Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-4rdpn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-06T06:57:11.482Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The Division of Work according to Sex in African Hoe Culture

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  21 August 2012

Hermann Baumann
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

Eduard Hahn, to whom the ethnological study of economics owes a considerable number of important discoveries which have been published repeatedly and in varying forms, seems to have paid scarcely enough attention to the good work of the scholars who preceded him in the fight for the recognition of the outstanding position of women in the lower forms of soil cultivation. Steinmetz and quite recently Koppers, have pointed out that Buckland already attributed to the female sex the invention of the most ancient method of soil cultivation, or hoe culture, as, since Hahn, it has generally been called. He was followed by Roth, Lippert, Mason, Grosse, Schurtz, and finally Eduard Hahn with his very logical and ingenious deductions. The modern student of social history is not so easily satisfied with evidence arbitrarily collected from all over the world and the theories based on it, which are then said to hold good for all mankind; he finds the results of the research of the so-called ‘zones of culture school’ (Kulturkreisschule) much more convincing. Gräbner, the leader of this group of German ethnologists, has now recently made his numerous works, in condensed form, accessible to a wider public. Here we find, in particular, a clearer statement of the arguments of Grosse, Bachofen, and others about the connexion of matriarchal society and lower forms of soil cultivation. Matriarchy and hoe culture are assigned to definite chronologically determined stages of civilization (older forms of the so-called ‘two class culture’, and later ones of ‘bow culture’). Koppers, of the Austrian branch group, associates matriarchy and hoe culture with these two civilizations, which he, as does P. W. Schmidt, designates more aptly as ‘exogamous matriarchal’ and ‘free matriarchal’.

Type
Research Article
Information
Africa , Volume 1 , Issue 3 , July 1928 , pp. 289 - 319
Copyright
Copyright © International African Institute 1928

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1. Friedrich, Adolf, Mecklenburg, Herzog von: Vom Kongo zum Niger u. Nil, I, II. Leipzig, 1912.Google Scholar
2. Alldridge, T. J.: The Sherbro and its Hinterland. London, 1901.Google Scholar
3. Arcin, A.: La Guinée française. Paris, 1907.Google Scholar
4. Baker, A.: The Albert N'yanza. 2 vols. London, 1866.Google Scholar
5. Baum-Warburg, : Kunene-Sambesi-Expedition. Berlin, 1903.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
6. Baumann, O.: Usambara. Berlin, 1891.Google Scholar
7. Baumann, O.: Durch Masailand zur Nilquelle. Berlin, 1894.Google Scholar
8. Beech, M. W. H.: The Puk. Oxford, 1911.Google Scholar
9. Bent, J. Th.: The Ruined Cities of Mashonaland. London, 1892.Google Scholar
10. Bieber, J.: Kaffa. 2 Bde. Münster, 1920.Google Scholar
11. Casalis, E.: Les Bassoutos. Paris, 1859.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
12. Casati, G.: Zehn Jahre in Aequatoria. Bamberg, 1891.Google Scholar
13. Cardinall, : The Natives of the Northern Territories of the Gold Coast. London.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
14. Carvalho, : Ethnographia e Historia tradicional dos povos da Lunda. Lisboa, 1890.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
