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Maintaining Difference and Managing Change: Female Agrarian Clientelist Relations in a Gambian Community

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  03 March 2011

Abstract

The introduction of dry-season vegetable cultivation on a large scale in Brikama, The Gambia in the early 1970s has led to the development of a new labour system amongst female farmers whereby strangers or clients are given access to land primarily in the dry season for vegetable cultivation in exchange for providing unremunerated labour for hosts for the cultivation of rice in the rainy season. Hosts, who either claim descent from the founding families or have married into founding families, have access to land and control its distribution for women's crops. This article examines the way in which social difference is played out in the acquisition of land and labour through the establishment of agrarian clientelist relations. Agrarian clientelist relations are about the maintenance of host–stranger distinctions and the management of social difference within a rapidly changing Gambian political economy. The nature of these clientelist relations is changing because of the changing relations of agrarian production, related in turn to the introduction of cooperative gardens in the region, the increasing scarcity of farming land and the increasing political power of strangers on a local and national level. The youth, particularly those who are educated, are moving out of farming altogether. Consequently, female hosts are increasingly reliant on their clients' labour. I argue that female hosts attempt to manage these processes of change out of a need to maintain the particular power relations that form the basis for host–stranger distinctions and their existing claims to land and labour. The article examines the tensions and the intra-gender struggles that emerge between female hosts and their client-strangers. In refusing to take the initiative to set up cooperative gardens, female hosts have maintained what they see as their rightful claims to their land and their clients' labour. Hegemonic notions of ‘the correctness of practices’, associated with host–stranger identities, have informed hosts' behaviour and that of their clients, and ultimately influenced the nature of resource allocation.

Résumé

L'introduction de la culture des légumes en saison sèche à large échelle à Brikama, en Gambie, au début des années 70, a entraîné l'émergence d'un nouveau système de travail chez les agricultrices, à savoir que les étrangers ou clients se voient donner la possibilité d'accéder aux terres essentiellement pendant la saison sèche pour y cultiver des légumes, en échange de quoi ils travaillent gratuitement pour les hôtes lors de la culture du riz en saison humide. Les hôtes, qui revendiquent une descendance des familles fondatrices ou se sont mariés dans des familles fondatrices, ont accès aux terres et contrôlent leur répartition pour les cultures des femmes. Cet article examine la manière dont la différence sociale se manifeste dans l'acquisition des terres et le travail à travers la mise en place de relations clientélistes agraires. Ces relations sont axées sur le maintien de distinctions hôte-étranger et la gestion de la différence sociale au sein d'une économie politique gambienne en mutation rapide. La nature de ces relations clientélistes est en train de changer sous l'effet de l'évolution des relations de production agraire, elles-mêmes liées à l'introduction de jardins coopératifs dans la région, à la pénurie croissante de terres agricoles et au pouvoir politique grandissant des étrangers au niveau local et national. Les jeunes, particulièrement ceux qui sont éduqués, abonnent totalement l'agriculture. Les femmes hôtes sont par conséquent de plus en plus tributaires de la main-d'oeuvre de leurs clients. L'article soutient que les femmes hôtes tentent de gérer ces processus de changement par nécessité de maintenir les relations particulières de pouvoir qui forment la base des distinctions hôte-étranger et les droits existants qu'elles revendiquent sur les terres et la main-d'oeuvre. Il examine les tensions et les conflits intrasexuels qui émergent entre femmes hôtes et leurs clients étrangers. En refusant de prendre l'initiative de mettre en place des jardins coopératifs, les femmes hôtes ont maintenu ce qu'elles considèrent comme des droits légitimes sur leurs terres et le travail de leurs clients. Des notions hégémoniques de ≫pratiques correctes≪, associées à des identités hôte-étranger, ont inspiré le comportement des hôtes et celui de leurs clients, et au bout du compte influencé la nature de l'allocation des ressources.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © International African Institute 2004

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