The development of manned supersonic aircraft in this country suffered a setback at the end of the 1939-45 War, when it was decided that the use of manned aircraft would be too dangerous; however, more realistic views soon prevailed and, as a result, the ordering of such manned aircraft was considered in 1947 by the Ministry of Supply and in our submissions to M.o.S. in 1949, we described the aircraft as having as its primary function “Research Flying at Transonic and Supersonic speeds up to M =1·5.”

The background which led up to this submission is of interest, as it shows a logical line of development within the Company.

The opening paragraph in my first Flight Test Report after the initial flight of the Fairey Delta 2 still rings very true today:—

“This aircraft shews every promise of being a very pleasant flying machine. Soon after take-off, I had confidence in the handling characteristics, and I should like to congratulate all the design and engineering personnel who made this possible.”

This great day was the 6th October 1954, at Boscombe Down, and was the start of an intensely interesting development programme—not without its setbacks and excitements—which was highlighted last March by the gaining of the World's Absolute Air Speed Record for Britain. The early flights followed the pattern of most prototype aircraft and, but for an unfortunate setback on the fourteenth flight, went very smoothly.

Under the heading “C. of A. Flight Testing” many different subjects could be discussed; most of them, however, and particularly those concerning procedures and basic philosophies, are well understood and need little elaboration: the interest really lies in those items which regularly give trouble and, if I may borrow the current American expression, these “ problem areas ” form the basis of this paper.

In the time available I cannot hope to cover the whole picture and must limit myself generally to the large transport aircraft and, apart from one or two divergencies, to qualitative handling. The paper is my own and I take responsibility for the opinions expressed in it.

The effects of end loading on an arbitrarily distorted flexing beam are investigated, with particular reference to bending moment distributions along the span of the beam, and the effects of lengthwise strains. Cross-spring and “ spider ” type flexural systems are treated in detail. Curves are presented which enable the stiffness and stressing of any flexural system to be calculated for any loading conditions, subject only to the restriction that deflections are small, so that the linearised beam equation may be applied.

It is suggested that a convenient way of presenting the results of fatigue tests in which two different stress amplitudes are applied alternately is to plot log N against log (n1/n) where N is the total cycles to failure and (n1/n) is the fraction of cycles run at the high stress.With these co-ordinates, a simple geometrical construction gives a safe design method for the two-stress level system using only the conventional S-N curve and the value of (n1/n) expected to be encountered in service. If N1 and N2 are the lives at the high and low stresses as read from the S-N curve, one point may be plotted at (log N1, 0) since this represents the programme when all cycles are at the high stress. On the assumption, shown to be justified, that less than one cycle of high stress per 10,000 total cycles would not significantly affect the life at the low stress, a second point is plotted at (log N2, 4). The straight line joining these two points is always found to predict safe values of N for any value of (n1/n).This conclusion is checked against a wide range of experimental results taken from six different sources in the literature covering rotating-bending and push-pull tests, ferrous and non-ferrous metals, any order of stressing and length of programme cycle from 50 up to 5 million. This last feature means that the length of the programme cycle in service need not be known. All that is required is the proportion in which the two stress amplitudes are mixed. The average value of the ratio (experimental life/predicted life) for the data examined is 1·8, the extreme values being 1 and 56. By plotting in three dimensions an equation is also developed for the three-stress level spectrum and a suggestion is made for an extension of the method to multiple stress levels.

A method is described for determining the inlet and exhaust valve area requirements of a two-stroke cycle engine. It is shown that the valve timings are interdependent and that the final choice is a compromise with a number of other factors.

Tables of the characteristic functions of certain types of uniform beams were published by Young and Felgar in 1949. The functions concerned represent (to suitable scales) the principal modes of free flexural vibration, although their uses are far more extensive than is implied by this. Some of the uses to which they can be put are mentioned in Ref. 1 and others are discussed by Felgarand Bishop;they cover both statical and dynamical problems and relate to beams, plates and shells and include problems of elastic instability. In fact these functions can be used in series representations in the same way as circular functions are used in Fourier series.

One of the main uses to which these characteristic functions may be put does not appear to have been described in print, although the relevant formulae are quoted in Ref. 2. The functions can be used in vibration analysis to shorten calculations, sometimes leading to very considerable savings of labour.