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Dreams of power: social process in a West African religious movement

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  07 December 2011

Extract

In the present paper we shall describe the ways in which dreams are regarded by the members of a West African religious sect and explain how dreams figure in the social organization of the sect. Our point of departure will be largely sociological, and in this respect our study differs from most anthropological writings on dreams. The dream narrations which we are considering arise as much out of the social organization of the sect as from the psyche of the individuals. Furthermore, the narrations are public performances and are evaluated by members of the sect for the purpose of situating each other within the community of church members. The narrations are used by church members to demonstrate the depth of their religious commitment and to assist them in competing for key roles within the church. Thus dreams are important as indicators of a person's worth and as instruments of social mobility. Following Charsley's treatment of dreams in a Ugandan independent church we will not focus on the use of dreams as a ‘privileged channel of insight into the culture’ (1973: 244), although the themes and symbols which are described in the narratives can indeed reveal much about the beliefs of church members and suggest ways in which their beliefs might guide their behaviour. It is appropriate to discuss some of these themes and symbols en route to our objective, and in doing so it will be possible to shed some light on the teachings of the sect and on the mentality of many of its members. It is important to state, however, that the primary data of this study are not accounts of dreams such as those that might be told privately to an analyst or an ethnographer. Rather they are mostly accounts which people present in public at church services. They are sometimes retold, embellished and circulated throughout the community of church members. Thus the data are speech events which are often used instrumentally by the narrator, sometimes for the purpose of ennobling the self and sometimes for the purpose of praising the sect. This means that one would have to question the authenticity of the narratives if one were to use them as windows into the minds of church members. We are on safer ground if we view the narratives of dreams as public performances which are patterned in accordance with the expectations of the church community and which have an effect on social action within that community.

Résumé

Rêves et Pouvoir: Processus social dans un mouvement religieux ouest-africain

Cette étude relate la narration des rêves dans une secte chrétienne de la Province Sud-ouest du Cameroun. Les membres de l'Eglise se considèrent comme une communauté de croyants, unis par un ensemble commun de croyances, et s'efforcent de réaliser une fraternité égalitaire, en s'aidant matériellement les uns les autres et en priant pour la santé de chacun. Cet essai décrit la manière dont les rêves sont interprétés par les membres de la Véritable Eglise de Dieu et explique comment les rêves figurent dans l'organisation sociale de la secte. Nous ne sommes pas primordialement intéressés par le contenu des rêves. Plutôt, nous nous concentrons sur l'acte de narration du rêve et examinons de quelle façon les membres de l'Eglise utilisent les rêves pour déemontrer la profondeur de leur engagement religieux et pour acquérir un certain prestige à l'intérieur d'une communauté censeé être égalitaire.

Vu que le rêve est présumé mettre l'individu en contact avec le monde spirituel, la narration est considérée comme un énoncé véridique sur l'état spirituel de l'individu. Le rêve est un signe de foi, et un rêve particulièrement vivide ou dramatique rehaussera le statut du rêveur à l'intérieur de la communauté. Ainsi, les narrations de rêves introduisent ils une notion de concurrence et d'inégalité dans la communauté des croyants. Lorsqu'une personne devient membre de l'Eglise elle a typiquement une vision religieuse qui lui vient sous forme de rêve. Ces ‘rêves-conversions’ aident à établir l'identité de la personne à l'intérieur de l'Eglise. Après être devenu membre de la secte, les personnes peuvent avoir d'autres rêves, que nous avons appelés ‘rêves de reconfirmation’ parce qu'ils reconfirment que le rêveur a toujours une vie spirituelle active. Nous examinons les différences entre les rêves avec un contenu ouvertement religieux et ceux qui sont essentiellement séculiers, et nous considérons les différences de narrations de rêves et chez les hommes et chez les femmes. L'élément compétitif est plus accentué chez les hommes et à rapport à la compétition pour l'obtention de positions clés d'autorité à l'intérieur de l'Eglise. Finalement, nous suggérons que le succès de narration d'un rêve est fondé sur une habilité mentale et verbale, et que la personne qui peut impressionner les autres avec l'importance de ses rêves a de fortes chances d'être un chef prestigieux de l'Eglise.

Type
Christianity and the local community
Copyright
Copyright © International African Institute 1983

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