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Elders and ‘Frauds’: Commodified Expertise and Politicized Authenticity Among Mijikenda

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  19 May 2011

Abstract

Among Mijikenda of the Kenya coast, the male Kaya elders (azhere a Kaya) – custodians of sacred spaces and customary knowledge – traditionally undergo years of secretive ritual training and tribulation in order to accrue both expertise and seniority. Over the past few years, however, a series of scandals have fragmented this group, casting them into the national spotlight while fomenting debates about the nature of elders’ expertise. In the ethnically fraught context of Kenyan politics, politicians of Mijikenda and of other ethnic backgrounds have sought out and paid Kaya elders for ritual ‘anointing’ or ‘blessing’ in order to win Mijikenda allegiance in their political campaigns. As public cynicism toward these events has mounted and elders have traded barbed accusations of fraudulence, much discourse has revolved around an idealized and nostalgic model of the kind of expertise considered to be under threat. I discuss the roles of morality, secrecy and ethnic identity in this model, suggesting that these ways of thinking about expertise are not merely reflections of ‘tradition’ but also emergent from presentist struggles for elders’ personal power and for the collective identity of Mijikenda.

Chez les Mijikenda de la côte kenyane, les anciens Kaya (azhere a Kaya), gardiens des espaces sacrés et du savoir coutumier, suivent des années de formation rituelle secrète et de tribulations, traditionnellement, pour renforcer leur expertise et la supériorité de leur statut. Or, au cours de ces dernières années, une série de scandales a divisé ce groupe, le projetant sur le devant de la scène publique tout en fomentant des débats sur la nature de l'expertise des anciens. Dans le contexte ethnique tendu de la politique kenyane, des politiciens d'origine mijikenda et d'autres ethnies se sont mis en quête d'anciens Kaya pour recevoir, contre rémunération, leur « onction » ou « bénédiction » pour gagner l'allégeance des Mijikenda dans leurs campagnes politiques. Sur fond de montée du cynisme public à l’égard de ces événements et de vives accusations de comportement frauduleux échangées par les anciens, une grande partie du discours a porté sur un modèle idéalisé et nostalgique du type d'expertise considéré menacé. L'article traite des rôles de la moralité, du secret et de l'identité ethnique dans ce modèle, en suggérant que ces manières de réfléchir à l'expertise ne sont pas de simples reflets de la « tradition », mais émergent également des luttes du présent pour le pouvoir personnel des anciens et pour l'identité collective des Mijikenda.

Type
Research-Articles
Copyright
Copyright © International African Institute 2009

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