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Lugbara illness beliefs and social change

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  07 December 2011

Extract

A considerable part of the anthropological literature on Africa is devoted to the description of African ideas about the causes of misfortune and illness and the steps which should be taken to remedy them. In the early days of African ethnography information on this aspect of culture was usually presented as part of a general ethnography or included in a more specific description of an African cosmological system. As the general ethnographic literature on Africa accumulated, and as the need for more focused information for application in health and development work arose, studies which investigated the more narrow domain of African therapeutics became more common. As Janzen has observed (1978: 121), the study of African therapeutic systems has now moved into a phase of exemplary field studies which gather data in a number of different areas: illness taxonomies, curative techniques, healing roles, health-care decision-making resource allocations, course of illnesses through distinct episodes, and the relationship between bioecological and sociocultural factors. No one would deny that an ideal study would gather data in all these areas. The study of Lugbara medicine reported on in this paper, however, was carried out under difficult conditions and was abruptly halted after one year because of the worsening political situation. No epidemiological or biomedical data were collected.

Résumé

Changements sociaux et croyances dans les maladies chez les Lugbara

Les croyances dans les maladies chez les Lugbaras furent réétudiées vingt-trois ans aprè les travaux ethnographiques de Middleton pour évaluer l'hypothèse selon laquelle les croyances dans les maladies constituent de précieux indices des changements socio-culturels. A l'époque des travaux sur le terrain effectués par Middleton, on pensait que la plupart des maladies étaient envoyées par les esprits des ancêtres désapprobateurs de la lignée patriarcale; seulement lorsqu'on avait écarté les ancêtres comme cause de la maladie, on considérait alors la sorcellerie et la magie (pratiquées respectivement par les hommes et les femmes occupant des positions structurelles périphériques) comme causes de maladies. En 1973, la descendance par la ligne parternelle des Lugbara avait perdu une grande partie de ses pouvoirs et de son importance et les hommes, sur le plan individuel, étaient devenus structurellement plus compétitifs avec les femmes du fait des récoltes destinées à la vente et de la pression de la population. Les maladies envoyées par les ancêtres avaient presque disparu, tout comme les maladies dûes aux activités des hommes sorciers, mais la magie, pratiquée auparavant par les femmes, était maintenant pratiquée à la fois par les hommes et les femmes et s'était différenciée en cinq sous-catégories différentes. L'hypothèse selon laquelle la taxonomie des maladies est parallèle aux changements sociaux fut confirmée par cette étude. Un modèle général de la relation entre les croyances dans les maladies et les structures sociales est suggéré.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © International African Institute 1986

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