15. Carvalho, : Expedição Portugueza ao Muatiânvua. Vol. viii. (?) Lisboa.Google Scholar
16. Chaillu, Du: Explorations and Adventures in Equatorial Africa. London, 1861.Google Scholar
17. Chevalier, : L'Afrique centrale française. Paris, 1907.Google Scholar
18. Clozel-Villamur, : Coutumes indigènes de la Côte d'Ivoire. Paris, 1902.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
19. Colle, : Les Baluba, i, ii. Brussels, 1913.Google Scholar
20. Cunningham, J. F.: Uganda and its Peoples. London, 1905.Google Scholar
21. Crozals, De: Les Peulhs. Paris, 1883.Google Scholar
22. Czekanowski, J.: Forschungen im Nil-Kongo-Zwischengebiet. Vols. i-iv. Leipzig, 1917 ff.Google Scholar
23. Delhaise, : Les Warega. Brussels, 1909.Google Scholar
24. Dempwolff, O.: Die Sandawe. Hamburg, 1916.Google Scholar
25. Desplages, : Le Plateau central nigérien. Paris, 1907.Google Scholar
26. Diniz, F.: Populações indigenas de Angola, Coimbra, 1918.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
27. Dornan, S. S.: Pygmies and Bushmen of the Kalahari. London, 1925.Google Scholar
28. Driberg, J. H.: The Lango. London, 1923.Google Scholar
29. Dybowsky, J.: La Route du Tschad. Paris, 1893.Google Scholar
30. Engels, : Les Wangata. Brussels, Paris, 1912.Google Scholar
31. Felkin-Wilson, : Uganda and the Egyptian Sudan. 2 vols. London, 1892.Google Scholar
32. Festschrift Eduard Hahn. Stuttgart, 1917.Google Scholar
33. Fiazer, J.: Totemism and Exogamy. London, 1910. Vol. ii.Google Scholar
34. Fritsch, : Die Eingehorenen Südafrikas. Breslau, 1842.Google Scholar
35. Frobenius, L.: Und Afrika sprach. 3 vols. Unter den unsträflichen Äthiopen. Berlin, 1913.Google Scholar
36. Frobenius, L.: Atlantis. Vols. xi, ix, vii. Jena, 1924.Google Scholar
37. Fülleborn, F.: Das deutsche Njassa- und Rovumagebiet. Berlin, 1906.Google Scholar
38. Gaud, : Les Mandja. Brussels, 1911.Google Scholar
39. Geyer, F. X.: Durch Land, Sumpf und Wald. Freiburg i. Brsg., 1914.Google Scholar
40. Halkin-Overbergh, : Les Ababua. Brussels, 1911.Google Scholar
41. Hartmann, R.: Reise des Freiherrn Adalbert von Barnim durch Nordostafrika. Berlin, 1863.Google Scholar
42. Heuglin, von: Reise in das Gebiet des weissen Nil. Leipzig, 1869.Google Scholar
43. Hofmayr, W.: Die Schilluk. Mödling, 1925.Google Scholar
44. Hollis, A. C.: The Nandi. Oxford, 1909.Google Scholar
45. Holub, E.: Vonder Kapstadt in das Land der Maschuksdumbwe. 2 vols. Vienna, 1890.Google Scholar
46. Holub, E.: Kulturskizze des Marutse-Mambundareiches. Vienna, 1879.Google Scholar
47. Hutereau, : Notes sur la vie familiale et juridique de quelques populations du Congo Beige. Brussels, 1909.Google Scholar
48. Hutter, : Wanderungen und Forschungen im Nordhinterland von Kamerun. Braunschweig, 1902.Google Scholar
49. Johnston, H. H.: The Uganda Protectorate, i, ii. London, 1908.Google Scholar
50. Johnston, H. H.: George Grenfell and the Congo, i, ii. London, 1908.Google Scholar
51. Junod, H. A.: The Life of a South African Tribe. 2 vols. Neuchâtel, 1905.Google Scholar
52. Kaufmann, : Schilderungen aus Zentralafrika. Brix, 1862.Google Scholar
53. Kitching, A. L.: On the Backwaters of the Nile. London, 1912.Google Scholar
54. Klose, H.: Toga. Berlin, 1899.Google Scholar
55. Kollmann, : Der Nordrvesten unserer ostafrikanischen Kolonie. Berlin, 1898.Google Scholar
56. Kootz-Kretschmer, : Die Safwa, i. Berlin, 1926.Google Scholar
57. Kumm, : From Hausaland to Egypt. London, 1910.Google Scholar
58. Lasnet-Cligny, : Une Mission au Sénégal. Paris, 1900.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
59. Lenz, O.: Skizzen aus Westafrika. Berlin, 1878.Google Scholar
60. Lindblom, G.: The Akamba. Upsala, 1919, 1920.Google Scholar
61. Livingstone, : Narrative of an Expedition to the Zambesi and its Tributaries. London, 1865.Google Scholar
62. Maes, : Notes ethnographiques sur les populations des Bassins du Kasai, de la Lukenje et du Lac Léopold II. Brussels, 1924.Google Scholar
63. Masui, : Guide de la Section de I'Ètat Indépendant du Congo. Brussels, 1897.Google Scholar
64. Meek, : The Tribes of Northern Nigeria. 2 vols. London, 1925.Google Scholar
65. Meyer, H.: Die Burundi. Leipzig, 1916.Google Scholar
66. Munzinger, : Ostafrikanische Studien. Schaffhausen, 1864.Google Scholar
67. Nachtigal, : Sahara und Sudan. 3 vols. Berlin, 1879.Google Scholar
68. New, C. H.: Life Wanderings and Labours in Eastern Africa. London, 1873.Google Scholar
69. Overbergh, : Les Mayombe. Brussels, 1907.Google Scholar
70. Overbergh, : Les Mangetu. Brussels, 1909.Google Scholar
71. Overbergh-Schmitz, : Les Basonge. Brussels, 1908.Google Scholar
72. Partridge, C.: Cross River Natives. London, 1905.Google Scholar
73. Paulitschke, Ph.: Beiträge zur Ethnographie und Anthropologie der Somâl, Galla, Harari. Leipzig, 1888.Google Scholar
74. Payeur-Didelot, : Trente Mots au Continent mystérieux. Paris, 1899.Google Scholar
75. Pechuel-Lösche, : Volkskunde von Loango. Stuttgart, 1907.Google Scholar
76. Plas, van den: Les Kuku. Brussels, 1910.Google Scholar
77. Pogge, : Im Reich des Muata Jamvo. Berlin, 1880.Google Scholar
78. Reche, : Zur Ethnographie des abflusslosen Gebietes Deutsch-Ost-Afrikas. Hamburg, 1914.Google Scholar
79. Rehse, : Kiziba, Land und Leute. Stuttgart, 1910.Google Scholar
80. Richter, M.: Wirtschaft der südafrikanischen Bantuneger. Leipzig, 1911.Google Scholar
81. Roscoe, J.: The Bagesu. Cambridge, 1924.Google Scholar
82. Roscoe, J.: The Bakitara. Cambridge, 1923.Google Scholar
83. Rosen, Ev.: Träsfolket. Stockholm, 1916.Google Scholar
84. Routledge, W.: With a Prehistoric People. The Akikuyu. London, 1910.Google Scholar
85. Santos, Dos: In Theal's Records of South-Eastern Africa, vii. London, 1901.Google Scholar
86. Schachtzabel, A.: Im Hochland von Angola. Dresden, 1923.Google Scholar
87. Schmitz, : Les Baholoholo. Brussels, 1912.Google Scholar
88. Schweinfurth, G.: Im Heryen Afrihas. 1st and 2nd editions. Leipzig, 1878, 1918.Google Scholar
89. Sieber, J.: Die Wute. Berlin, 1925.Google Scholar
90. Smith-Dale, : The Ila-speaking Peoples of Northern Rhodesia. London, 1920.Google Scholar
91. Steinmetz, : Rechtsverhältnisse von eingeborenen Välkern in Afrika und Oceanien. Berlin, 1903.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
92. Stuhlmann, : Die Tagebücher von Dr. Emin Pascha. 3 vols. Braunschweig, 1917.Google Scholar
93. Stuhlmann, : Mit Emin Pascha ins Henz von Afrika. Berlin, 1894.Google Scholar
94. Spieth, J.: Die Ewestämme. Berlin, 1906.Google Scholar
95. Talbot, P. A.: Life in Southern Nigeria. 4 vols. London, 1923.Google Scholar
96. Talbot, P. A.: The Peoples of Southern Nigeria. 4 vols. London, 1926.Google Scholar
97. Talbot, P. A.: In the Shadow of the Bush. London, 1912.Google Scholar
98. Tauxier, L.: Le Noirdu Soudan. Paris, 1912.Google Scholar
99. Tauxier, L.: Le Noirde Bondoukou. Paris, 1921.Google Scholar
100. Tauxier, L.: Le Noir du Jatenga. Paris, 1917.Google Scholar
101. Tauxier, L.: Nègres Gouro et Gagou. Paris, 1924.Google Scholar
