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The Search for Security in Muslim Northern Nigeria

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  19 May 2011

Abstract

The article puts forwards the argument that there is a pervasiveanxiety among Muslims over their security, both physical and spiritual, in today's northern Nigeria. It is an anxiety partly millenarian, partly political, that seeks to recreate a stronger sense of the ‘core North’ as dar al-Islam, with notionally ‘closed’ boundaries – just as it was in the pre-colonial Sokoto Caliphate. This has led first to the re-establishment, within twelve of Nigeria's 36 states, of full shari‘a law and then to the formation of a sometimes large corps of hisba (wrongly called ‘vigilantes’) – this despite Nigeria having a constitution that both is secular and reserves to the federal government institutions like police and prisons. The article explores the various dimensions, past and present, of ‘security’ in Kano and ends with the problem of ‘dual citizenship’ where pious Muslims see themselves at the same time both as Nigerians and as members of the wider Islamic umma.

Le vigilantisme, terme souvent utilisé pour décrire toute forme de maintien de l'ordre non-étatique, ressort souvent négatif de l'analyse, associé à la violence et à la violation des droits individuels. Or, un examen plus approfondi de l'origine, de la pratique, de la fonction et de la structure de certains de ces groupes, souvent appelés vigilantes au Nigeria, révèle qu'ils ne correspondent pas tous à notre interprétation des vigilantes en tant que bandes de jeunes infligeant de la violence à leurs victimes et les soumettant à la justice de la jungle. Certains groupes de vigilantes ont leurs racines dans la communauté et sont une forme privilégiée de maintien de l'ordre au Nigeria. Ces groupes sont nombreux dans les États du Nord du Nigeria qui ont introduit la charia, tirant leur légitimité de sources diverses et parfois concurrentes : les Yan'banga de l'establishment traditionnel et communal haoussa, les Hisba de l'establishment religieux et les Yan'achaba de l'establishment politique. Que peut-on dire du fonctionnement, de la structure et de la fonction de ces divers groupes de vigilantes ? Comment la bataille politique et la lutte entre les élites politico-religieuses et traditionalistes haoussa façonnent-elles et reforment-elles les trois formes étudiées ? Quel est l'impact de cette lutte sur les femmes et les personnes vulnérables ? Cet article a deux objectifs. Le premier est de mettre en question la surgénéralisation associée au vigilantisme au Nigeria en analysant trois formes de vigilantisme dans le contexte d'un maintien de l'ordre informel dans les États du Sokoto et du Zamfara. Le second entend situer la question des vigilantes dans le contexte politique du Nord du Nigeria plutôt que dans un simple cadre moral qui les apparente à de violents criminels.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © International African Institute 2008

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