Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-94fs2 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-09T12:38:26.620Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Stock theft and moral economy in colonial Kenya

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  07 December 2011

Extract

From the earliest years of colonial government in Kenya, cattle raiding by Africans against their neighbours, and in particular livestock thefts from European farmers, presented the administration with their most persistent policing problem in the rural areas of the colony. As the period of colonial rule in Kenya was drawing to a close, reported cases of stock theft were once again showing a sharp increase, climbing from 1578 cases in 1955 to 4243 in 1962 (Kenya Police Dept, 1955 and 1962). In a pattern by then familiar to the Kenya administration, this prompted the renewal of demands from the European settler community for more extensive and concerted government action to deal with the activities of the thieves. Settler opinion held that the continuing prevalence of stock theft had much to do with the ‘social prestige’ attached to the crime in many African communities. The unwillingness of the African public to assist in the prevention and detection of stock theft had long been interpreted as a tacit sanctioning of such theft, leading to the conclusion that, within the ‘moral economy’ of many African communities, stock theft was not thought of as a crime at all. ‘After all,’ commented the Provincial Commissioner of the Rift Valley Province in 1959, ‘stock theft is the traditional sport of the young men of many tribes, and the elders cannot be expected to act as kill-joys and stamp it out unless they themselves are liable to suffer.’ This view was applied most readily to the pastoralists of the Rift Valley and western Kenya, the Maasai and Kalenjin, who were commonly involved in crimes of this sort. The belief that stock theft was an acceptable form of accumulation within Kalenjin and Maasai society determined the nature of the legislation put forward by the colonial administration to deal with the crime. Policing and punishment were accordingly based upon the notion of collective responsibility for acts of stock theft, with wide powers to extend collective punishments to families, villages and even entire locations found to be implicated in thefts.

Résumé

Vols de betail et economie morale au Kenya colonial

Cet article examine les changements constatés dans les actes de vol de bétail parmi la population Kalenjin des régions montagneuses du Kenya occidental au cours de la période coloniale. Dans ‘l'économie morale’ des Kalenjins, le vol de bétail commis par des étrangers était considéré comme un moyen légitime d'accumulation. Ce principe pouvait être très clairement constaté dans l'organisation et l'exécution du raid traditionnel. De tels raids furent supprimés en 1920, mais les vols de bétail de fermiers européens et de résidents africains commis dans les fermes et dans les réserves continuèrent d'une manière plus diffuse. La législation coloniale s'efforça de cultiver l'opinion publique parmi la population Kalenjin contre les vols de bétail en utilisant la menace de châtiments collectifs envers les communautès qui abritaient ou soutenaient les voleurs ainsi que les localités de chefs qui n'apportaient pas leur coopération aux mesures de prévention et de détection des vols. Ces pressions accentuèrent les tensions entre les chefs Kalenjins, les anciens et les chefs rituels qui étaient fortement impliqués dans ces vols de bétail. Les voleurs couvrèrent davantage leurs activités, opérant dans les régions boisées et frontalières des montagnes occidentales, à une certaine distance des communautés où ils habitaient. Les restrictions et les contrôles imposés sur l'économie de cheptel africaine par l'état colonial ne fit qu'encourager davantage les vols de bétail. Dans les années 30, incités par ces mesures, les pressions de la législation et un système de police renforcé, les voleurs Kalenjins opéraient en bandes et organisèrent des réseaux de vol. Ces réseaux reliaient les forêts, les fermes et les réserves Kalenjins et permettaient ainsi de transporter rapidement et de cacher facilement le bétail volé dans les régions montagneuses de l'ouest.

Type
Crime and colonialism in Africa
Information
Africa , Volume 56 , Issue 4 , October 1986 , pp. 399 - 416
Copyright
Copyright © International African Institute 1986

