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‘THE NIGHT WAR OF NAMPULA’: VULNERABLE CHILDREN, SOCIAL CHANGE AND SPIRITUAL INSECURITY IN NORTHERN MOZAMBIQUE

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  07 July 2016

Abstract

People living in the neighbourhoods of Nampula city, northern Mozambique, often speak of a war that is being waged at night, during which sick infants and small children figure more and more frequently as the preferred prey of malevolent ancestors, witches and new malign spirits that come at night, and who abduct and enslave them in order to harm their families. The purpose of this article is to explore what this ‘war of the night’ reveals, to understand why it is that mothers are afraid their babies and children will be stolen from the compound and, finally, to analyse the ways in which families handle their fears and apprehensions about a child's sickness. I begin this analysis of the ‘war of the night’, and the accompanying anxieties surrounding infants and children, by examining it in relation to large-scale changes that have occurred both at the micro-level of the household and in the community more generally. Specifically, the article looks at the ways in which ongoing economic and social transformations are reconfiguring gender and generational relationships, which, in turn, generates more insecurity within the household and intensifies a sense of existential threat from external forces. The article then examines the cultural logic of rumours and beliefs involving children, as a consideration of local interpretations and experiences of infancy and childhood helps shed light on local concepts of (children's) vulnerability. With the aid of three case studies, the article charts how families manage children's diseases. It shows how the uncertainty surrounding an illness is not always ameliorated by divinations or by the healing provided by women working on behalf of ancestral power. Instead, women healers often crystallize and intensify mothers’ fears, also because their medical and ritual interventions are not always effective. The article concludes by examining the reasons why these women healers are increasingly struggling to manage the evil forces haunting infants and children and to make their medical interventions effective, and the effect of this on their local authority.

Résumé

Les habitants des quartiers de la ville de Nampula, dans le Nord du Mozambique, parlent souvent d'une guerre menée de nuit, dans laquelle les nourrissons et les jeunes enfants malades sont de plus en plus souvent les proies préférées d'ancêtres malveillants, de sorcières et de mauvais esprits qui viennent la nuit pour les enlever et les asservir pour nuire à leurs familles. Cet article a pour objet d'explorer ce que révèle cette « guerre de nuit », de comprendre pourquoi les mères craignent que leurs bébés et leurs enfants soient volés chez eux et, enfin, d'analyser comment les familles gèrent leurs craintes et leurs appréhensions face à la maladie d'un enfant. L'auteur commence cette analyse de la « guerre de nuit », et des anxiétés qui l'accompagnent concernant les nourrissons et les enfants, en l'examinant dans le contexte des changements à large échelle survenus au niveau restreint du foyer et au niveau de la communauté plus généralement. L'article étudie en particulier la manière dont les transformations économiques et sociales en cours reconfigurent les relations entre les sexes et les générations, ce qui, à son tour, génère plus d'insécurité au sein du foyer et intensifie un sentiment de menace existentielle de la part de forces extérieures. L'article examine ensuite la logique culturelle des rumeurs et des croyances concernant les enfants, estimant que la prise en compte des interprétations locales et des expériences de la petite et jeune enfance aide à apporter des éclairages sur les concepts locaux de vulnérabilité (des enfants). À l'aide de trois études de cas, l'article décrit comment les familles gèrent les maladies des enfants. Il montre comment l'incertitude qui entoure une maladie n'est pas toujours améliorée par des divinations ou par des soins apportés par des femmes agissant au nom d'un pouvoir ancestral. Au contraire, les guérisseuses cristallisent et intensifient souvent les craintes des mères, aussi parce que leurs interventions médicales et rituelles ne sont pas toujours efficaces. L'article conclut en examinant les raisons pour lesquelles ces guérisseuses ont de plus en plus de mal à gérer les forces du mal qui hantent les nourrissons et les enfants et à rendre leurs interventions médicales efficaces, et l'effet que ceci a sur leur autorité locale.

Type
Contesting Space and Selfhood
Copyright
Copyright © International African Institute 2016 

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