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Redrawing the Map of the Horn: The Politics of Difference

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  03 March 2011

Abstract

The paper examines the changing shapes of territories in the Horn of Africa and the discourses which legitimise these different shapes. It starts with the ‘Horn’ itself, the different ways to delineate it, and the interests behind these. Then Eritrea, Ethiopia, Somalia, and the de facto independent Somaliland are discussed and their justifications for being examined. These justifications are found not to follow the same pattern. The criteria for inclusion or exclusion of populations or territories differ and form a rich reservoir for future conflict. On a lower level, that of regional states comprised in a major unit, the Oromo of Ethiopia, the largest ethnic group in the Horn of Africa, are discussed in some detail. Accounts about how the Oromo have come to be and who is to be regarded as an Oromo are found to be mutually conflicting. In the last part, international and transnational relations in the Horn of Africa are looked at. Major groupings cross-cutting state boundaries are formed by states forming alliances with ethnic movements, opposition forces or warlords in neighbouring states or ex-states, against other states or spheres of power. Publicity of such alliances is kept low and few efforts seem to be made to give them an ideological basis or historical justifications. The logic followed in these cases seems to be simply that the enemy of an enemy is a potential friend.

Résumé

Cet article examine la morphologie changeante des territoires situés dans la Corne de l'Afrique et les discours qui légitiment cette morphologie. Il commence par la Corne elle-même, les différentes façons de la délimiter et les intérêts qui sous-tendent celles-ci. Il aborde ensuite l'Erythrée, l'Ethiopie, la Somalie et le Somaliland indépendant de facto et étudie leurs raisons d'être. L’article constate que ces raisons ne suivent pas toutes le même modèle. Les critères d'inclusion ou d'exclusion des populations ou des territoires diffèrent et constituent un riche réservoir de conflits futurs. A plus petite échelle, celle des états régionaux compris dans une unité principale, l'article s’intéresse aux Oromo d'Ethiopie, qui constituent le principal groupe ethnique de la Corne de l'Afrique. Il constate une contradiction entre ce que l'on rapporte comme les origines des Oromo et les critères selon lesquels on peut être considéré comme Oromo. Dans la dernière partie, il traite des relations internationales et transnationales dans la Corne de l'Afrique. A cheval sur les frontières, d'importants regroupements sont issus d'alliances entre les Etats et des mouvements ethniques, des forces d'opposition ou des chefs de guerre d'Etats voisins ou d'anciens états, contre d'autres Etats ou sphères de pouvoir. Ces alliances se font dans la discrétion et il semble que l'on ait peu tenté de leur donner une base idéologique ou des raisons historiques. La logique qui semble suivie est celle selon laquelle tout ennemi d'un ennemi est un ami potentiel.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © International African Institute 2003

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