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Categorizing colonial patients: segregated medical care, space and decolonization in a Congolese city, 1931–62

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  27 March 2019

Abstract

This article deals with the Belgian colonial authorities’ obsession with classification and categorization, and explores how this obsession affected medical care in the city of Coquilhatville. Whereas the authorities aspired to medical care that was strictly segregated along ‘racial’ lines, providing separate hospitals for Europeans and Africans, in reality such rigorous segregation was unsustainable. I argue that it was the authorities’ inclination to categorize patients that eventually blurred the lines. Indeed, this article shows how the administrators became thoroughly enmeshed in their taxonomic zeal when members of the African upper class, the so-called évolués, demanded different treatment from other Congolese, to reflect their status. Furthermore, these upper-class patients insisted on being differentiated among themselves too. Responding to more and more claims to be discerned from yet another ‘lower’ évolué, and in an attempt to translate social space into physical space and thus provide the applicant with a more sophisticated hospital room, the authorities gradually ran out of options. As a consequence, they – albeit unwillingly – opened the doors to évolués of a hospital that was initially reserved exclusively for Europeans.

Résumé

Cet article traite de l'obsession des autorités coloniales belges pour la classification et la catégorisation, et explore comment cette obsession a affecté les soins médicaux dans la ville de Coquilhatville. Les autorités aspiraient à une ségrégation stricte des soins médicaux selon des critères « raciaux », en mettant en place des hôpitaux réservés aux Européens et d'autres aux Africains, alors qu'en réalité ce type de ségrégation stricte n’était pas viable. L'auteur soutient que l'inclination des autorités à classer les patients par catégories a elle-même conduit à un brouillage des lignes. En effet, cet article montre comment les administrateurs ont fini par s'embrouiller dans leur zèle taxinomique lorsque les Africains des classes supérieures, ainsi appelés « évolués », ont exigé de bénéficier d'un traitement médical différent de celui des autres Congolais, en relation avec leur statut. Ces patients des classes supérieures ont ensuite insisté pour qu'on les différencie eux-mêmes. Face aux demandes croissantes des « évolués » de se faire distinguer d'un autre évolué de statut « inférieur » et à leur quête d'offrir aux demandeurs une chambre d'hôpital plus raffinée pour tenter de traduire l'espace social en espace physique, les autorités se sont retrouvées à court d'options. En conséquence et bien qu’à contrecœur, elles ont fini par admettre des évolués dans un hôpital initialement exclusivement réservé aux Européens.

Type
Medicine, care and mediation
Copyright
Copyright © International African Institute 2019 

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