Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-7cvxr Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-22T14:37:30.141Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

INTRODUCTION: PRINT CULTURES, NATIONALISMS AND PUBLICS OF THE INDIAN OCEAN

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  24 January 2011

Isabel Hofmeyr ,
Preben Kaarsholm  and
Bodil Folke Frederiksen
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The emergence of the Indian Ocean region as an important geo-political arena is being studied across a range of disciplines. Yet while the Indian Ocean has figured in Swahili studies and analyses of East and Southern African diasporic communities, it has remained outside the mainstream of African Studies. This introduction provides an overview of emerging trends in the rich field of Indian Ocean studies and draws out their implications for scholars of Africa. The focus of the articles is on one strand in the study of the Indian Ocean, namely the role of print and visual culture in constituting public spheres and nationalisms in, across and between the societies around the Ocean.

The themes addressed unfold between Southern and East Africa and India as well as along the African coast from KwaZulu-Natal through Zanzibar and Tanzania to the Arab world. This introduction surveys debates on print culture, newspapers and nationalism in African Studies and demonstrates how the articles in the volume support and extend these areas of study. It draws out the broader implications of these debates for the historiographies of East African studies, Southern African studies, debates on Indian nationalism and Islam.

Résumé

De nombreuses disciplines ont étudié l’émergence de la région de l'océan Indien en tant qu'arène géopolitique importante. Si l'océan Indien figure certes dans les études swahili et les analyses des communautés diasporiques d'Afrique orientale et australe, il est cependant resté à l’écart des études africaines traditionnelles. Cette introduction présente un survol des tendances qui émergent dans le riche champ des études de l'océan Indien et en tire les implications pour ceux qui étudient l'Afrique. Dans ces articles, il est question d'un courant d'étude de l'océan Indien, à savoir le rôle de la culture de l'imprimé et du visuel dans la formation des sphères publiques et des nationalismes dans les sociétés riveraines de l'océan, mais également entre elles.

Les thèmes traités nous mènent entre Afrique australe, Afrique orientale et Inde, et le long du littoral africain du KwaZulu-Natal au monde arabe, en passant par la Tanzanie et Zanzibar. Cette introduction contemple les débats sur la culture de l'imprimé, les journaux et le nationalisme dans les études africaines et montre comment les articles de ce volume soutiennent et étendent ces domaines d'étude. Elle tire de ces débats de larges implications pour les historiographies issues des études sur l'Afrique orientale, des études sur l'Afrique australe, des débats sur le nationalisme indien et sur l'islam.

Type
Research Article
Information
Africa , Volume 81 , Issue 1: Print Cultures, Nationalisms and Publics of the Indian Ocean , February 2011 , pp. 1 - 22
Copyright
Copyright © International African Institute 2011

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Allen, R. B. (2008) ‘The constant demand of the French: the Mascarene slave trade and the worlds of the Indian Ocean and Atlantic during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries’, Journal of African History 49 (1): 43–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alpers, E. A. (1975) Ivory and Slaves: changing pattern of international trade in East Central Africa to the later nineteenth century. Berkeley CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Anderson, C. (2000) Convicts in the Indian Ocean: transportation from South Asia to Mauritius, 1815–53. London: Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anderson, C. (2004) Legible Bodies: race, criminality and colonialism in South Asia. Oxford: Berg.Google Scholar
Atieno Odhiambo, E. S. (1976) ‘“Seek ye first the economic kingdom”: a history of the Luo Thrift and Trading Corporation (LUTATCO) 1945–1956’ in Ogot, B. A. (ed.), Economic and Social History of East Africa, Hadith Series 5, Nairobi: Kenya Literature Bureau.Google Scholar
Atieno Odhiambo, E. S. (1995) ‘The formative years, 1945–55’ in Ogot, B. and Ochieng, W. (eds) Decolonization and Independence in Kenya, 1940–93. London: James Currey.Google Scholar
Bang, A. K. (2003) Sufis and Scholars of the Sea: family networks in East Africa, 1860–1925. London: Routledge-Curzon.Google Scholar
Bangstad, S. (2007) Global Flows, Local Appropriations: facets of secularization and re-Islamization among contemporary Cape Muslims. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barber, K. (2001) ‘Audiences and the book’, Current Writing 13 (2): 9–19.Google Scholar
Barber, K. (ed.) (2006) Africa's Hidden Histories: everyday literacy and making the self. Bloomington and Indianapolis IN: Indiana University Press.
Bayly, S. (2004) ‘Imagining “Greater India”: French and Indian visions of colonialism in the Indic mode’, Modern Asian Studies 38 (3): 703–44.Google Scholar
Bhana, S. and Vahed, G. (2005) The Making of a Political Reformer: Gandhi in South Africa, 1893–1914. New Delhi: Manohar.Google Scholar
Bose, S. (2005) A Hundred Horizons: the Indian Ocean in an age of global imperialism. Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Braudel, F. (1972) The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II. Vol I. London: Collins.Google Scholar
Breckenridge, K. (2006) ‘Reasons for writing: African working-class letter-writing in early-twentieth-century South Africa’ in Barber, K. (ed.), Africa's Hidden Histories: everyday literacy and making the self. Bloomington and Indianapolis IN: Indiana University Press.
Bromber, K. (2002) ‘Who are the Zanzibaris? newspaper debates on difference, 1948–1958’ in Deutsch, J. G. and Reinwald, B. (eds), The Global Worlds of the Swahili: interfaces of Islam, identity and space in nineteenth- and twentieth-century East Africa. Berlin: Lit Verlag.Google Scholar
Burns, C. (2006) ‘The letters of Louise Mvemve’ in Barber, K. (ed.), Africa's Hidden Histories: everyday literacy and making the self. Bloomington and Indianapolis IN: Indiana University Press.
Campbell, G. (1981) ‘Madagascar and the slave trade’, Journal of African History 22 (2): 203–27.Google Scholar
Campbell, G. (1989) ‘The East African slave trade, 1861–1895: the “southern” complex’, International Journal of African Historical Studies 22 (1): 1–27.Google Scholar
Campbell, G. (2005) An Economic History of Imperial Madagascar, 1750–1895: the rise and fall of an island empire. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Chaudhuri, K. N. (1985) Trade and Civilisation in the Indian Ocean: an economic history from the rise of Islam to 1750. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Cole, J. R. I. (2002) ‘Printing and urban Islam in the Mediterranean world, 1890–1920’ in Fawaz, L. and Bayly, C. A. (eds), Modernity and Culture: from the Mediterranean to the Indian Ocean. New York NY: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Cooper, F. (1971) Plantation Slavery on the East Coast of Africa. New Haven CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Cooper, F. (1980) From Slaves to Squatters: plantation labour and agriculture in Zanzibar and coastal Kenya, 1890–1925. New Haven CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Davids, A. (1980) The Mosques of Bo-Kaap: a social history of Islam at the Cape. Athlone, Cape Town: South African Institute of Arabic and Islamic Research.Google Scholar
Dhupelia-Mesthrie, U. (2004) Gandhi's Prisoner? The life of Gandhi's son Manilal. Cape Town: Kwela.Google Scholar
Dhupelia-Mesthrie, U. (2007) ‘The place of India in South African history: academic scholarship, past, present and future’, South African Historical Journal 57 (1): 12–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Esack, F. (1988) ‘Three Islamic strands in the South African struggle for justice’, Third World Quarterly 10 (2): 473–98.Google Scholar
Ewald, J. J. (2000) ‘Crossers of the sea: slaves, freedmen, and other migrants in the northwestern Indian Ocean, c. 1750–1914’, American Historical Review 105 (1): 69–92.Google Scholar
Farias, P. F. de M. (2008) ‘Intellectual innovation and reinvention of the Sahel: the seventeenth-century Timbuktu chronicles’ in Jeppie, S. and Diagne, S. B. (eds), The Meanings of Timbuktu. Cape Town: HSRC Press.Google Scholar
Fawaz, L. T. and Bayly, C. A. (eds) (2002) Modernity and Culture: from the Mediterranean to the Indian Ocean. New York NY: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Frederiksen, B. F. (2006) ‘“The present battle is the brain battle”: writing and publishing a Kikuyu newspaper in the pre-Mau Mau Period in Kenya’ in Barber, K. (ed.), Africa's Hidden Histories: everyday literacy and making the self. Bloomington and Indiana IN: Indiana University Press.