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Anderson, D. M. 1983. ‘Herder, Settler and Colonial Rule: a history of the peoples of the Baringo Plains, Kenya, c. 1890–1940’, unpublished PhD thesis, Cambridge University.Google Scholar
Anderson, D. M. 1984. ‘Depression, dust bowl, demography and drought: the colonial state and soil conservation in East Africa during the 1930s’, African Affairs, 83, 321–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anderson, D. M. in press. ‘Managing the forest: a conservation history of Lembus, Kenya, 1903–63’, in D. Anderson and R. Grove (eds.), Conservation in Africa: people, policies and practices. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Bouch, R. 1984. ‘Stock theft in the Eastern Cape, 1850–1890’, Institute of Commonwealth Studies seminar paper, London.Google Scholar
Chanock, M. 1985. Law, Custom and Social Order: the colonial experience in Malawi and Zambia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Crummey, D. (ed.). 1986. Banditry, Rebellion and Social Protest in Africa. London: Heinemann.Google Scholar
Cutshall, C. R. 1982. ‘Culprits, culpability and crime: stock theft and other cattle manoeuvres among the Ila of Zambia’, African Studies Review, 25, 126.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dalleo, P. 1975. ‘Trade and Pastoralism: economic factors in the history of the Somali of northeast Kenya’, unpublished PhD thesis, Syracuse University.Google Scholar
Ellis, D. 1976. ‘The Nandi protest of 1923 in the context of African resistance to colonial rule in Kenya’, Journal of African History, 17, 555–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Evans-Pritchard, E. E. 1940. ‘The political structure of the Nandi-speaking peoples of Kenya’, Africa, 13, 250–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Foran, R. W. 1962. The Kenya Police, 1887–1960. London: Robert Hale.Google Scholar
Hay, D., Linebaugh, P., and Thompson, E. P. 1975. Albion's Fatal Tree. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books.Google Scholar
Hennings, R. O. 1951. African Morning. London: Travel Book Club.Google Scholar
Hobsbawm, E. 1959. Primitive Rebels: studies in archaic forms of social movement in the 19th and 20th centuries. Manchester: Manchester University Press.Google Scholar
Hobsbawm, E. 1972. Bandits. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books.Google Scholar
Huntingford, G. W. B. 1935. ‘The genealogy of the orkoiik of Nandi’, Man, 24, 22–3.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huntingford, G. W. B. 1950. Nandi Work and Culture, Colonial Research Studies No. 4. London: HMSO.Google Scholar
Huntingford, G. W. B. 1953a. The Nandi of Kenya: tribal control in a pastoral society. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.Google Scholar
Huntingford, G. W. B. 1953b. Ethnographic Survey of Africa: East Central Africa, Part VIII The Southern Nilo-Hamites. London: International African Institute.Google Scholar
Innes, J., and Styles, J. in press. ‘The crime wave: recent writing on crime and criminal justice in eighteenth-century England’, Journal of British Studies, Autumn 1986.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kenya, Colony and Protectorate, . 1948. Laics of Kenya, Statute and Ordinances 1948. Nairobi: Government Printer.Google Scholar
Kenya Police Department. Various annual reports. Nairobi: Government Printer.Google Scholar
Kenya Judicial Department. Various annual reports. Nairobi: Government Printer.Google Scholar
Killingray, D. 1986. ‘The maintenance of law and order in British colonial Africa’, African Affairs, 85, 411–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
KLCEM. 1934. Kenya Land Commission (Carter): Evidence and Memoranda, 3 vols. Nairobi: GovernmentGoogle Scholar
Kratz, C. A. 1980. ‘Are the Okiek really Masai? or Kipsigis? or Kikuyu?’, Cahiers d'études africaines, 79, 355–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Magut, P. K. arap. 1969. ‘The rise and fall of the Nandi Orkoiyot’, in Mclntosh, B. G. (ed.), Ngano: studies in the traditional and modern history of East Africa, pp. 95110. Nairobi: East African Publishing House.Google Scholar
Massam, J. A. 1927. The Cliff Dwellers of Kenya. London: Seeley.Google Scholar
Matson, A. T. 1969. Nandi Resistance to British Rule. Nairobi: East African Publishing House.Google Scholar
Matson, A. T. 1970. ‘Nandi traditions on raiding’, in Ogot, B. A. (ed.), Hadith 2, 6178. Nairobi: East African Publishing House.Google Scholar
Matson, A. T. 1972. ‘Reflections on the growth of political consciousness in Nandi’, in Ogot, B. A. (ed.). Hadith 4: Politics and Nationalism in Colonial Kenya, pp. 1845. Nairobi: East African Publishing House.Google Scholar
McCracken, J. 1986. ‘Coercion and control in Nyasaland: aspects of the history of a colonial police force’, Journal of African History, 27, 127–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Murray, N. U. 1982. ‘The Other Lost Lands: the administration of Kenya's forests, 1900–1952’, History Department Staff seminar paper, Kenyatta University College, Nairobi.Google Scholar
Mwanzi, H. 1977. A History of the Kipsigis. Nairobi: East African Literature Bureau.Google Scholar
Native Affairs Department. Various annual reports. Nairobi: Government Printer.Google Scholar
Ng'eny, S. K. arap. 1970. ‘Nandi resistance to the establishment of British administration 1883–1906’, in Ogot, B. A. (ed.), Hadith 2, 104–26. Nairobi: East African Publishing House.Google Scholar
Orchardson, I. Q. 1961. (reprinted 1971). The Kipsigis. Nairobi: East African Literature Bureau.Google Scholar
Peristiany, J. G. 1939. The Social Institutions of the Kipsigis. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.Google Scholar
Phillips, A. 1944. Report on Native Tribunals. Nairobi: Government Printer.Google Scholar
Read, J. S. 1964. ‘Crime and punishment in East Africa: the twilight of customary law’, Howard Law Journal, 10, 164–86.Google Scholar
Snell, G. S. 1954. (reprinted 1971) Nandi Customary Law. Nairobi: East African Literature Bureau.Google Scholar
Spencer, I. R. G. 1983. ‘Pastoralism and colonial policy in Kenya, 1895–1929’, in Rotberg, R. J. (ed.), Imperialism, Colonialism and Hunger: East and Central Africa, 113–40. Lexington: Lexington Books Heath.Google Scholar
Thompson, E. P. 1971. ‘The moral economy of the English crowd in the eighteenth century’, Past and Present, 50, 76136.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thompson, E. P. 1975. Whigs and Hunters: the origin of the Black Act. London: Allen Lane.Google Scholar
van Onselen, C. 1982. Studies in the Social and Economic History of the Witwatersrand 1886–1914, 2 vols. London: Longman,Google Scholar
van Zwanenberg, R. M. A. 1975. Colonial Capitalism and Labour in Kenya, 1919–39, Nairobi: East African Literature Bureau.Google Scholar
Waller, R. 1975. ‘Uneconomic Growth: the Maasai livestock economy, 1918–39’, unpublished paper, presented at conference on ‘The Political Economy of Colonial Kenya, 1918–39’, Trinity College, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Waller, R. 1976. ‘The British and the Maasai: the origins of an alliance 1895–1905’, Journal of African History, 17, 529–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar