cultivation in Africa. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.Google Scholar
Scott, E. 1984. ‘Life before the drought: a human ecological perspective’, in Scott, E. (ed.), Life Before the Drought, pp. 1–28. London: Allen & Unwin.Google Scholar
Seckler, D. W. 1987. ‘Economic costs and benefits of degradation and its repair’, in Blaikie, P. M. and Brookfield, H. C. (eds.), Land Degradation and Society.London: Methuen.Google Scholar
Shepherd, A. W. 1984. ‘Nomads, farmers and merchants: old strategies in a changing Sudan’, in Scott, E. (ed.), Life Before the Drought. London: Allen & Unwin.Google Scholar
Sinclair, A. R. E., and Fryxell, J. M. 1985. ‘The Sahel of Africa: ecology of a disaster’, Canadian Journal of Zoology, 63: 987–94.Google Scholar
Stocking, M. A. 1978. ‘The prediction and estimation of erosion in sub-tropical Africa: problems and prospects’, Geo-Eco-Trop, 2: 161–74.Google Scholar
Stocking, M. A. 1984. ‘Soil conservation policy in colonial Africa and its continuation, effects and lessons’, paper presented at the symposium on the History of Soil and Water Conservation, Missouri, Columbia, 23–26 May.Google Scholar
Stocking, M. A. 1985. ‘Soil conservation policy in colonial Africa’, Agricultural History, 59 (2): 148–61.Google Scholar
Stocking, M. A. 1987. ‘Measuring land degradation’, in Blaikie, P. M. and Brookfield, H. C. (eds.), Land Degradation and Society. London: Methuen.Google Scholar
Stocking, M. A. and Peake, L. 1985. ‘Erosion-induced loss in soil productivity: trends in research and international cooperation’, paper presented at the Fourth International Conference on Soil Conservation, Maracay, Venezuela, 3–9 November.Google Scholar
Strakhov, N. M. 1967. Principles of Lithogenesis, vol. I. Edinburgh: Oliver & Boyd.Google Scholar
Temple, P. 1973. ‘Soil and water conservation policies in the Uluguru mountains, Tanzania’, in Rapp, A., Berry, L. and Temple, P. (eds.), Studies in Soil Erosion and Sedimentation in Tanzania, Research Monograph no. 1. Dar es Salaam: Bureau of Resource Assessment and Land Use Planning, University of Dar es Salaam.Google Scholar
Thompson, M., and Warburton, M. 1985. ‘Uncertainty on a Himalayan scale’, Mountain Research and Development, 5 (2): 115–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Timberlake, L. 1984. Africa in Crisis. London: Earthscan.Google Scholar
Turner, S. D. 1982. ‘Soil conservation: administrative and extension approaches in Lesotho’, Agricultural Administration, 9:147–62.Google Scholar
Uhlig, A. 1984. ‘Hunger and erosion: Africa's vicious cycle’, Szviss Review of World Affairs, October.Google Scholar
United Nations. 1977. Desertification: its causes and consequences, background papers to UN Conference on Desertification, Nairobi. Oxford: Pergamon Press.Google Scholar
USAID. 1981. ‘Draft Environmental Profile on Ruanda’, Arid Lands Information Centre, Tucson, Arizona.Google Scholar
USAID. 1985. ‘A Soil and Water Conservation Project in Two Sites in Somalia: seventeen years later’, AID Project Impact Evaluation Report No. 62, USAID, Washington, DC, August.Google Scholar
Walling, D. E. 1984. ‘The sediment yield of African rivers’, in Walling, D. E., Foster, S. S. D. and Wurzel, P. (eds.), Challenges in African Hydrology and Water Resources, pp. 265–83. Wallingford: International Association of Hydrological Sciences.Google Scholar
Watts, M. 1984. ‘The demise of the moral economy: food and famine in a Sudano-Sahelian region in historical perspective’, in Scott, E. (ed.), Life before the Drought. Boston: Allen & Unwin.Google Scholar
Watts, M. 1986. ‘Drought, environment and food security: some reflections on peasants, pastoralists and commoditisation in dryland West Africa’, unpublished paper.Google Scholar
Weeks, J. 1970. ‘Uncertainty, risk and wealth and income distribution in peasant agriculture’, Journal of Development Studies, 7 (1): 28–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
West, O. 1968. ‘The vegetation of southern Matabeleland: a study of the reasons for its present degradation and possible means of rehabilitation’, unpublished paper.Google Scholar
Whitlow, R. 1986. ‘A natural erosion survey of Zimbabwe’, University of Zimbabwe, unpublished paper.Google Scholar
Willett, A. B. J. 1981. Agricultural Group Development in Botswana, 3 vols. Botswana: Ministry of Agriculture.Google Scholar
Wilson, K. B. 1986. ‘History, ecology and conservation in Southern Zimbabwe’, University College London, unpublished papaer.Google Scholar