Frost, M. R. (2002) ‘“Wider opportunities”: religious revival, nationalist awakening and the global dimension in Colombo, 1870–1920’, Modern Asian Studies 36 (4): 937–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Frost, M. R. (2004) ‘Asia's maritime networks and the colonial public sphere, 1840–1920’, New Zealand Journal of Asian Studies 6 (2): 5–36.Google Scholar
Frost, M. R. (2010) ‘“That great ocean of idealism”: Calcutta, the Tagore circle and the idea of Asia, 1900–1920’ in Gupta, P., Hofmeyr, I. and Pearson, M. (eds), Eyes across the Water: navigating the Indian Ocean. Pretoria and New Delhi: University of South Africa Press and Penguin India.Google Scholar
Fuglesang, M. (1994) Veils and Videos: female youth culture on the Kenyan Coast. Stockholm: Almqvist and Wiksell.Google Scholar
Furniss, G. (2006) ‘Innovation and persistence: literary circles, new opportunities, and continuing debates in Hausa literary production’ in Barber, K. (ed.), Africa's Hidden Histories: everyday literacy and making the self. Bloomington and Indiana IN: Indiana University Press.
Ghosh, A. (2006) Popular Publishing and the Politics of Language and Culture in a Colonial Society, 1778–1905. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Ghosh, D. and Muecke, S. (eds) (2007) Cultures of Trade: Indian Ocean exchanges. Newcastle: Cambridge Scholars Press.Google Scholar
Glassman, J. (1994) Feasts and Riot: revelry, rebellion, and popular consciousness on the Swahili coast, 1856–1888. London: James Currey.Google Scholar
Glassman, J. (2000) ‘Sorting out the tribes: the creation of racial identities in colonial Zanzibar's newspaper wars’, Journal of African History 41 (3): 359–428.Google Scholar
Glassman, J. (2004) ‘Slower than a massacre: the multiple sources of racial thought in colonial Africa’, American Historical Review 109 (3): 720–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Govinden, D. (2008) Sister Outsider: the representation of identity and difference in selected writings by South African Indian women. Pretoria: University of South Africa Press.Google Scholar
Green, N. (2008) ‘Saints, rebels and booksellers: Sufis in the cosmopolitan western Indian Ocean, c. 1780–1920’ in Simpson, E. and Kresse, K. (eds), Struggling with History: Islam and cosmopolitanism in the western Indian Ocean. New York NY: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Gupta, A. D. (2004) India and the Indian Ocean World: trade and politics. [Combines two earlier books: Malabar in Asian Trade 1740–1800 (1967) and Indian Merchants and the Decline of Surat c. 1700–1750 (1979).] New Delhi: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Gupta, A. D. (2010) ‘Island-ness in the Indian Ocean’ in Gupta, P., Hofmeyr, I. and Pearson, M. (eds), Eyes across the Water: navigating the Indian Ocean. Pretoria and New Delhi: University of South Africa Press and Penguin India.Google Scholar
Gupta, P., Hofmeyr, I. and Pearson, M. (eds) (2010) Eyes across the Water: navigating the Indian Ocean. Pretoria and New Delhi: University of South Africa Press and Penguin India.Google Scholar
Hafkin, N. J. (1973) ‘Trade, Society, and Politics in Northern Mozambique, c. 1753–1913’. PhD dissertation, Boston University.Google Scholar
Hawkins, S. (2002) Writing and Colonialism in Northern Ghana. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.Google Scholar
Ho, E. (2004) ‘Empirie through diasporic eyes: a view from the other boat’, Comparative Studies in Society and History 46 (2): 210–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ho, E. (2006) The Graves of Tarim: genealogy and mobility across the Indian Ocean. Berkeley CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Hofmeyr, I. (2007a) ‘The idea of “Africa” in Indian nationalism: reporting the diaspora in The Modern Review 1907–1929’, South African Historical Journal 57 (1): 60–81.Google Scholar
Hofmeyr, I. (2007b) ‘The black Atlantic meets the Indian Ocean: forging new paradigms of transnationalism in the global South – literary and cultural perspectives’, Social Dynamics 33 (2): 3–32.Google Scholar
Hofmeyr, I. (2008) ‘Indian Ocean lives and letters’, English in Africa 35 (1): 11–25.Google Scholar