102. Tessmann, G.: Fernando Po und die Bube. Hagen, 1923.Google Scholar
103. Tessmann, G.: Die Pangwe. 2 vols. Berlin, 1913.Google Scholar
104. Thomann, G.: Essai de Manuelde la Langue Néoulé. Paris, 1905.Google Scholar
105. Torday-Joyce, : Notes ethnographiques sur les populations habitant les Bassins du Kasai et du Kwango oriental. Brussels, 1922.Google Scholar
106. Torday, : Les Bushongo. Brussels, 1910.Google Scholar
107. Tönjes, H.: Ovamboland. Berlin, 1911.Google Scholar
108. Tounsy, Moh. el: Voyage au Ouaday. Paris, 1915.Google Scholar
109. Trémaux, P.: Voyage en Éthiopie au Soudan oriental et dans la Nigritie. 2 vols. Paris, 1862.Google Scholar
110. Tremearne, A. J. N.: The Tailed Head-Hunters of Nigeria. London, 1912.Google Scholar
111. Vedder, : Die Bergdama. Hamburg, 1923.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
112. Vincents, B. de St.: Gescbicbte und Beschreibungder Canarischen Inseln. Weimar, 1804.Google Scholar
113. Volkens, G.: Kilimandscharo. Berlin, 1897.Google Scholar
114. Waitz-Gerland, : Anthropologie der Naturvölker. Vol. ii. Leipzig, 1860.Google Scholar
115. Weiss, M.: Volkerstdmme im Norden Deutsch-Ostafrikas. Berlin, 1910.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
116. Werner, A.: The Natives of British Central Africa. London, 1906.Google Scholar
117. Werth, E.: Das ostafrikanische Küstenland. 2 vols. Berlin, 1915.Google Scholar
118. Werther, (Luschan): Die mittleren Hochländer des nördlichen Deutsch-Ost-Afrika. Berlin, 1898.Google Scholar
119. Westermann, D.: The Shilluk People. Berlin, 1912.Google Scholar
119a. Westermann, D.: Die Kpelle. Göttingen, 1921.Google Scholar
120. Weule, K.: Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse einer ethnographischen Forschungsreise in den Sädosten Deutsch-Ost-Afrikas. Berlin, 1908.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
121. Wissmann, H.: Unter deutscher Flagge quer durch Afrika. Berlin, 1889.Google Scholar
122. Wissmann, H.: Meine zweite Durchquerung Aequatorialafrikas. Berlin, 1907.Google Scholar
123. Antbropos.Google Scholar
124. L'Anthropologie.Google Scholar
125. Arcbiv für Anthropologie.Google Scholar
126. Bässier-Archiv.Google Scholar
127. Bibliotheca Africana.Google Scholar
128. Belgique Coloniale.Google Scholar
129. Bulletin de la Société Royale Beige de Géographie.Google Scholar
130. Bulletin de la Société Neuchâteloise de Géographie.Google Scholar
131. Bulletin de la Société d'Anthropologie de Paris.Google Scholar
132. Le Congo Illustré.Google Scholar
133. Deutsches Kolonialblalt.Google Scholar
134. Ethnologisches Notizblatt.Google Scholar
135. Globus.Google Scholar
136. Journal of the African Society.Google Scholar
137. Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute.Google Scholar
138. Man.Google Scholar
139. Mitteilungen aus den deutschen Schutzgebieten.Google Scholar
140. Mitteilungen der Anthropologischen Gesellschaft, Vienna.Google Scholar
141. Mouvement Sociologique International.Google Scholar
142. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 1884 and 1885.Google Scholar
143. Revue Congolaise.Google Scholar
144. Revue d'Ethnographie.Google Scholar
144a. Revue d'Ethnographic des Traditions populaires.Google Scholar
145. Revue des Études etbnograpbiques et sociologiques.Google Scholar
146. Revue d'Ethnographic et de Sociologie.Google Scholar
147. Sudan Notes and Records.Google Scholar
148. Zeitschrift für Ethnologic.Google Scholar
149. Glauning, von: Über mittleres Ost-Afrika.Google Scholar
150. Förster, von: Über die Nzimu.Google Scholar