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Agrarian change and agrarian crisis: state and peasantry in post-revolution Ethiopia

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  07 December 2011

Résumé

Cet article passe en revue les politiques agricoles de l'Ethiopie post-révolutionnaire et commente l'évolution des relations entre la paysannerie et l'Etat militaire dans les années 1975-1990. Grosso modo, la politique de l'Etat est rapidement passé d'un populisme simple, empreint de nationalisme, de la fin des années '70 à un stalinisme pur et dur. Rapidement l'article recense les différentes politiques rurales qui se succéderènt, telles que la collectivisation, la ‘villagisation’ et la relocalisation des populations, ainsi que l'effet de ces mesures sur la paysannerie. II met l'accent sur le fait que ces politiques empêchèrent l'institutionalisation de la réforme agraire populiste, politisèrent la programmation agricole au détriment de la production, et aggravèrent les relations entre l'Etat et le monde paysan. L'article s'intéresse également a la structure du pouvoir dans le milieu rural éthiopien au moment où il commençait à émerger des réformes radicales de la periode considérée. L'on voit que la nouvelle élite rurale qui se constitue, les paysans qui s'impliquent dans les organisations agricoles de masse, sont tous étroitment liés à l'appareil de l'Etat. Le durcissement de la politique gouvemementale d'une part et le mécontentement des paysans d'autre part conduisirent promptement à une sorte d'alliance maudite entre les forces gouvernementales au niveau local et l'élite rurale, engendrant une corruption à grand échelle. Et l'on voit que Pescalade rapide de l'insurrection paysanne, alors même qu'elle ne vise directement personne, est une conséquence de la détérioration des relations entre les paysans et l'Etat. La reforme du stalinisme agraire lancée en hâte en 1990, assez longuement étudiée dans la dernière partie de l'article, est arrivée beaucoup trop tard pour rallier la paysannerie.

Type
The consequences of crisis
Copyright
Copyright © International African Institute 1993

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