Hofmeyr, I. (Forthcoming) ‘Gandhi's printing press: Indian Ocean print cultures and cosmopolitanisms’ in Bose, S. (ed.), Cosmopolitan Thought Zones. London: Palgrave.Google Scholar
Iliffe, J. (1979) A Modern History of Tanganyika. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Jappie, S. (2009) ‘From the madrassah to the museum’, paper presented to SEPHIS workshop on ‘Studying the Indian Ocean: new methodological approaches and writing connected histories’, Jamia Millia Islamia University, Delhi, 30 November–2 December.Google Scholar
Jeppie, S. (1987) ‘Historical process and the constitution of subjects: I. D. du Plessis and the re-invention of the “Malay”’, BA (Honours) dissertation, University of Cape Town.Google Scholar
Jeppie, S. (2007) Language, Identity, Modernity: the Arabic study circle of Durban. Cape Town: HSRC Press.Google Scholar
Jeppie, S. and Diagne, S. B. (eds) (2008) The Meanings of Timbuktu. Cape Town: HSRC Press.Google Scholar
Kaarsholm, P. (2008) ‘New writings on Islam and Muslim politics in South Africa’, Journal of Southern African Studies 34 (4): 963–7.Google Scholar
Kaarsholm, P. (2010) ‘Migration, Islam and identity strategies in KwaZulu-Natal: notes on the making of Indians and Africans’ in Gupta, P., Hofmeyr, I. and Pearson, M. (eds), Eyes across the Water: navigating the Indian Ocean. Pretoria and New Delhi: University of South Africa Press and Penguin India.Google Scholar
Kaplan, R. D. (2009) ‘Center stage for the twenty-first century: power plays in the Indian Ocean’, Foreign Affairs 88 (2): 16–32.Google Scholar
Kastfelt, N. (ed.) (2003) Scriptural Politics: the Bible and the Koran as political models in the Middle East and Africa. London: Hurst.Google Scholar
Kelly, J. (1991) A Politics of Virtue: Hinduism, sexuality and countercolonial discourse in Fiji. Chicago IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Kresse, K. (2003) ‘“Swahili enlightenment”? East African reformist discourse at the turning point: the example of Sheikh Muhammad Kasim Mazrui’, Journal of Religion in Africa 33 (3): 279–309.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kresse, K. (2007) Philosophising in Mombasa: knowledge, Islam and intellectual practice on the Swahili coast. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.Google Scholar
Kresse, K. and Simpson, E. (eds) (2008) Struggling with History: Islam and cosmopolitanism in the western Indian Ocean. New York NY: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Khumalo, V. (2006) ‘Ekukhanyeni letter-writers: a historical inquiry into epistolary network(s) and political imagination in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa’ in Barber, K. (ed.), Africa's Hidden Histories: everyday literacy and making the self. Bloomington and Indianapolis IN: Indiana University Press.
Larson, P. M. (2000) History and Memory in the Age of Enslavement: becoming Merina in highland Madagascar, 1770–1822. Oxford: James Currey.Google Scholar
Larson, P. M. (2009) Ocean of Letters: language and creolizaion in an Indian Ocean diaspora. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Last, M. (2008) ‘The book in the Sokoto Caliphate’ in Jeppie, S. and Diagne, S. B. (eds), The Meanings of Timbuktu. Cape Town: HSRC Press.Google Scholar
Loimeier, R. (2003) ‘Patterns and peculiarities of Islamic reform in Africa’, Journal of Religion in Africa 33 (3): 237–62.Google Scholar
Lonsdale, J. (2009) ‘Compromised critics: religion in Kenya's politics’ in Knighton, B. (ed.), Religion and Politics in Kenya: essays in honor of a meddlesome priest. New York NY and Basingstoke: Palgrave-Macmillan.Google Scholar
Metcalf, T. R. (2007) Imperial Connections: India and the Indian Ocean arena, 1860–1920. Berkeley CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Middleton, J. (1992) The World of the Swahili: an African mercantile civilization. New Haven CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Middleton, J. and Horton, M. (2000) The Swahili: the social landscape of a mercantile society. Malden MA: Blackwell Publishers.Google Scholar
Mirza, S. and Strobel, M. (1989) Three Swahili Women: life histories from Mombasa, Kenya. Bloomington and Indianapolis IN: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
Mongia, R. (2006) ‘Gender and the historiography of Satyagraha in South Africa’, Gender and History 18 (1): 130–49.Google Scholar
