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Elmina and Greater Asante in the nineteenth century

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  07 December 2011

Extract

One of the more interesting historiographical debates that emerged in the course of the great burst of research into Akan (actually primarily Asante) history during the 1950s and 1960s concerned the ‘structure’ of the Asante empire, or ‘Greater Asante’ as one of the contributors to the debate, Kwame Arhin, has termed it (Arhin, 1967). The debates have largely been informed by a synchronic, ‘centrist’ approach; that is, by an approach that views the imperial structure at a given point in time, and primarily from the perspective of the political centre, the capital town of Kumase. The 1970s have seen a proliferation of regional studies of the Akan and their neighbours, and so it is perhaps time to reopen the debate on the nature of the Asante imperial order from a broader perspective, one that is both more sensitive to change over time and includes the emerging views from the periphery (see, for example, Berberich, 1974; Case, 1979; Ferguson, 1972; Greene, 1981; Haight, 1981; Handloff, 1982; Sanders, 1980; Weaver, 1975; Yarak, 1976). The present paper first briefly sketches the social and political setting in nineteenth-century Elmina (εdena), then critically reviews the historiographical debate over the structure of Greater Asante, and lastly offers an alternative approach to the study of Greater Asante based on a case study of the history of Asante relations with Elmina.

Résumé

Elmina et le Grand Asante au dix-neuvième siècle

L'objectif de cet article est d'entreprendre une critique des manières existantes d'aborder l'étude de l'ordre impérial de l'Asante pré-colonial au moyen d'une étude de l'histoire des relations achanties avec l'entrepôt côtier d'Elmina. L'article passe en revue le contexte social et politique de l'Elmina du dix-neuvième siècle. On y distingue quatre ‘communautés’ différentes qui, bien que partageant un intérêt commun pour le commerce local et international, se révèlent également représenter une source potentielle de conflit mutuel en ce qui concerne les rapports avec l'Asante.

L'article examine ensuite le débat historio-géographique concernant la ‘structure du Grand Asante’ et fait la critique des contributions aux discussions offertes par Arhin, Iliasu, Fynn et Wilks. Un autre manière d'aborder l'étude du Grand Asante est alors suggérée qui tiendrait compte des vues de la périphérie impériale, chercherait à retrouver les façons dont les relations entre Koumase et ses systèmes politiques furent exprimées par les acteurs historiques eux-mêmes et soulignerait le dynamisme des relations d'autorité en Asante pré-colonial.

Le reste de l'article utilise cette approche dans l'examen des relations entre l'Asante et la ville côtière d'Elmina. On prétend que ces relations subirent des changements considérables au cours du dix-neuvième siècle. Avant 1811 environ, les liens entre Elmina et l'Asante étaient de nature à prédominance économique. Après 1811, Elmina devient une administration politique ‘protégée’ à l'intérieur du Grand Asante, résultant d'une série d'expéditions militaires achanties envoyées dans les régions du sud Akan durant 1811–16, partiellement entreprise en réponse à une attaque d'Elmina en 1809–11.

Cependant, à la suite de la défaite de l'Asante à Katamanso en 1826 et d'une nouvelle attaque sur Elmina en 1828, que l'Asantehene ne put empêcher, le statut de protectorat de la ville côtière dans le Grand Asante disparut. A sa place, une ‘alliance’ politique et économique plutôt ambigue entre l'Asante et Elmina prit son essor. Mais, bien que les liens politiques entre l'Asante et Elmina fussent affaiblis, les liens économiques et affectifs furent renforcés. En 1868, une autre attaque sur Elmina fut l'occasion de rétablir le protectorat d'Elmina que l'Asante et Elmina recherchaient; mais à cause de la décision hollandaise ultérieure de quitter la côte, non seulement l'effort de l'Asante de réaffirmer sa dominance politique sur Elmina fut un échec, mais les relations particulières d'Elmina avec l'Asante cessèrent totalement et la ville fut détruite par l'artillerie britannique en 1873.

Type
Akan social history
Copyright
Copyright © International African Institute 1986

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