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Anticipating The Tsunami: Rumours, Planning and The Arbitrary State in Zimbabwe

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  19 May 2011

Abstract

Using ethnographic material alongside newspaper and NGO reports, this article explores popular responses to ZANU PF's devastating Operation Murambatsvina, commonly dubbed Zimbabwe's tsunami, which targeted informal markets and ‘illegal’ housing across Zimbabwe between May and August of 2005, making an estimated 700,000 people homeless and indirectly affecting a quarter of Zimbabwe's population. The article argues that central to experiences of these dramatic events ‘on the ground’ (particularly in Harare's high- and low-density suburbs of Chitungwiza and Hatfield, where most of the ethnographic material was collected) was a profound tension between the resonances evoked by official appeals to a reassertion of ‘order’ and formal planning procedures, and the spectacle of ZANU PF's public demonstration of its ability to deploy state ‘force’ ruthlessly, and indeed ‘arbitrarily’; that is, as, when and how it chose. Although the brutal execution of the programme was widely condemned by observers and victims alike, less reported has been the way in which official justifications for the operation were sometimes recognizable and salient to people living in urban areas across Zimbabwe, resonating with memories of past clearances, or with longstanding and divergent aspirations for respectability, urban ‘order’, and a functioning, bureaucratic state. It is argued that in the ambiguity and uncertainty generated by this tension the political advantages of the operation for the ruling party become most apparent. Relating the plethora of rumours circulating at the time (about the ‘hidden agendas’ behind the operation) to Mbembe's work on post-colonial conviviality, the article argues that like Mbembe's satirical cartoons these rumours did not so much undermine or subvert the authority of ZANU PF as reinforce its omnipotent presence. However, unlike the pessimism of Mbembe's vision of all encompassing power, it is argued that if the rumours that circulated about Operation Murambatsvina are an example of the constant re-making of ‘stateness’ on the margins, then the uncertain ambiguity of such rumours can not only reinforce the omnipotent presence of the ‘state power’, but also illustrate the omnipresence of its fundamental insecurity.

À partir de matériel ethnographique, d'articles de presse et de rapports d'ONG, cet article explore les réponses populaires à l'opération Murambatsvina du ZANU PF, initiative désastreuse communément surnommée le tsunami du Zimbabwe; elle ciblait les marchés informels et les constructions « illégales » au Zimbabwe entre mai et août 2005, affectant indirectement un quart de la population du Zimbabwe et laissant sans abri 700 000 personnes, selon des estimations. L'article soutient que les expériences de ces événements dramatiques « sur le terrain » (notamment à Chitungwiza et Hatfield, banlieues d'Harare à forte et faible densité de population, où a été recueilli l'essentiel du matériel ethnographique) avaient pour élément central une profonde tension entre les résonances évoquées par les appels officiels à un rétablissement de l’« ordre » et de procédures d'urbanisme formelles, et le spectacle offert par le ZANU PF en démontrant publiquement sa capacité à déployer la « force » de l’État sans ménagement et même arbitrairement, à savoir en jugeant lui-même de la pertinence, de la manière et du moment. Si l'exécution brutale du programme a certes été largement condamnée par les observateurs et les victimes, un moindre écho a été donné à la manière dont les justifications officielles à l'opération étaient parfois reconnaissables et évidentes aux yeux des habitants des zones urbaines du Zimbabwe, résonnant avec des souvenirs d'anciennes expulsions ou avec de vieilles aspirations divergentes à la respectabilité, à l’« ordre » urbain et à un état bureaucratique fonctionnel. L'article affirme que c'est dans l'ambiguïté et l'incertitude générées par cette tension que les avantages politiques de l'opération pour le parti au pouvoir se manifestent le plus. En rapportant la pléthore de rumeurs qui ont circulé à l’époque (concernant les intentions qui se cachaient derrière l'opération) à l’œuvre de Mbembe sur la convivialité post-coloniale, l'article soutient que ces rumeurs, tout comme les dessins satiriques de Mbembe, ont davantage renforcé la présence omnipotente du ZANU PF que porté atteinte ou menacé son autorité. Cependant, contrairement à la vision pessimiste que Mbembe a du pouvoir omniprésent, l'article avance que si les rumeurs qui ont circulé à propos de l'opération Murambatsvina sont un exemple du renouveau constant de l’« étatité » à la marge, l'ambiguïté incertaine de telles rumeurs ne peut donc pas seulement renforcer la présence omnipotente du « pouvoir d’État », mais également illustrer l'omniprésence de son insécurité fondamentale.

Type
Research Articles
Copyright
Copyright © International African Institute 2009

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