Moorthi, S. and Jamal, A. (2009) Indian Ocean Studies: cultural, social and political exchanges. Abingdon and New York NY: Routledge.Google Scholar
Morgan, P. D. and Greene, J. P. (2009) ‘Introduction: the present state of Atlantic history’ in Greene, J. P. and Morgan, P. D. (eds), Atlantic History: a critical appraisal. New York NY: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Muoria-Sal, W., Frederiksen, B. F., Lonsdale, J. and Peterson, D. (2009) Writing for Kenya: the life and works of Henry Muoria. Leiden: Brill.Google Scholar
Muponde, R. (2008) ‘Ngugi's Gandhi: resisting India’, Scrutiny2 13 (2): 36–46.Google Scholar
Natarajan, N. (2009) ‘Atlantic Gandhi, Caribbean Gandhi’, Economic and Political Weekly 18: 43–52.Google Scholar
Newell, S. (2000) Ghanaian Popular Fiction: ‘thrilling discoveries in conjugal life’ and other tales. Oxford: James Currey.Google Scholar
Newell, S. (2002) Literary Culture in Colonial Ghana: ‘how to play the game of life’. Manchester and Bloomington IN: Manchester University Press and Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
Newell, S. (2006) ‘Entering the territory of elites: literary activity in colonial Ghana’ in Barber, K. (ed.), Africa's Hidden Histories: everyday literacy and making the self. Bloomington and Indianapolis IN: Indianapolis University Press.
Newell, S. (2009) ‘Newspapers, new spaces, new writers: the First World War and print culture in colonial Ghana’, Research in African Literatures 40 (2): 1–15.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Niranjana, T. (1999) ‘Left to the imagination: Indian nationalism and female sexuality in Trinidad’, Public Culture 11 (1): 223–43.Google Scholar
Ogude, J. (2001) ‘The vernacular press and the articulation of Luo ethnic citizenship: the case of Achieng’ Oneko's Ramogi’, Current Writing 13 (2): 42–55.Google Scholar
Parkin, D. and Headley, C. (eds) (2000) Islamic Prayers across the Indian Ocean: inside and outside the mosque. Richmond: Curzon Press.Google Scholar
Pearson, M. N. (1998) Port Cities and Intruders: the Swahili coast, India, and Portugal in the early modern era. Baltimore MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Pearson, M. N. (2003) The Indian Ocean. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Peterson, D. R. (2004) Creative Writing: translation, bookkeeping, and the work of imagination in colonial Kenya. Portsmouth NH: Heinemann.Google Scholar
Pinto, R. (2007) Between Empires: print and politics in Goa. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Prakash, O. (2004) Bullion for Goods: European and Indian merchants in the Indian Ocean trade, 1500–1800. Delhi: Manohar.Google Scholar
Presholdt, J. (2008) Domesticating the World: African consumerism and the genealogies of globalisation. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Prins, A. H. J. (1961) The Swahili-Speaking Peoples of Zanzibar and the East African Coast. London: International African Institute.Google Scholar
Raman, P. (2004) ‘Yusuf Dadoo: transnational politics, South African belonging’, South African Historical Journal 50 (1): 27–48.Google Scholar
Randrianja, S. and Ellis, S. (2009) Madagascar: a short history. London: Hurst.Google Scholar
Robinson, F. (1993) ‘Technology and religious change: Islam and the impact of print’, Modern Asian Studies 27 (1): 229–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Robinson, F. (2008) ‘Islamic reform and modernities in South Asia’, Modern Asian Studies 42 (2–3): 259–81.Google Scholar
Sadouni, S. (2007) ‘Ahmed Deedat et l'islam indien en Afrique du Sud’, Archives de sciences sociales des religions 139: 101–18.Google Scholar
Sheriff, A. (1971) ‘The Rise of a Commercial Empire: an aspect of the economic history of Zanzibar, 1770–1873’. PhD dissertation, School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London.Google Scholar
Sheriff, A. (1987) Slaves, Spices and Ivory in Zanzibar. London: James Currey.Google Scholar
Sheriff, A. (1991) ‘Conclusion’ in Sheriff, A. and Ferguson, E. (eds), Zanzibar under Colonial Rule. Oxford: James Currey.Google Scholar
Sheriff, A. (2008) ‘Prominent issues in contemporary Indian Ocean research’, lecture, Copenhagen University, 29 October.Google Scholar
Sheriff, A. (2010) The Early Dhow Culture in the Indian Ocean: from the Periplus to the Portuguese. London: Hurst.Google Scholar
Simpson, E. (2008) ‘Sailors that do not sail: Hinduism, anthropology and parochialism in the Indian Ocean’ in Basu, H. (ed.), Journeys and Dwellings: Indian Ocean themes in South Asia. Hyderabad: Orient Longman.Google Scholar
Soares, B. F. (2005) Islam and the Prayer Economy: history and authority in a Malian town. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press and the International African Institute.Google Scholar
Soares, B. F. and Otayek, R. (eds) (2007) Islam and Muslim Politics in Africa. New York NY and Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Soske, J. (2009) ‘“Wash Me Black Again”: African nationalism, the Indian diaspora, and Kwa-Zulu Natal, 1944–60’. PhD dissertation, University of Toronto.Google Scholar
Stark, U. (2007) Empire of Books: the Naval Kishore Press and the diffusion of the printed word in colonial India. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Subramanian, L. (2010) ‘Community, nation, diaspora and the public sphere in the Indian Ocean’ in Gupta, P., Hofmeyr, I. and Pearson, M. (eds), Eyes across the Water: Navigating the Indian Ocean. Pretoria and New Delhi: University of South Africa Press and Penguin India.Google Scholar
Subrahmanyam, S. (1997) The Career and Legend of Vasco da Gama. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Subrahmanyam, S. (2005) Explorations in Connected History: from the Tagus to the Ganges. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Suttner, R. (2009) ‘Periodisation, cultural construction and representation of ANC masculinities through dress, gesture and Indian nationalist influence’, Historia 54 (1): 51–91.Google Scholar
Tayob, A. (1995) Islamic Resurgence in South Africa: the Muslim Youth Movement. Cape Town: University of Cape Town Press.Google Scholar
Tayob, A. (1999) Islam in South Africa: mosques, imams and sermons. Gainesville FL: University of Florida Press.Google Scholar
Tayob, A. (ed.) (2007) Journal for Islamic Studies 27 (theme: ‘Islam and African Muslim Publics’).Google Scholar
Toussaint, A. (1966) History of the Indian Ocean, translated by J. Guicharnaud. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.Google Scholar
Vahed, G. (2003a) ‘Contesting orthodoxy: the Tablighi-Sunni conflict among South African Muslims in the 1970s and 1980s’, Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs 23 (2): 313–34.Google Scholar
Vahed, G. (2003b) ‘A Sufi saint's day in South Africa: the legend of Badsha Peer’, South African Historical Journal 49 (1): 96–122.Google Scholar
Vahed, G. (2007) ‘Islam and the public sphere in post-apartheid South Africa: prospects and challenges’, Journal for Islamic Studies 33: 116–49.Google Scholar
Vahed, G. (Forthcoming) Ahmed Deedat: the argumentative Muslim. Durban: Islamic Propagation Centre International.Google Scholar
Vahed, G. and Jeppie, S. (2005) ‘Multiple communities: Muslims in post-apartheid South Africa’ in Daniel, J., Southall, R. and Lutchman, J. (eds), State of the Nation: South Africa 2004–2005. Cape Town: HSRC Press.Google Scholar
Vaughan, M. (2004) Creating the Creole Island: slavery in eighteenth century Mauritius. Durham NC: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Vink, M. P. M. (2007) ‘Indian Ocean studies and the “new thalassology”’, Journal of Global History 2 (1): 41–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ward, K. (2009) Networks of Empire: forced migration in the Dutch East India Company. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Westerlund, D. (2003) ‘Ahmed Deedat's theology of religion: apologetics through polemics’, Journal of Religion in Africa 33 (3): 263–78.Google Scholar
Willan, B. (1985) Sol Plaatje: South African nationalist, 1876–1932. Johannesburg: Ravan Press.Google Scholar
Willis, J. (1993) Mombasa, the Swahili, and the Making of the Mijikenda. Oxford: Clarendon Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Worden, N. (2007) ‘New approaches to VOC history in South Africa’, South African Historical Journal 59 (1): 3–18.Google Scholar
Zakaria, F. (2008) The Post-American World. London: Allen Lane, 2008.Google Scholar